Editing Sagaing Region

{{short description|Region of Myanmar}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name               = Sagaing Region
| native_name        = {{nobold|စစ်ကိုင်းတိုင်းဒေသကြီး}}
| native_name_lang   = my<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. -->
| settlement_type    = [[Administrative divisions of Burma|Region]]
| translit_lang1     = [[MLC Transcription System|Myanma]]
| translit_lang1_type = [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|my-Latn|cac kuing: tuing: desa. kri:}}
| image_skyline      = Sagaing, Myanmar.jpg
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Sagaing Region (2019).svg
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Sagaing Region Government.svg
| blank_emblem_size  = 90px
| blank_emblem_type  = Seal
| flag_alt           = 
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| image_map          = Sagaing Region in Myanmar.svg
| mapsize            = 200px
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Location of Sagaing Region in Myanmar
| pushpin_map        = <!-- Burma -->
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|21|30|N|95|37|E|region:MM_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = Myanmar
| subdivision_type1  = Region
| subdivision_name1  = Upper
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| seat_type          = Capital
| seat               = [[Monywa]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[Chief Ministers of States and Regions of Myanmar|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name        = Myat Kyaw
| leader_title1      = Cabinet
| leader_name1       = [[Sagaing Region Government]]
| leader_title3      = Judiciary
| leader_name3       = Sagaing Region High Court
| unit_pref          = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 93704.5
| area_rank          = 2nd
| area_note          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_max_ft   = 12602
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Saramati]]
| population_total   = 5,325,347
| population_as_of   = [[2014 Burma Census|2014]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census-2014">{{cite book|page=6 |chapter-url =https://reliefweb.int/attachments/b6b686a7-a0a9-3389-9c7f-2a697c5fafd9/Census%20Highlights%20Report%20-%20ENGLISH.pdf | chapter = The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Highlights of the Main Results Census Report Volume 2 – A | publisher = Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/2014-myanmar-population-and-housing-census-union-report-census-report-volume-2-enmy |title=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census - The Union Report - Census Report Volume 2 [EN/MY] |date =29 May 2015 |access-date=2022-09-01}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank    = 5th
| population_demonym = Sagainggese
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnicities
| timezone1          = [[Myanmar Standard Time|MST]]
| utc_offset1        = +06:30
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| area_code          = 
| area_code_type     = 
| iso_code           = MM-01
| unemployment_rate  = 
| website            = {{URL|sagaingregion.gov.mm}}
| footnotes          = 
| leader_title2      = Legislature
| leader_name2       = [[Sagaing Region Hluttaw]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist| [[Bamar]]|[[Shan people|Shan]]| [[Mizo people in Myanmar|Mizo]]| [[Chin people|Chin]]|[[Naga people|Naga]]|[[Khamti people|Khamti]]}}
| demographics1_title2 = Religions
| demographics1_info2 = [[Buddhism]] 92.2%<br>[[Christianity]] 6.5%<br>[[Islam]] 1.1%<br>[[Hinduism]] 0.1%<br>[[Animism]] 0.1%<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census- The Union Report: Religion |url=https://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNION_2-C_religion_EN_0.pdf |website=myanmar.unfpa.org |publisher=Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329011235/http://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNION_2-C_religion_EN_0.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank_name_sec2    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| blank_info_sec2    = 0.547<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#900|low}} · [[List of administrative divisions of Myanmar by Human Development Index|9th]]
| official_name      = 
}}

