Editing SCK CEN

{{Short description|Belgian Nuclear Research Centre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox research institute
|name             = SCK CEN
|native_name      = Belgian Nuclear Research Centre
|image            = Logo SCK CEN.png
|motto            = Exploring A Better Tomorrow
|established      = {{Start date|1952}}
|type             = 
|budget           =
|debt             =
|research_field   = Nuclear science & technology 
|president        = 
|director         = 
|free_label       = Key People
|free             = [[Derrick Gosselin|Derrick-Philippe Gosselin]] (Chairman), Peter Baeten (Director)
|staff            = 1000+
|students         =
|undergrad        =
|postgrad         =
|city             = [[Mol, Belgium|Mol]] 
|country          = Belgium
|coor             = {{coord|51.218524|N|5.093236|E|source:frwiki_region:BE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
|website          = {{URL|www.sckcen.be}}
|footnotes        = 
}}

'''SCK CEN''' (the '''Belgian Nuclear Research Centre'''), until 2020 shortened as '''SCK•CEN''', is the Belgian [[nuclear power|nuclear]] research centre located in [[Mol, Belgium]]. SCK CEN is a global leader in the field of nuclear research, services, and education.

== History ==
SCK CEN was founded in 1952 and originally named '''Studiecentrum voor de Toepassingen van de Kernenergie''' ('''Research Centre for the Applications of Nuclear Energy'''), abbreviated to '''STK'''. Land was bought in the municipality of [[Mol, Belgium|Mol]], and over the next years many technical, administrative, medical, and residential buildings were constructed on the site. From 1956 to 1964 four nuclear research reactors became operational: the BR 1, BR 2, BR 3, the first [[pressurized water reactor]] in Europe, and VENUS.

In 1963 SCK CEN already employed 1600 people, a number that would remain about the same over the next decades. In 1970 SCK CEN widened its field of activities outside the nuclear sector, but the emphasis remained on nuclear research. In 1991 SCK CEN was split and a new institute, VITO (Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek; Flemish institute for technological research), took over the non-nuclear activities. SCK CEN currently has about 850 employees.

In the 1980s, SCK CEN employees were bribed to receive and store high-level nuclear waste from the West German firm [[Transnuklear]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scienceforpeace.org/post/a-nuclear-watergate-west-germany-s-transnuklear-affair|title=A Nuclear Watergate: West Germany's "Transnuklear Affair"|publisher=Science for Peace|date=1 June 1988}}</ref>

In 2017, the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] designated SCK CEN as one of the four ''International Centres based on Research Reactor (ICERR)''.

==Organisation profile==
SCK CEN is a foundation of public utility with a legal status according to private law, under the guidance of the Belgian Federal Ministry in charge of energy. SCK CEN has more than 800 employees<ref name="sckcen.be">{{cite web|title=SCK•CEN - About SCK•CEN|url=http://www.sckcen.be/en/About-SCK-CEN|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129015449/http://sckcen.be/en/About-SCK-CEN|archive-date=2010-11-29|access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|title=SCK•CEN - Organisation profile / About SCK•CEN|url=http://www.sckcen.be/en/About-SCK-CEN/Organisation-profile|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020729/http://sckcen.be/en/About-SCK-CEN/Organisation-profile|archive-date=2010-11-29|access-date=2010-09-30}}</ref> and an annual budget of €180 million.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The organization receives 25% of its funding directly from government grants, 5% indirectly via activities for the dismantling of declassified installations and 70% from contract work and services.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Since 1991, the organization's statutory mission gives priority to research on problems of societal concern:
* Safety of nuclear installations
* Radiation protection
* Medical and industrial applications of radiation
* The back end of the nuclear fuel cycle (nuclear reprocessing and management of radioactive waste)
* Nuclear decommissioning and decontamination of nuclear sites
* The fight against nuclear proliferation

To these domains, SCK CEN contributes with [[research and development]], training, communication, and services. This is done with a view to sustainable development, and hence taking into account environmental, economical and social factors.

