Editing Ruth Handler

{{Short description|American business magnate and inventor (1916–2002)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Ruth Handler
| image              = Ruth Handler 1961 (cropped).jpg
| caption            = Handler in 1961
| birth_name         = Ruth Marianna Mosko
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1916|11|04}}
| birth_place        = [[Denver]], Colorado, U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2002|04|27|1916|11|04}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah|last=Kershaw |date=April 29, 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/29/arts/ruth-handler-whose-barbie-gave-dolls-curves-dies-at-85.html |title=Ruth Handler, Whose Barbie Gave Dolls Curves, Dies at 85 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 12, 2015}}</ref>
| death_place        = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| occupation         = President of [[Mattel]] (1945–1975)
| notable_works      = [[Barbie]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Elliot Handler]]|1938}}
| children           = 2, including [[Kenneth Handler|Kenneth]]
}}

'''Ruth Marianna Handler''' (née '''Mosko'''; November 4, 1916 – April 27, 2002) was an American business magnate and inventor. She is best known for inventing the [[Barbie doll]] in 1959<ref name="FWI" /> and being co-founder of toy manufacturer [[Mattel]] with her husband [[Elliot Handler|Elliot]], as well as serving as the company's first president from 1945 to 1975.<ref name="JWA" />

The Handlers were forced to resign from Mattel in 1975 after the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] investigated the company for falsifying financial documents.<ref name="JWA" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castellitto |first=Linda M. |date=February 22, 2009 |title=Scandal tainted long career of Barbie's creator |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=6934823&page=1 |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

Handler was prominently characterized in the 2023 film ''[[Barbie (film)|Barbie]]''.

==Early life==
Ruth Marianna Mosko<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/5122 |title=Collection: Papers of Ruth Handler, 1931-2002 |work=HOLLIS Archives |publisher=Harvard University Press |access-date=July 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="FWI">{{cite web |website=Famous Women Inventors |access-date=January 23, 2017 |url=http://www.women-inventors.com/Ruth-Handler.asp |title=Ruth Handler, Barbie Doll Invention}}</ref><ref name="JWA">{{cite web |last=Altman|first=Julie |url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/handler-ruth-mosko |title=Ruth Mosko Handler |date=March 20, 2009 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |access-date=January 7, 2015}}</ref> was born on November 4, 1916 in [[Denver]], Colorado, to [[Polish Jews|Polish-Jewish]] immigrants Jacob Moskowicz, a blacksmith and Ida Moskowicz (née-Rubenstein).<ref>{{cite book |last=Cross |first=Mary |date=2013 |title=100 People Who Changed 20th-Century America, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JOX4CDRb_oC |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=337 |isbn=9781610690867}}</ref> She was the youngest of ten children.<ref name="JWA" /> When she was six months old, her parents sent her to live with her older sister Sarah. She stayed with Sarah until she was 19<ref name="JWA" /> and developed an enthusiasm for business by working at Sarah’s drugstore/soda fountain.<ref name="JWA" />

In 1932, Ruth fell in love with Izzy Handler,<ref name="JWA" /> an art student. The summer of her sophomore year at [[University of Denver]], she went to Los Angeles and landed a job at [[Paramount Studio]]. Ruth and Izzy married in 1938 in Denver. Returning to California, Ruth encouraged her husband to become known by his middle name, Elliot.<ref name="JWA" /> Ruth returned to work at Paramount and Elliot was employed as a lighting fixture designer.

==Mattel ==
Elliot became interested in furniture-making and decided to make furniture from two plastics, [[Lucite]] and [[Plexiglas]]. At Ruth's suggestion, they started a furniture business where Ruth was in charge of sales, and she landed contracts with businesses such as [[Douglas Aircraft Company]].<ref name="PBS">{{cite web |title=Who Made America?: Ruth Handler |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/handler_hi.html |website=PBS |access-date=January 20, 2014}}</ref>

Business executive [[Harold Matson (businessman)|Harold "Matt" Matson]] joined the Handlers' company, which they renamed Mattel by combining "Matson" and "Elliot".<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Haynes |first=Ian |date=2023-08-15 |title=The brains behind Barbie: A look at the entrepreneurial journey of Ruth Handler |url=https://www.asbn.com/start-a-business/entrepreneurship/the-brains-behind-barbie-a-look-at-the-entrepreneurial-journey-of-ruth-handler/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=ASBN Small Business Network |language=en-US}}</ref> (Elliot later said that they were unable to think of a way to include Ruth's name.)<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Mattel by Robert Eckert |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGwGljfOGD4 |website=Youtube |date=September 9, 2012}}</ref> When sales fell during World War II, Mattel began making toy furniture. Its success spurred the company's transition to toy manufacturing.