'''Sagaing Region''' ({{langx|my|စစ်ကိုင်းတိုင်းဒေသကြီး}}, {{IPA|my|zəɡáɪ̯ɰ̃ táɪ̯ɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí|pron}}; formerly '''Sagaing Division''') is an [[administrative divisions of Myanmar|administrative region]] of [[Myanmar]], located in the north-western part of the country between latitude 21° 30' north and longitude 94° 97' east. It is bordered by [[Chin State]] and India's [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] states to the west and north, [[Kachin State]], [[Shan State]], and [[Mandalay Region]] to the east and Mandalay Region and [[Magway Region]] to the south. The [[Ayeyarwady River]] forms a greater part of its eastern and also southern boundary. Sagaing Region has an area of {{convert|93,527|km2}}, making it the second-largest subdivision of Myanmar. In 1996, it had a population of over 5,300,000, while its population in 2012 was 6,600,000. The urban population 2012 was 1,230,000, and the rural population was 5,360,000.<ref>http://www.mrtv3.net.mm/newpaper/68newsm.pdf Page 3 Col 1</ref> The namesake of Sagaing Region is [[Sagaing]] but the administrative capital and largest city is [[Monywa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် စစ်ကိုင်းတိုင်းဒေသကြီး အစိုးရအဖွဲ့ရုံး |trans-title=Union of the Republic of Myanmar Sagaing Region Government Office |url=https://www.sagaingregion.gov.mm/index.php |access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ask a Local: Ko Ko Thett, Sagaing, Myanmar |url=https://www.thecommononline.org/ask-a-local-ko-ko-thett-sagaing-myanmar/ |date=30 August 2018 |author=Ko Ko Thett |website=The Common}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Conflict in Upper Myanmar reaches outskirts of Sagaing capital |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/conflict-in-upper-myanmar-reaches-outskirts-of-sagaing-capital/ |work=Myanmar Now |date=14 June 2023}}</ref>

==History==
===1st to 13th centuries===
[[File:Pyu city-states map.svg|thumb|180px|Pyu city in red]]

The [[Pyu people|Pyu]] were the first in recorded history to populate the area of Sagaing Region by the first century CE. The [[Bamar|Burmans]] first migrated into [[Upper Myanmar]] by the ninth century CE. The area came under the [[Pagan Kingdom]] certainly by the middle of the 11th century when the King [[Anawrahta]] (r. 1044–1077) founded the Pagan Empire, which encompasses the modern day Myanmar.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

[[File:Pagan Empire -- Sithu II.PNG|thumb|180px|Pagan Empire]]

[[File:Mong Mao-the detail map.svg|thumb|left|Sagaing state came under  territory of Mong Mao in the heyday of the [[Si Kefa]] period (1360)]]

===13th to 19th centuries ===
[[File:Map of Taungoo Empire (1580).png|thumb|Map of Taungoo Empire in 1580 stretched from Manipur in the west to Cambodia in the east]]
After the fall of Pagan in 1287, the northwestern parts of Upper Myanmar came under the [[Sagaing Kingdom]] (1315–1364) ruled by Burmanized [[Shan people|Shan]] kings. The area was ruled by the kings of [[Ava Kingdom|Ava]] from 1364 to 1555 and the kings of [[Taungoo Dynasty|Taungoo]] from 1555 to 1752. [[Konbaung Dynasty]] (1752–1885), founded by king [[Alaungpaya]] in [[Shwebo]], became the last Burmese dynasty before the [[British Empire|British]] conquest of Upper Burma in 1885. The area became Sagaing Division after the Burmese independence in January 1948.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

=== Modern era ===
[[File:Konbaung dynasty.png|thumb|150px|Konbaung Empire in 1824]]

In the aftermath of the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]], Sagaing Region, which is part of the [[Bamar people|Bamar]] homeland, emerged as a stronghold of resistance against military rule. [[Tatmadaw|Myanmar Armed Forces]] has engaged in significant military offensives throughout the region to quell resistance and intimidate local villagers. Sagaing Region has since become the site of several high-profile massacres by military forces, including the 2022 [[Let Yet Kone massacre]] and the 2023 [[Tar Taing massacre]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Maung Shwe Wah |date=2023-03-11 |title=In Myanmar's heartland, new horrors from a junta struggling for control |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/in-myanmars-heartland-new-horrors-from-a-junta-struggling-for-control |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Myanmar NOW |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=The Tabayin School Attack |url=https://www.myanmarwitness.org/reports/the-tabayin-school-attack |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Myanmar Witness |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2025, a {M|w|link=y} 7.7–7.9 [[2025 Myanmar earthquake|earthquake]] struck close to the capital city of Sagaing. Significant damage was recorded within the city and throughout the entire region.