==Chairmen of the Board of Governors (since 1952)==

* Count     [[Pierre Ryckmans (governor-general)|Pierre Ryckmans]]     (1952-1959)
* Count     [[Marc de Hemptinne]]   (1959-1963)
* Professor [[Julien Hoste]]        (1963-1963)
* General   [[Letor]]               (1963-1971)
* Mr.       [[André Baeyens]]       (1971-1975)
* Baron     [[Frans Van den Bergh]] (1975-1986)
* Mr.       [[Ivo Van Vaerenbergh]] (1986-1989)
* Professor [[Roger Van Geen]]      (1991-1995)
* Professor [[Frank Deconinck]]     (1996-2013)
* Baron     [[Derrick Gosselin|Derrick-Philippe Gosselin]]    (since 2013)

== Reactors ==
=== BR1 ===
''The Belgian Reactor 1'' (BR1) is the first [[research reactor]] to have been built and commissioned in [[Belgium]]. This [[natural uranium]] air-cooled [[graphite]]-[[neutron moderator|moderated]] reactor was commissioned in 1956. Its maximal thermal power is 4&nbsp;MW, but it is presently only operated at 700&nbsp;kW. Its natural uranium inventory could allow the reactor to run without refueling during several centuries (~&nbsp;300 years). At first, this [[research reactor]] was used primarily for research into reactor and neutron physics, for [[neutron activation analysis]], and for a minor production of [[radionuclide]]s. Now, it is being used for the irradiation of components, the calibration of measuring instruments, and for performing analyses and training nuclear students. BR1 operates by order of other research centres, universities and the industry.

=== BR2 ===
Commissioned in 1962'', The Belgian Reactor 2'' (BR2) is a [[materials testing reactor]]. It is a high-flux reactor (~&nbsp;10{{sup|15}} neutron・cm{{sup|-2}}・s{{sup|-1}}) in which [[neutron]]s are [[Neutron moderator|moderated]] by a [[beryllium]] matrix and cooled by light water pumped at low pressure (12-15&nbsp;bar). Its core is very compact due to the particular shape of its beryllium matrix ([[paraboloid]] of revolution) allowing to install the [[Nuclear fuel|fuel rods]], the [[control rod]]s, and the experiments in a very small volume (~ 1m{{sup|3}}). One reports that its very compact core architecture was quickly drawn on a [[Drink coaster|beer mat]] during a discussion between nuclear physicists in a bar in [[New York City|New York]] during a very creative night at the end of the 1950s, or beginning 1960. At the demand of the US authorities, its [[nuclear fuel]] is presently based on [[Enriched uranium#Low-enriched uranium (LEU)|low-enriched uranium]] (LEU) to minimize the risk of [[nuclear proliferation]]. Its thermal power (100&nbsp;MW) is dissipated in the environment by water heated at modest temperature (40-48 °C). This research reactor is also used for the production of [[Radiopharmacology|medical radio-isotopes]]. The BR2 research reactor produces on an annual basis more than 25% of the worldwide demand for [[molybdenum-99]] and in peak periods even up to 65%.

=== BR3 ===
''The Belgian Reactor 3'' was the first [[pressurised water reactor]] (PWR) in Europe. The reactor served as a prototype for the reactors in [[Doel]] and [[Tihange]].  It was taken into service in 1962 and permanently shut down in 1987.

==== Decommissioning ====
[[Nuclear decommissioning|Decommissioning]] started in 2002.<ref name="sckcen-br3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190401060959/https://science.sckcen.be/en/Facilities/BR3 ''Belgian Reactor 3 - BR3'']. SCK•CEN (archived Apr 2019, no update)</ref> The [[European Commission]] selected BR3 as a pilot project to show the technical and economic feasibility of the dismantling of a reactor under real conditions.<ref>[https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/belgium.aspx ''Nuclear Power in Belgium'']. World Nuclear Association, update Feb 2023</ref>

=== VENUS ===
The research reactor VENUS, which stands for ''Vulcan Experimental Nuclear Study'' was commissioned in 1964. VENUS is used as an experimental installation for nuclear reactor physics studies of new reactor systems and for testing reactor calculations. The installation was re-built and modernised several times. As part of the GUINEVERE project, SCK CEN decided to re-build the VENUS reactor into a scale model of Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS). The particle accelerator was first connected in 2011. VENUS is a "[[zero power critical|zero power]] reactor": it has a power consumption of only 500 Watt.

