Editing Sablefish

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) 01 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = ''Anoplopoma fimbria''
| image2 = 
| taxon = Anoplopoma fimbria
| parent_authority = [[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1859
| authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814)
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
| Gadus fimbria | Pallas, 1814
| Anoplopoma merlangus | [[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1859
| Scombrocottus salmoneus | Peters, 1872
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Anoplopoma|fimbrata|month=August|year=2022}}</ref>
}}

The '''sablefish''' ('''''Anoplopoma fimbria''''') is one of two members of the [[fish]] family [[Anoplopomatidae]] and the [[monotypic|only species]] in the genus '''''Anoplopoma'''''.<ref name = Fishbase/> In [[English language|English]], common names for it include '''sable''' (US), '''butterfish''' (US), '''black cod''' (US, UK, Canada), '''blue cod''' (UK), '''bluefish''' (UK), '''candlefish''' (UK), '''coal cod''' (UK), '''snowfish''' ({{lang|th|ปลาหิมะ}}; Thailand), '''coalfish''' (Canada), '''beshow''', and '''skil''' (Canada), although many of these names also refer to other, unrelated, species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=512&GenusName=Anoplopoma&SpeciesName=fimbria&StockCode=528|title=Common Names List - Anoplopoma fimbria|website=Fishbase.org|accessdate=12 October 2017}}</ref> The [[US Food and Drug Administration]] accepts only "sablefish" as the acceptable market name in the United States; "black cod" is considered a vernacular (regional) name and should not be used as a statement of identity for this species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/SEARCH_SEAFOOD/index.cfm?other=complete |title=Seafood List Search Returns |accessdate=2010-07-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717072441/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/SEARCH_SEAFOOD/index.cfm?other=complete |archivedate=17 July 2010}}</ref> The sablefish is found in muddy sea beds in the [[North Pacific Ocean]] at depths of {{cvt|300|to|2700|m|-1}} and is commercially important to [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sonu|first=Sunee C.|date=October 2014|title=Supply and Market for Sablefish in Japan|url=https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/Assets/commercial/market-news/sablefishSupplyMarket2014.pdf|journal=NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS|volume=NOAA-TM-NMFS-WCR-102}}</ref><ref name=Burros>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/16/dining/the-fish-that-swam-uptown.html|title=The Fish That Swam Uptown|last=Burros|first=Marian|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-12|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331 |date=May 16, 2001|page=F1}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Anoplopoma fimbria.png|left|thumb|Illustration]]
The sablefish is a species of deep-sea fish common to the North Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{ITIS |id=167123 |taxon=Anoplopoma fimbria |accessdate=24 January 2006}}</ref> Adult sablefish are opportunistic piscivores, preying on [[Alaskan pollock]], [[eulachon]], [[capelin]], [[herring]], [[sandlance]], and [[Pacific cod]], as well as [[squid]], [[krill|euphausiids]], and [[jellyfish]].<ref>{{cite tech report|author=Yang, M-S |author2= M. W. Nelson |year=2000|title= Food habits of the commercially important groundfishes in the Gulf of Alaska in 1990, 1993, and 1996|institution= NOAA Technical Memorandum |number= NMFS-AFSC-112|page=174}}</ref> Sablefish are long-lived, with a maximum recorded age of 94 years<ref>{{cite journal| last1= Kimura| first1= Daniel K.|first2= A. M. | last2= Shaw | first3= F. R. | last3= Shaw |year=1998|title= Stock Structure and movement of tagged sablefish, ''Anoplopoma fimbria'', in offshore northeast Pacific waters and the effects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation on migration and growth|journal= Fish. Bull. |volume=96|pages= 462–481}}</ref> although the majority of the commercial catch in many areas is less than 20 years old.<ref name= "AFSC2017" /><ref name= "pcouncil2015" />

Sablefish growth varies regionally, with larger maximum sizes in Alaska,<ref name="pcouncil2015" /> where total lengths up to {{cvt|114|cm|ftin}} weights up to {{cvt|25|kg|lbs}} have been recorded.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=sablefish.main|title= Sablefish Species Profile| publisher= Alaska Department of Fish and Game| website=adfg.alaska.gov|language= en|access-date= 2020-04-07}}</ref> However, average lengths are typically below {{cvt|70|cm|ftin}} and {{cvt|4|kg|lb}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="pcouncil2015" />