==Administrative divisions==
As of 2022, Sagaing Region consists of 13 districts and 1 Self-Administered Zone, divided into 34 townships<ref name="MIMU001">[http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/MIMU001_A3_SD%20&%20Township%20Overview.pdf "Myanmar States/Divisions & Townships Overview Map"] Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)</ref> with 198 wards and villages. The major cities are [[Sagaing]], [[Shwebo]], [[Monywa]], [[Ye U]], [[Katha, Burma|Katha]], [[Kalaymyo|Kale]], [[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]], [[Mawlaik]] and [[Hkamti District|Hkamti]]. [[Mingun]] with its famous bell is located near Sagaing but can be reached across the Ayeyarwady from [[Mandalay]].

{|class=wikitable
![[Hkamti District]]<br />[[File:Hkamti district in Sagaing region 2022.svg|150px]]
|[[Hkamti Township]]
|-
![[Homalin District]]<br />[[File:Homalin district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Homalin Township]]
|-
![[Kale District]]<br />[[File:Kale district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Kale Township]]{{•}}[[Kalewa Township]]{{•}}[[Mingin Township]]
|-
![[Kanbalu District]]<br />[[File:Kanbalu district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Kanbalu Township]]{{•}}[[Kyunhla Township]]
|-
![[Katha District]]<br />[[File:Katha district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Banmauk Township]]{{•}}[[Htigyaing Township]]{{•}}[[Indaw Township]]{{•}}[[Katha Township]]
|-
![[Kawlin District]]<br />[[File:Kawlin district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Kawlin Township]]{{•}}[[Pinlebu Township]]{{•}}[[Wuntho Township]]
|-
![[Mawlaik District]]<br />[[File:Mawlaik district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Mawlaik Township]]{{•}}[[Paungbyin Township]]
|-
![[Monywa District]]<br />[[File:Monywa district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Ayadaw Township]]{{•}}[[Budalin Township]]{{•}}[[Chaung-U Township]]{{•}}[[Monywa Township]]
|-
![[Naga Self-Administered Zone]]<br />[[File:Naga SAZ in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Lahe Township]]{{•}}[[Leshi Township]]{{•}}[[Nanyun Township]]
|-
![[Sagaing District]]<br />[[File:Sagaing district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Myaung Township]]{{•}}[[Myinmu Township]]{{•}}[[Sagaing Township]]
|-
![[Shwebo District]]<br />[[File:Shwebo district in Sagaing region 2022.svg|150px]]
|[[Khin-U Township]]{{•}}[[Shwebo Township]]{{•}}[[Wetlet Township]]
|-
![[Tamu District]]<br />[[File:Tamu district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Tamu Township]]
|-
![[Ye-U District]]<br />[[File:YeU district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Tabayin Township]]{{•}}[[Taze Township]]{{•}}[[Ye-U Township]]
|-
![[Yinmabin District]]<br />[[File:Yinmabin district in Sagaing region.svg|150px]]
|[[Kani Township]]{{•}}[[Pale Township]]{{•}}[[Salingyi Township]]{{•}}[[Yinmabin Township]]
|}

In August 2010,<ref name="Aug2010">{{cite news |title=တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ |newspaper=[[Weekly Eleven|Weekly Eleven News]] |date=2010-08-20 |url=http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4375:2010-08-20-12-39-51&catid=42:2009-11-10-07-36-59&Itemid=112 |access-date=2010-08-23 |language=my}}</ref> three former townships of [[Hkamti District]] were transferred, in accordance with the 2008 constitution,<ref name="2008constbur">{{lang|my|ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ (၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်)|}} (in Burmese) [http://www.irrawaddy.org/election/component/filecabinet/?task=download&cid[0&#93;=1|2008 Constitution PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501121420/http://www.irrawaddy.org/election/component/filecabinet/?task=download&cid |date=2011-05-01 }}</ref> to a new administrative unit, the [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]].<ref name="Aug2010" />

== Government ==

=== Executive ===
{{main|Sagaing Region Government}}
It is currently under the control of a military junta known as the State Administration Council (SAC), led by General Min Aung Hlaing. This regime seized power following a coup on February 1, 2021, overthrowing the elected civilian government led by Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (NLD). Since then, the country has been under an extended state of emergency and faces an ongoing civil war between the junta, pro-democracy forces, and various ethnic armed groups. Grock

=== Legislature ===
{{main|Sagaing Region Hluttaw}}
{{empty section|date=July 2019}}

=== Judiciary ===
{{empty section|date=July 2019}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|footnote = 
|source   = 2014 Myanmar Census<ref name="census-2014"/>
|1973 | 3,119,054
|1983 | 3,862,172
|2014 | 5,325,347
}}
In 2014, Sagaing Region had a population of 5.3 million people.