=== MYRRHA ===
{{Main|MYRRHA}}
MYRRHA is a design of a ''Multi-purpose HYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications''. MYRRHA is the world's first research reactor driven by a particle accelerator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euronuclear.org/e-news/e-news-21/myrrha.htm|title=MYRRHA a new future for nuclear research|publisher=}}</ref>

===INES incidents===
After a leak in the hot cell of BR2 reactor, [[selenium-75]] was released in the atmosphere on 15 May 2019. The event was classified by FANC at the level 1 of the international nuclear and radiological events scale ([[INES scale]]).<ref name="FANC_2019_05_16">{{Cite web |title=Rejet limité de sélénium-75 au SCK-CEN |trans-title=Limited release of selenium-75 at SCK-CEN |author=FANC |work=FANC – Federal Agency for Nuclear Control |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=8 July 2021 |url= https://afcn.fgov.be/fr/actualites/rejet-limite-de-selenium-75-au-sck-cen |language=fr}}</ref> <sup>75</sup>Se (half-life = 119.8 days) was detected at low concentrations on aerosol filters from several air monitoring stations belonging to [[IRSN]] (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, France), in the [[Lille]] area and in the northwestern part of [[France]]. IRSN also performed an atmospheric dispersion modeling analysis. The dose assessment showed very low exposure levels (< 1 microsievert) without concern for public health in France.<ref name="IRSN_2019_05_28">{{Cite web |title=Release of selenium-75 from the SCK-CEN facilities, in Mol (Belgium) |author=IRSN |work=irsn.fr |date=28 May 2019 |access-date=8 July 2021 |url= https://www.irsn.fr/EN/newsroom/News/Documents/IRSN_NI-Incident-Belgium-Selenium75-Release_20190528.pdf |language=English}}</ref>

The power of the BR2 reactor was insufficiently measured on January 27, 2021, because two of the three measuring chains were not functioning in accordance with the regulations and the third was defective. Since the installation had two independent sets of three measuring chains, any power variations could still be detected.<ref name="FANC_2021_01_27">{{Cite web |title=Évènements classés sur l'échelle INES en Belgique durant les 12 derniers mois |trans-title=Events classified on the INES scale in Belgium during the last 12 months |author=FANC |work=FANC – Federal Agency for Nuclear control |date=27 January 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |url= https://afcn.fgov.be/fr/situations-durgence/echelle-ines/evenements-classes-sur-lechelle-ines-en-belgique-durant-les-12 |language=fr}}</ref>

FANC has classified this incident at level 2 on the [[INES scale]], not only because the operating conditions were not respected, but also because a similar incident had already occurred at SCK CEN in 2019. These two incidents were related to a lack of safety culture from the licensee leading to inappropriate operations.<ref name="FANC_2021_02_02">{{Cite web |title=Incident at the SCK CEN nuclear research center classified at level 2 on the INES scale |author=FANC |work=fanc.fgov.be |date=2 February 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |url= https://fanc.fgov.be/nl/system/files/2021-02-02-incident-sck-cen-niveau-2-ines-schaal.pdf |language=Dutch}}</ref>

==Research activities==
The Centres research activities are concentrated into the following main tracks.