[[Mark and recapture|Tagging studies]] have indicated that sablefish have been observed to move as much as {{cvt|2000|km}} before recapture with one study estimating an average distance between release and recapture of {{cvt|602|km}}, with an average annual movement of {{cvt|191|km}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beamish|first1=R. J.|last2= McFarlane|first2=C. A.|date=1988|title= Resident and Dispersal Behavior of Adult Sablefish (''Anaplopoma fimbria'') in the Slope Waters off Canada's West Coast|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|volume=45|issue= 1|pages=152–164|doi=10.1139/f88-017|issn=0706-652X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last1=Hanselman|first1=Dana H.|last2= Heifetz |first2=Jonathan|last3= Echave| first3=Katy B.|last4=Dressel|first4= Sherri C.|date=2015|title=Move it or lose it: movement and mortality of sablefish tagged in Alaska|journal= Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|volume=72|issue=2|pages=238–251|doi=10.1139/cjfas-2014-0251|issn=0706-652X}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Sablefish resting on sediment.jpg|Sablefish resting on soft sediment 302 m (991 ft) deep
File:4sablefish 500.jpg|Resting on soft sediment of a 800 m deep canyon floor. 
</gallery>

==Fisheries==
Sablefish are typically caught in [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawl]], [[Longline fishing|longline]] and [[Fish trap|pot]] fisheries. In the Northeast Pacific, sablefish fisheries are managed separately in three areas: [[Alaska]], the Canadian province of [[British Columbia]], and the west coast of the [[contiguous United States]] ([[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], and [[California]]). In all these areas catches peaked in the 1970s and 80s and have been lower since that time due to a combination of reduced populations and management restrictions.<ref name="AFSC2017">{{citation |title=Assessment of the Sablefish stock in Alaska in: Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for the groundfish resources of the GOA and BS/AI |vauthors=Hanselman DH, Rodgveller CJ, Lunsford CR, Fenske, KH |url=https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Docs/2017/BSAIsablefish.pdf |date=2017 |publisher=North Pacific Fishery Management Council, 605 W 4th Ave., Suite 306 Anchorage, AK 99501, USA |pages=307–412}}</ref><ref name=DFO2016>{{cite web |title=A revised operating model for sablefish (''Anoplopoma fimbria'') in British Columbia, Canada | author=DFO | date=2016 | publisher=DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep. 2016/015 |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/mpo-dfo/Fs70-6-2016-015-eng.pdf}}</ref><ref name="pcouncil2015">{{citation|title=Status of the sablefish stock in U.S. waters in 2019|date=2019|url=https://www.pcouncil.org/documents/2019/10/status-of-the-sablefish-stock-in-u-s-waters-in-2019-october-22-2019.pdf/|publisher=Pacific Fisheries Management Council, 7700 Ambassador Place NE, Suite 200, Portland, OR, U.S.A.|vauthors=Haltuch MA, Johnson KF, Tolimieri N, Kapur MS, Castillo-Jordán CA}}</ref> The sablefish longline fishery in Alaska has been certified as sustainable by the [[Marine Stewardship Council]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fisheries.msc.org/en/fisheries/us-north-pacific-sablefish/|title=US North Pacific sablefish - MSC Fisheries|website=fisheries.msc.org|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> as is the [[US West Coast]] limited entry groundfish trawl fishery which includes sablefish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fisheries.msc.org/en/fisheries/us-west-coast-limited-entry-groundfish-trawl/|title=US West Coast limited entry groundfish trawl - MSC Fisheries|website=fisheries.msc.org}}</ref>

Longline fisheries in Alaska frequently experience [[predation]] of sablefish by [[killer whale]]s and [[sperm whale]]s which remove the fish from the hooks during the process of retrieving the gear.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peterson|first1=Megan J.|last2=Carothers|first2=Courtney|date=2013-11-01|title=Whale interactions with Alaskan sablefish and Pacific halibut fisheries: Surveying fishermen perception, changing fishing practices and mitigation|journal=Marine Policy|language=en|volume=42|pages=315–324|doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2013.04.001|bibcode=2013MarPo..42..315P |issn=0308-597X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sigler|first1=Michael F.|last2=Lunsford|first2=Chris R.|last3=Straley|first3=Janice M.|last4=Liddle|first4=Joseph B.|date=2008|title=Sperm whale depredation of sablefish longline gear in the northeast Pacific Ocean|journal=Marine Mammal Science|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=16–27|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00149.x|bibcode=2008MMamS..24...16S |issn=0824-0469}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Sperm whales steal from a fishing boat - Alaska: Earth's Frozen Kingdom - Episode 1 - BBC Two|date=2015-02-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYP0nadGqCc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/RYP0nadGqCc |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-08-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Sablefish aquaculture is an area of active research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nwtreatytribes.org/jamestown-sklallam-noaa-partner-black-cod-broodstock-program/|title=Jamestown S'Klallam, NOAA Partner on Black Cod Broodstock Program|date=2016-03-27|website=Northwest Treaty Tribes|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>