=== Ethnic makeup ===
{{Bar box|width=300px|barwidth=250px|float=right|title=Ethnic composition of Sagaing Region|left1=Ethnic group|right1=Percentage|bars={{bar percent|Bamar|#ee82ee|87.5}}
{{bar percent|Shan|#b22222|4.8}}
{{bar percent|Chin|#008b8b|4.0}}
{{bar percent|Naga|#ffa07a|2.6}}
{{bar percent|Other|#556b2f|1.1}}|caption=Source: 2019 [[General Administration Department|GAD]] township reports}}The [[Bamar people|Bamar]] make up the majority of the region's population, living in [[Dry Zone (Myanmar)|Anyar]], the country's central dry zone and along the Mandalay-Myitkyina Railroad. Other groups, like the Shan and Kachin, form small minorities. The [[Shan people|Shan]] live in the upper [[Chindwin River]] valley. [[Zo people|Kuki people]]  which includes the [[Thadou people]] live in the south and along the Indo-Myanmar Border from Homalin to Tamu-Namphalong axis. 

Smaller ethnic groups native to the Region include the [[Kadu people|Kadu]] and [[Ganan language|Ganang]], who live in the upper [[Mu River (Irrawaddy)|Mu River]] valley and Meza River valley. There are also an unknown number of [[Catholic Church in Myanmar|Catholic]] [[Bayingyi people]] (at least 3,000), the descendants of 16th and 17th century Portuguese adventurers and mercenaries, who live in their ancestral villages on the expansive plains of the Mu river valley.

After the 2014 [[Census in Myanmar]], the Burmese government indefinitely withheld release of detailed ethnicity data, citing concerns around political and social concerns surrounding the issue of ethnicity in Myanmar.<ref name=":7">{{cite book |last1=Jap |first1=Jangai |url=https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2022.57 |title=Deciphering Myanmar's Ethnic Landscape: A Brief Historical and Ethnic Description of Myanmar's Administrative Units |last2=Courtin |first2=Constant |date=2022-11-22 |publisher=International IDEA |isbn=978-91-7671-577-2 |doi=10.31752/idea.2022.57}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{cite book |last1=Jap |first1=Jangai |url=https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2022.57 |title=Deciphering Myanmar's Ethnic Landscape: A Brief Historical and Ethnic Description of Myanmar's Administrative Units |last2=Courtin |first2=Constant |date=2022-11-22 |publisher=International IDEA |isbn=978-91-7671-577-2 |doi=10.31752/idea.2022.57}}</ref> In 2022, researchers published an analysis of the [[General Administration Department]]'s nationwide 2018-2019 township reports to tabulate the ethnic makeup of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PoneYate ethnic population dashboard |url=https://www.ponyate.org/ethnic-population-dashboard-740399e}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{cite book |last1=Jap |first1=Jangai |url=https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2022.57 |title=Deciphering Myanmar's Ethnic Landscape: A Brief Historical and Ethnic Description of Myanmar's Administrative Units |last2=Courtin |first2=Constant |date=2022-11-22 |publisher=International IDEA |isbn=978-91-7671-577-2 |doi=10.31752/idea.2022.57}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Sagaing (2015)<ref name="TUR">{{cite book | url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B067GBtstE5TSl9FNElRRGtvMUk | title=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C | publisher=Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR | author=Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR | date=July 2016 | pages=12–15}}</ref>
|title =
|label1 = Buddhism
|value1 = 92.2
|color1 = Yellow
|label2 = Christianity
|value2 = 6.5
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = Islam
|value3 = 1.1
|color3 = green
|label4 = Other religion
|value4 = 0.1
|color4 = gray
|label5 = Hinduism
|value5 = 0.1
|color5 = orange
}}
According to the [[2014 Myanmar Census]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], who make up 92.2% of Sagaing Region's population, form the largest religious community there.<ref name="TUR2">{{cite book|author=|url=https://www.dop.gov.mm/sites/dop.gov.mm/files/publication_docs/union_2-c_religion_en_0.pdf|title=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C|publisher=Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population|date=July 2016|pages=12–15}}</ref> Minority religious communities include [[Christianity|Christians]] (6.6%), [[Islam|Muslims]] (1.1%), and [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (0.1%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Sagaing Region's population.<ref name="TUR2" /> 0.1% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated.<ref name="TUR2" />