=== HADES ===
In 1980, SCK CEN started the construction of an [[Underground Research Laboratory]] (URL) at 223 m below the ground level<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Bruyn |first=Didier |last2=Labat |first2=Serge |date=2002-05-01 |title=The second phase of ATLAS: the continuation of a running THM test in the HADES underground research facility at Mol |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013795201001090 |journal=Engineering Geology |series=Key Issues in Waste Isolation Research |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=309–316 |doi=10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00109-0 |issn=0013-7952|url-access=subscription }}</ref> to study the feasibility of geological disposal in deep clay layers in the Boom Clay Formation at the Mol site.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Craen |first=M. De |last2=Geet |first2=M. Van |last3=Honty |first3=M. |last4=Weetjens |first4=E. |last5=Sillen |first5=X. |date=2008-01-01 |title=Extent of oxidation in Boom Clay as a result of excavation and ventilation of the HADES URF: Experimental and modelling assessments |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706508002854 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Clays in Natural & Engineered Barriers for Radioactive Waste Confinement |volume=33 |pages=S350–S362 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2008.10.032 |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The underground laboratory was given the name [[hades|HADES]], god of the underworld in the [[Greek mythology]]. HADES is an acronym meaning: High Activity Disposal Experimental Site.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Xiangling |last1=Li  |first2=Bernard |last2=Neerdael |first3=Didier |last3=Raymaekers |first4=Xavier |last4=Sillen |title = The construction of the HADES underground research laboratory and its role in the development of the Belgian concept of a deep geological repository |journal = Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume = 536 | issue = 1 |pages = 159-184 |year = 2023 |doi = 10.1144/SP536-2022-101 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Here, for more than 45 years,<ref name=hades/> scientists perform research on the geomechanical, geochemical, mineralogical and microbiological characteristics of Boom Clay and on the interactions between the clay and the candidate materials for the waste packages. The underground laboratory HADES is now operated by the ESV EURIDICE, an economic partnership between SCK CEN and [[NIRAS]].<ref name=hades>{{Cite journal |first1=Seif Ben Hadj |last1=Hassine  |first2=Christophe |last2=Davies |first3=Roger |last3=Garbil |title=Forty-five years of joint research programmes on geological disposal of radioactive waste and the pioneering role of the HADES Underground Research Laboratory |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=536 |issue=1 |pages=225-236 |year=2023 |language=en |doi=10.1144/sp536-2021-205 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Snow White ===
Since 2018, SCK CEN has commissioned a ''Snow White'' (JL-900) ''Early Warning System''. This installation aspirates 900 m<sup>3</sup> of air per hour<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frankemölle |first=J. P. K. W. |last2=Camps |first2=J. |last3=De Meutter |first3=P. |last4=Antoine |first4=P. |last5=Delcloo |first5=A. W. |last6=Vermeersch |first6=F. |last7=Meyers |first7=J. |date=2022-12-01 |title=Near-range atmospheric dispersion of an anomalous selenium-75 emission |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X2200203X |journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity |volume=255 |pages=107012 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107012 |issn=0265-931X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> across filters. These filters are replaced and analysed on a weekly basis. Because the system sucks up large quantities of air, SCK CEN can detect very low concentrations of radioactivity in the airborne dust. In this way, radioactive emissions, even when originating from abroad, do not remain unnoticed. Detection of low concentrations may indicate an abnormal emission, such as a hidden leak, or signal a nuclear incident. Snow White successfully detected airborne [[Cs-137]] released during forest fires in the [[Chornobyl Exclusion Zone]] in [[Ukraine]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Meutter |first=Pieter |last2=Gueibe |first2=Christophe |last3=Tomas |first3=Jasper |last4=Outer |first4=Peter den |last5=Apituley |first5=Arnoud |last6=Bruggeman |first6=Michel |last7=Camps |first7=Johan |last8=Delcloo |first8=Andy |last9=Knetsch |first9=Gert-Jan |last10=Roobol |first10=Lars |last11=Verheyen |first11=Leen |date=2021-10-01 |title=The assessment of the April 2020 chernobyl wildfires and their impact on Cs-137 levels in Belgium and The Netherlands |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X21001600 |journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity |volume=237 |pages=106688 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106688 |issn=0265-931X|hdl=1854/LU-8746469 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== Nuclear Materials Science ===
Research is performed to improve the knowledge, understanding, and numerical simulation of the behaviour of materials under irradiation, and from there on predicting their performance. The aim is to develop, assess and validate new materials such as nuclear fuel, construction materials, and radioisotopes to be used in nuclear applications.

=== Advanced Nuclear Systems ===
Extensive contributions are made to extend the present Belgian expertise in the field of developments related to GEN IV reactor systems and [[ITER]]. In co-operation with the industry and international research teams, R&D efforts are made to develop and test innovative reactor technologies and instrumentation. This will contribute to the construction of an experimental fast spectrum installation (MYRRHA), allowing a.o. transmutation processes to be performed.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

=== Environment, Health and Safety ===
Next to specialised R&D in the field of a.o. radiobiology and -ecology, environmental chemistry, decommissioning, radioactive waste management and disposal, SCK CEN also delivers high-quality{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} measurement services such as radiation dosimetry, calibration, and spectrometry. Policy support, decision making, and research on the integration of social aspects into nuclear research contribute to meet complex problems related to radiation protection and energy policy.