<gallery widths="240" mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Small sablefish.jpg|Small sablefish caught in a bottom trawl survey off the coast of California
File:Black Cod May wc4.jpg|alt=Image shows three people working around a tote full of sablefish held by a crane|A tote of sablefish being processed in Juneau, Alaska.
File:Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria).webm|Live sablefish at a [[T&T Supermarket|T&T]] supermarket.
</gallery>

==Culinary use==
The white flesh of the sablefish is soft-textured and mildly flavored. It is considered a delicacy in many countries.{{which|date=January 2020}} When cooked, its flaky texture is similar to [[Patagonian toothfish]] (Chilean sea bass). The meat has a high [[fat]] content and can be prepared in many ways, including [[grilling]], [[Smoking (cooking)|smoking]], or [[frying]], or served as [[sushi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gloriousrecipes.com/sablefish-recipes/ |title=18 Best Sablefish Recipes To Try |website=Glorious Recipes |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> Sablefish flesh is high in long-chain [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, [[eicosapentaenoic acid|EPA]], and [[docosahexaenoic acid|DHA]]. It contains about as much as wild [[salmon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/sablefish |title=Sablefish ''Anoplopoma fimbria'' |website=FishWatch |access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Smoked sablefish]], often called simply "sable", has long been a staple of New York [[appetizing store]]s, one of many [[smoked fish]] products usually eaten with [[bagel]]s for breakfast in [[American Jewish cuisine]].<ref name=Burros/><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leah Koenig|title=A Smoked Fish Primer|magazine=[[The Forward]]|url=https://forward.com/food/343694/a-smoked-fish-primer/ |date=July 1, 2016}}</ref>

In [[Japanese cuisine]], the black cod (''gindara'') is often cooked ''saikyo yaki'' style, marinated for several days in sweet white ''[[miso]]'' or sake lees (''[[kasuzuke]]'') then broiled.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Miso-marinated broiled fish|author=Elizabeth Andoh|title=Washoku: Recipes from the Japanese Home Kitchen|year=2012|isbn=978-0307813558|page= 229}}</ref> The Japanese-Peruvian-American chef [[Nobu Matsuhisa]] introduced his version of ''gindara saikyo yaki'' at his restaurant in Los Angeles, and brought it to his New York restaurant ''[[Nobu (company)|Nobu]]'' in 1994, where it is considered his signature dish, under the name "Black Cod with Miso".<ref>{{cite book|author=Nobu Matsuhisa|title=Nobu: A Memoir|year=2019|isbn=978-1501122804|page= 47}}</ref><ref>{{cite periodical|author=Ruth Reichl|author-link=Ruth Reichl|title=Restaurants|magazine=[[New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/07/arts/restaurants-460729.html |date=October 7, 1994|page= C24}}</ref><ref name=Burros/> [[Kasuzuke]] sablefish is popular in [[Seattle]] thanks to a large Japanese community in that area.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Loomis|first=Susan Herrmann|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/26/travel/seattle-s-sake-marinated-fish.html|title=Seattle's Sake-Marinated Fish|date=1988-06-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-08|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1            = Kasuzuke.JPG
| caption1          = Sablefish (''gindara'') ''[[kasuzuke]]'' from a market in [[San Francisco]], California
| image2            = Milestones - Roasted Sablefish with Seaweed Gnocchi (5852596315).jpg
| total_width       = 700
| caption2          = Roasted sablefish and gnocchi, in [[Calgary]], Alberta
| align             = center
| image3            = Eundaegu-jorim.jpg
| caption3          = ''Eundaegu-jorim'' (simmered black cod), in [[L.A.]], California
| image4            = Paso Terra - July 2019 - Stierch 03.jpg
| caption4          = Miso black cod at a restaurant, in [[Paso Robles]], California
}}