According to the [[State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee]]’s 2016 statistics, 55,041 Buddhist monks were registered in Sagaing Region, comprising 10.3% of Myanmar's total [[Sangha]] membership, which includes both novice [[samanera]] and fully-ordained bhikkhu.<ref name="mahana">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=The Account of Wazo Monks and Nuns in 1377 (2016 year)|url=http://www.mahana.org.mm/en/religious-affairs/the-account-of-wazo-monks-and-nuns-in-1377-2016-year/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=[[State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The majority of monks belong to the [[Thudhamma Nikaya]] (83.8%), followed by [[Shwegyin Nikaya]] (16.1%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small [[Nikāya|monastic orders]].<ref name="mahana" /> 9,915 [[thilashin]] were registered in Sagaing Region, comprising 16.4% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.<ref name="mahana" />

==Ecology==
There are a number of protected areas in Sagaing Region, among them are [[Alaungdaw Kathapa|Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park]], [[Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary]],<ref>Aung, Myint (2001) "Ecology and Social Organization of a Tropical Deer (''Cervus Eldi Thamin'')" ''Journal of Mammalogy'' 82(3): pp.  836–847, {{doi|10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0836:EASOOA>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> [[Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary]],<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=16314&m=0 "Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary"] BirdLife IBA Factsheet</ref><ref>Brockelman, Warren Y. ''et al.'' (2009) "Chapter 20: Census of Eastern Hoolock Gibbons (''Hoolock leuconedys'') in Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary, Sagaing Region, Myanmar" pp. 435–451 ''In'' Lappan, Susan and Whittaker, Danielle (eds.) (2009) ''The Gibbons: New Perspectives on Small Ape Socioecology and Population Biology'' Springer, New York, {{ISBN|978-0-387-88603-9}}, {{doi|10.1007/978-0-387-88604-6_20}}</ref> and [[Tamanthi Wildlife Reserve|Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Homalin Township]].<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=16275&m=0 "Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary"] BirdLife IBA Factsheet</ref>

==Transport==
[[Image:Sagaing3.jpg|thumb|[[Sagaing]]]]
Hemmed in by two great rivers of Myanmar, the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] and the [[Chindwin River|Chindwin]], river transport is a common way to move people and cargo. Much of the inland Sagaing Region relies on roads and rail in poor condition.

==Economy==
Agriculture is the chief occupation. The leading crop is [[rice]], which occupies most of the arable ground. Other crops include [[wheat]], [[sesame]], [[peanut]], [[pulses]], [[cotton]], and [[tobacco]]. The region being next to India, depends on the export import business from India. It is the gateway to India for Myanmar. Sagaing is Myanmar's leading producer of wheat, contributing more than 80% of the country's total production.  Important minerals include [[gold]], [[coal]], [[salt]] and small amounts of [[petroleum]]. Industry includes [[textile]]s, [[copper]] refining, [[gold]] smelting, and a [[diesel engine]] plant. The Region has many rice mills, [[Cooking oil|edible oil]] mills, saw mills, cotton mills, and mechanized [[weaving]] factories. Local industry includes earthen [[Pottery|pots]], [[household silver|silverware]], [[bronze]]-wares, [[iron]]-wares and [[lacquerware]].