The facility has for meteorological measurements a 121.1 metres tall guyed mast.

=== Education and Training – Academy (ACA)=== 
Throughout its more than 60 years of research experience in the field of peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology, SCK CEN has also conducted education and training ({{clarify|text=ACA|date=July 2021|post-text=(complicated jargon)}}). The ACA activities at SCK CEN cover a. o. reactor physics, reactor operation, reactor engineering, radiation protection, decommissioning, and waste management. Next to courses, SCK CEN also offers students the possibility to perform their research work at our{{who|date=February 2016}} laboratories and research reactors. Final-year students and Ph.D. candidates can enter a programme outlined together with a SCK CEN mentor and in close collaboration with a university promotor. Post-docs are mainly recruited in specialised research domains that reflect the priority programmes and R&D topics of our{{who|date=February 2016}} institute.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

== The Atoomwijk ==
The Atoomwijk was built to accommodate the employees. When the Flemish Institute for Technological Research was set up, a number of apartments were transferred, but the majority of the district is still owned by the study center. In addition to housing, the district also consists of sports infrastructure. 

== Increased risk of cancer? ==
On behalf of the Belgian Ministry of Social Affairs and Public Health, [[Sciensano]] conducted the [https://www.sciensano.be/nl/projecten/monitoring-van-de-gezondheidseffecten-van-het-leven-de-nabijheid-van-nucleaire-sites-belgie Nucabel 2] study from 9 January 2017 to 30 June 2020. This national epidemiological study focuses on the possible health risks, mainly cancer, for people living in the vicinity of Belgian nuclear sites. The results of Nucabel 2 state that the incidence in the close vicinity (< 5 km) of the [[Mol, Belgium|Mol]]-[[Dessel]] nuclear site is 3 times higher than the rest of Belgium. The results are statistically significant. Nevertheless, the number of observed cases remains low.

However, the results of this study - as the Sciensano researchers also indicate - cannot establish a causal link between the occurrence of cancer cases and the proximity of the Mol-Dessel site. 

'''Additional information on the Nucabel 2 study:'''

The Sciensano study was a descriptive epidemiological study in which no attention was paid to:

# other sources to which Belgians may be exposed, such as medical applications or background radiation;
# the effective dose that would be emitted in Mol/Dessel;
# individual factors, such as infections, genetics, and other risk factors.

After further questioning [https://www.sckcen.be/en SCK CEN] on points 1 and 2, the following emerged:

Every year, a Belgian is on average exposed to a dose of 4 millisieverts.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} Almost half of this comes from medical applications.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} This - like the exposure from natural background radiation - has not been taken into account. However, this represents a much larger dose burden for most critical members of the surrounding population. The doses from discharges from nuclear installations are so small that the dose burden - compared to natural and medical exposure - is almost negligible.

The effective dose of all atmospheric discharges and all exposure routes of the SCK CEN installations amounts to a maximum of 2 micro Sv (μSv) per year. This is therefore 1/50 of the limit of 100 micro Sv per year for the whole nuclear site and 500 times less than the effective dose of natural exposure in the Kempen.

==See also==
<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
* [[Edgar Sengier]]
* [[European Atomic Energy Community]] (EURATOM)
* [[Flemish institute for technological research|Flemish Institute for Technological Research]] (VITO)
* [[List of cancer clusters|List of Cancer Clusters]]
* [[Nuclear energy in Belgium|Nuclear Energy in Belgium]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.sckcen.be/ }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928095247/http://www.sck.be/sckcen_en/organisation/brochure_uk/screen/BrochureSCK50_UK.pdf Official history brochure]
* [https://researchportal.sckcen.be/ SCK CEN’s public Institutional Repository]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:SckCen}}
[[Category:Nuclear research institutes]]
[[Category:Radiation protection organizations]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Belgium]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in Belgium]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Antwerp Province]]
[[Category:Mol, Belgium]]