==Nutrition==
Nutritional information for sablefish is as follows.<ref>'''Exact Scientific Services.''' (2023). ''West Coast Groundfish Nutrient Profiles: Exact Scientific Lab Results.'' Commissioned by Jana Hennig. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a3051588fd4d2db4fb25f26/t/63e40842950bac0c12f8e22b/1675888709465/0+West+Coast+Groundfish+nutrient+profiles+-+Exact+Scientific+lab+results.pdf</ref>
{| style="width:100%; text-align:left;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:50%;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:left;"
! Serving Size
! 100g
|-
|
;Calories
| 158 kcal
|-
|
;Protein
| 14.4 g
|-
|Protein calories: 61 kcal
Protein calories % : 39%
|
|-
|
;Fat
| 10.7 g
|-
|Fat calories: 96 kcal
Fat calories % : 61%
|
|-
|
;Carbohydrate
| 0.0 g
|-
|Carbohydrate calories: 0 kcal
Carbohydrate calories % : 0.0%
|
|-
| Cholesterol
| 43.3 mg
|-
| Sodium
| 43.6 mg
|}
| style="width:50%;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:left;"
! Serving Size
! per 100g
! per 100 kcal
|-
| Omega 3 (EPA+DHA)
| 1792 mg
| 1137 mg
|-
| Vitamin B3
| 1.6 mg
| 1.0 mg
|-
| Vitamin B6
| 0.2 mg
| 0.1 mg
|-
| Vitamin B12
| 2.4 mcg
| 1.5 mcg
|-
| Vitamin D
| 132 IU
| 84 IU
|-
| Vitamin E
| 3 mg
| 1.9 mg
|-
| Calcium
| 4.4 mg
| 2.8 mg
|-
| Magnesium
| 18.9 mg
| 12.0 mg
|-
| Phosphorus
| 194 mg
| 123 mg
|-
| Potassium
| 363 mg
| 230 mg
|-
| Selenium
| 30 mcg
| 19 mcg
|}
|}


=== Mercury content ===
Studies of [[Mercury in fish|accumulated mercury]] levels find average mercury concentrations from 0.1 ppm,<ref name=2014alaska>{{cite web|date=21 July 2014|url=https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/eph/Documents/fish/FishConsumptionAdvice2014.pdf|title=Fish Consumption Advice for Alaskans: A Risk Management Strategy To Optimize the Public's Health|access-date=9 September 2023|publisher=Section of Epidemiology, Division of Public Health, Department of Health and Social Services, State of Alaska|author1=Ali K. Hamade|author2=Alaska Scientific Advisory Committee for Fish Consumption}}</ref>{{rp|15}} 0.2 ppm,<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Health Risk Assessment of Mercury in Fish and Health Benefits of Fish Consumption|date=9 March 2007 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/reports-publications/human-health-risk-assessment-mercury-fish-health-benefits-fish-consumption.html}}</ref> and up to 0.4 ppm.<ref name=FDA>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/mercury-levels-commercial-fish-and-shellfish-1990-2012 |title=Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish (1990–2012) |publisher=FDA |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> The [[US Food and Drug Administration]] puts sablefish in the "Good Choices" category in their guide for pregnant women and parents, and recommends one 4-ounce serving (uncooked) a week for an adult, less for children.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=U.S. Food & Drug Administration|title=Eating Fish: What Pregnant Women and Parents Should Know |work=FDA |date=5 September 2024 |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm393070.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824101811/https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm393070.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 August 2017 |series=Human Foods Program}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=U.S. Food & Drug Administration|title=Questions & Answers from the FDA/EPA Advice on What Pregnant Women and Parents Should Know about Eating Fish|work=FDA |date=9 September 2024 |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm534873.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102193346/https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm534873.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2017 |series=Human Foods Program}}</ref> On the other hand, the Alaska epidemiology section considers Alaska sablefish to be "low in mercury"<ref name=2014alaska/>{{rp|7}} and advises no restrictions on sablefish consumption by all populations.<ref name=2014alaska/>{{rp|50}}


==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/sablefish Sablefish on the NOAA FishWatch site]
* [http://www.canadiansablefish.com/ Canadian Sablefish Association]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1575272}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anoplopomatidae]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1814]]
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]]