===Barbie===
Observing her daughter Barbara and friends having fun with paper dolls and role-play adult scenarios, Ruth noticed a market void.<ref name="auto2"/> Dolls available at that time were mainly babies and toddlers; no dolls were available that resembled adults.

During a trip to Europe in 1956 with Barbara and her son Kenneth, Ruth came across [[Bild Lilli doll|Bild Lilli]],<ref name="WP-20230525">{{cite news |last=Javaid |first=Maham |date=May 25, 2023 |title=Barbie's 'pornographic' origin story, as told by historians - A new trailer for the Barbie movie shows her visiting the real world. In reality, the doll was based on a German sex toy called Lilli. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/05/25/barbie-trailer-creator-pornographic-origin-doll/ |url-status=live |accessdate=May 26, 2023 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230526144415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/05/25/barbie-trailer-creator-pornographic-origin-doll/ |archivedate=May 26, 2023}}</ref> a German doll. In an interview with Mary G. Lord, author of ''Forever Barbie,'' Handler said that she saw the doll in [[Lucerne]], Switzerland. However, the book points out that on other occasions Handler said that she saw it in [[Zürich]] or [[Vienna]]. The adult-figured doll was exactly what Ruth had in mind. She purchased three, gave one to her daughter, and took the others to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character in a satirical comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper ''[[Bild]].'' The Lilli doll was first sold in 1955 in Germany, and although initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing it in outfits that were available separately.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2016 |title=Meet Lilli, the High-end German Call Girl Who Became America's Iconic Barbie Doll |url=http://www.messynessychic.com/2016/01/29/meet-lilli-the-high-end-german-call-girl-who-became-americas-iconic-barbie-doll/ |access-date=February 10, 2018 |website=Messy Nessy}}</ref>

On return to the US, Handler redesigned the doll with help from local inventor-designer [[Jack Ryan (designer)|Jack Ryan]]. She named the doll Barbie after her daughter Barbara, and said that Barbie was from Willows, Wisconsin. Premiering on March 9, 1959 at the [[American International Toy Fair]] in New York City,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Mosko Handler unveils Barbie Doll |url=http://jwa.org/thisweek/mar/09/1959/ruth-mosko-handler |access-date=March 8, 2014 |publisher=Jewish Women's Archive}}</ref> the first Barbie doll cost $3 and was an instant hit.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Ruth Handler: The Entrepreneur Who Created Barbie |url=https://www.historyhit.com/ruth-handler-the-entrepreneur-who-created-barbie/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=History Hit}}</ref> In its first year, 300,000 were sold.<ref name="auto1"/> 

The Handlers and Mattel later added a boyfriend for Barbie, named [[Ken (doll)|Ken]] after the Handlers' son.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Barbie Through the Ages |url=https://www.history.com/news/barbie-through-the-ages |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=history.com}}</ref> Eventually a huge range of Barbie dolls was released, portrayed with more than 125 careers,<ref name="auto2"/> and Barbie became known for her versatility and fashion. The Handlers added cars, sports gear, clothes, and doll furniture to their Barbie products.

==Later years==
Handler was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1970. She had a [[modified radical mastectomy]], which was often done at the time to combat the disease. She spent less time at Mattel to focus on improving her health. Her loss of self-esteem affected her leadership and she lost control of her business. In a 1980 interview, she said: "When I conceived Barbie, I believed it was important to a little girl’s self-esteem to play with a doll that [had] breasts. Now I find it even more important to return that self-esteem to women who have lost theirs.”<ref name="JWA" />