Forestry is important in the wetter upper regions along the [[Chindwin River]], with [[teak]] and other hardwoods extracted. As in other parts of the country, [[reforestation]] is not effective enough to maintain [[sustainable forestry]]. Since the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]], [[illegal logging]] of teak and tamalan trees has surged in Sagaing Region, predominantly in key contested battlegrounds, including [[Kani Township|Kani]], [[Yinmabin Township|Yinmabin]], [[Kanbalu Township|Kantbalu]], [[Indaw Township|Indaw]] and [[Banmauk Township|Banmauk townships]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Frontier |date=2023-03-27 |title='No one can stop it': Illegal logging surges in Myanmar's conflict zones |url=https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/no-one-can-stop-it-illegal-logging-surges-in-myanmars-conflict-zones/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Frontier Myanmar |language=en-US}}</ref> Both the Burmese military and resistance groups have profited from the illegal logging trade.<ref name=":0" /> Smugglers transport the wood to India in order to circumvent [[economic sanctions]], and use the [[Myanma Timber Enterprise]] to license the wood as being sourced from permitted areas.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=From Taiwan to Turkey and beyond: How Deforestation Inc exposed the teak trade from Myanmar |url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/deforestation-inc/from-taiwan-to-turkey-and-beyond-how-deforestation-inc-exposed-the-teak-trade-from-myanmar/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=ICIJ |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Education==
{{see also|List of universities in Sagaing Division}}

Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of [[Yangon]] and [[Mandalay]]. According to official statistics, less than 10% of primary school students in Sagaing Region reach high school.<ref name=cso-edu>{{cite web | url=http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/s1701.htm | title=Education statistics by level and by State and Division | access-date=2009-04-09 | publisher=Myanmar Central Statistical Organization | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929022440/http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/s1701.htm | archive-date=2011-09-29 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="100"|AY 2002–2003
!width="100"|Primary
!width="100"|Middle
!width="100"|High
|-
| Schools
| 3854
| 190
| 84
|-
| Teachers
| 16,100
| 5000
| 1600
|-
| Students
| 550,000
| 140,000
| 49,000
|}

Sagaing Region has three national "professional" universities in the [[Monywa University of Economics]], [[Sagaing University of Education]] and the [[Sagaing Institute of Education]]. [[Monywa University]] is the main [[liberal arts]] university in the region. [[Sagaing Institute of Education]] also known [[Sagaing University of Education]] is the one of two senior universities of education in [[Myanmar]].

==Healthcare==
The general state of healthcare in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=254167 | title=PPI: Almost Half of All World Health Spending is in the United States | date=2007-01-17 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205231908/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=254167 | archive-date=2008-02-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/06/28_Burma.shtml | title=Burma junta faulted for rampant diseases | date=2007-06-28 | author=Yasmin Anwar | publisher=UC Berkeley News}}</ref> Although healthcare is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. Moreover, the healthcare infrastructure outside of [[Yangon]] and [[Mandalay]] is extremely poor. In 2003, Sagaing Region had less than a quarter of the number of hospital beds counted in [[Yangon Region]], with a similar size of population.<ref name=cso-hosp>{{cite web | url=http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/s0413.htm | title=Hospitals and Dispensaries by State and Division | access-date=2009-04-11 | publisher=Myanmar Central Statistical Organization | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929022532/http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/s0413.htm | archive-date=2011-09-29 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width="300"|2002–2003
!width="100"|# Hospitals
!width="100"|# Beds
|-
| Specialist hospitals
| 0
| 0
|-
| General hospitals with specialist services
| 2
| 400
|-
| General hospitals
| 38
| 1168
|-
| Health clinics
| 48
| 768
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''Total'''
| '''88'''
| '''2336'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}{{Geographic Location|North=[[Nagaland]], <br /> [[Manipur]], <br /> [[Arunachal Pradesh]], {{flag|India}}|Center={{flag|Sagaing Region}}|South={{flag|Magway Region}}|South-east={{flag|Mandalay Region}}<br />[[Ayeyawady River]]|WEST={{flag|Chin State}}<br />{{flag|India}}|EAST={{flag|Kachin State}}<br />{{flag|Shan State}}}}{{Sagaing Division}}
{{Administrative divisions of Burma (Myanmar)}}

[[Category:Sagaing Region| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Myanmar]]