Due to difficulties in finding a good breast prosthesis, Handler decided to make her own. With the help of new business partner Peyton Massey and under her new company, Ruthton Corp., she manufactured a more realistic version of a woman's breast called Nearly Me, aiming to boost women's confidence regardless of their health. The invention became quite popular; [[first lady]] [[Betty Ford]] was fitted for one after a mastectomy.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin | date=April 29, 2002 | page=9 | last=Pollock | first=Danny | title=Barbie creator wanted doll to stand for women's choices | url=https://www.newspapers.com./article/honolulu-star-bulletin-handler-ford/137813478/}}</ref>

Handler received various awards for her philanthropy and business activities. She was chosen Woman of the Year in Business by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', inducted into the [[Toy Industry Hall of Fame]] by the Toy Manufacturers of America, received the Volunteer Achievement Award from the [[American Cancer Society]] and was the inaugural Woman of Distinction of the [[United Jewish Appeal]].<ref name="JWA" />

Following several investigations into fraudulent financial reports, Handler resigned from Mattel in 1975. Investigations continued and she was charged with fraud and false reporting by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]. She pleaded [[no contest]] and was fined $57,000 ({{Inflation|US|57000|1978|fmt=eq|r=-4}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}) and sentenced to 2,500 hours of community service. She blamed her illness for making her "unfocused" on her business.

Handler died on April 27, 2002 in California from complications during surgery for [[colon cancer]]. She was 85.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/2002/2002-04-28-barbie.htm |title=Creator of Barbie dies at 85 |newspaper=USA Today |agency=Associated Press |date=April 28, 2002 |access-date=January 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002204821/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/2002/2002-04-28-barbie.htm|archive-date=October 2, 2022}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Handler is portrayed in the 2023 film ''[[Barbie (film)|Barbie]]''<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Paskin |first=Willa |title=Greta Gerwig's 'Barbie' Dream Job |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/11/magazine/greta-gerwig-barbie.html |magazine=The New York Times Magazine |access-date=July 11, 2023 |date=July 11, 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711163054/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/11/magazine/greta-gerwig-barbie.html/ |url-status=live}}</ref> by actress [[Rhea Perlman]]. In the film, the ghost of an elderly Handler resides in an office on the 17th floor of Mattel's [[El Segundo, California|El Segundo]] headquarters. There she meets the movie's stereotypical Barbie ([[Margot Robbie]]). Later, while advising Barbie, Handler tells her about her creation and how it related to her daughter, Barbara. Barbie then takes the name "Barbara Handler" as her own. The film stirred a wave of media coverage of Handler.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heching |first=Dan |date=2023-07-22 |title=Who was Ruth Handler? The story behind Barbie's mother figure in the new movie |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/22/entertainment/ruth-handler-barbie-movie/index.html |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2023-07-21 |title=Who Is Ruth Handler? How Barbie's Creator Factors Into the Film |url=https://time.com/6293762/barbie-movie-ruth-handler/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The real-life inspiration for Barbie |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230714-barbie-creator-ruth-handler-on-the-real-life-inspiration-for-the-doll |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.bbc.com|date=July 14, 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Further|Barbie#Further reading}}
* Forman-Brunell, Miriam. "Barbie in" LIFE": The Life of Barbie." ''Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth'' 2.3 (2009): 303-311. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/316618/pdf online]
* Gerber, Robin. ''Barbie and Ruth: The Story of the World's Most Famous Doll and the Woman Who Created Her''. Harper/Collins, 2008.
* Weissman, Kristin Noelle. ''Barbie: The Icon, the Image, the Ideal: An Analytical Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Popular Culture'' (1999).
* Wepman, Dennis. "Handler, Ruth" ''American National Biography'' (2000) [https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1002288 online]

==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=yes}}
* {{IMDb name|1043325}}
* {{doi|10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1002288}}

{{portal bar|Toys|United States|Colorado|Biography}}
{{Barbie}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Handler, Ruth}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American inventors]]
[[Category:American chief executives of manufacturing companies]]
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people convicted of fraud]]
[[Category:American retail chief executives]]
[[Category:American toy industry businesspeople]]
[[Category:American women chief executives]]
[[Category:American women company founders]]
[[Category:American women inventors]]
[[Category:American people convicted of making false statements]]
[[Category:Barbie]]
[[Category:Burials at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Denver]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Mattel people]]
[[Category:Toy inventors]]
[[Category:American women investors]]
[[Category:American investors]]
[[Category:Jews from Colorado]]
[[Category:Jews from California]]
[[Category:University of Denver alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish women in business]]