Editing Saiph

{{Short description|Star in the constellation of Orion}}
{{Starbox begin
| name=Saiph
}}
{{Starbox image
 | image=
{{Location mark
|image=Orion constellation map.svg
|float=center
|alt=
|label=
|position=right
|width=280
|mark=Red circle.svg
|mark_width=12
|mark_link=Saiph
|x=500|y=786
}}
|caption=Location of Saiph (circled)
}}{{Starbox observe
| epoch    = J2000
| ra       = {{RA|05|47|45.38884}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| dec      = {{DEC|-09|40|10.5777}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| appmag_v = 2.09<ref name=aj76_1058/>
| constell = [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]
}}
{{Starbox character
| class    = B0.5 Ia<ref name=mk/>
| b-v      = −0.18<ref name=aj76_1058/>
| u-b      = −1.02<ref name=aj76_1058/>
| variable = Suspected<ref name=aaa507_2_11411201/>
|type=[[Blue supergiant]]}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = +20.5<ref name=scfs/>
| prop_mo_ra  = +1.46<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| prop_mo_dec = −1.28<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| parallax = 5.04
| p_error  = 0.22
| parallax_footnote = <ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| absmag_v = −6.1<ref name=aaa446_1_279/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
| mass     = {{val|15.5|1.25}}<ref name=an331_4_349/> or 21.1<ref name="Voss 2010"/>
| radius   = 13–14<ref name=Haucke/>
| luminosity  = {{val|60300|10500|9000|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Haucke/>
| temperature = {{val|25,700|260|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Haucke/>
| gravity  = {{val|2.70|0.05}}<ref name=Haucke/>
| metal_fe =
| rotational_velocity = 83<ref name=aaa446_1_279/>
| age_myr  = {{val|11.1|0.5}}<ref name=mnras410_1_190/> or 5.6<ref name="Voss 2010"/>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names = κ Orionis, 53&nbsp;Orionis, 141 G. Orionis, [[Bonner Durchmusterung|BD]]−09&nbsp;1235, [[FK5]]&nbsp;220, [[Henry Draper catalogue|HD]]&nbsp;38771, [[Hipparcos catalogue|HIP]]&nbsp;27366, [[Harvard Revised catalogue|HR]]&nbsp;2004, [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog|SAO]]&nbsp;132542.<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = Saiph
}}
{{Starbox end}}

'''Saiph''' {{IPAc-en|'|s|ei|f}}, designation '''Kappa Orionis''' ('''κ Orionis''', abbreviated '''Kappa Ori''', '''κ Ori''') and '''53 Orionis''' ('''53 Ori'''), is a [[blue supergiant]] star and the sixth-brightest [[star]] in the [[constellation]] of [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]. Of the four bright stars that compose Orion's main quadrangle, it is the star at the south-eastern corner. A northern-hemisphere observer facing south would see it at the lower left of Orion, and a southern-hemisphere observer facing north would see it at the upper right. [[Parallax]] measurements yield an estimated distance of {{Convert|650|ly|pc|abbr=off|lk=on}} from the [[Sun]].<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> It is smaller, less luminous but hotter at its surface than [[Rigel]] with an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of 2.1.<ref name=aj76_1058/> The luminosity of this star changes slightly, varying by 0.04 magnitudes.<ref name=aaa507_2_11411201/>

==Nomenclature==
''Kappa Orionis'' is the star's [[Bayer designation]] and ''53 Orionis'' its [[Flamsteed designation]]. The traditional name ''Saiph'' is from the [[Arabic]] ''saif al jabbar'', {{lang|ar|'سیف الجبّار'}}, literally ''[[Arab sword|saif]] of the [[giant (mythology)|giant]]''. This name was originally applied to [[Eta Orionis]].<ref name=allen/> In 2016, the [[International Astronomical Union]] organized a [[IAU Working Group on Star Names|Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN)<ref name="WGSN">{{cite web | url=https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/ | title=IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016<ref name="WGSN1">{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf | title=Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1 |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included ''Saiph'' for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.<ref name="IAU-CSN">{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

In the 17th-century catalogue of stars in the ''Calendarium'' of [[Al Achsasi al Mouakket]], this star was designated ''Rekbah al Jauza al Yemeniat'', which was translated into [[Latin]] as ''Genu Dextrum Gigantis'' "right knee of the giant".<ref>{{cite journal
 | last=Knobel | first=E. B.
 | title=Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket
 | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
 | volume=55 | issue=8
 | page=429 |date=June 1895
 | bibcode=1895MNRAS..55..429K | doi=10.1093/mnras/55.8.429| doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Properties==
Saiph is a [[supergiant]] with a [[stellar classification]] of B0.5&nbsp;Ia. The [[luminosity class]] 'Ia' represents a [[bright supergiant]] star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and [[stellar evolution|evolved]] away from the [[main sequence]]. Saiph has a strong [[stellar wind]] and is losing mass at the rate of {{nowrap|9.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup>}} times the mass of the Sun per year, or the equivalent of the Sun's mass every 1.1 million years.  <ref name=aaa446_1_279/> Using a combination of parallax as determined by [[Hipparcos]] and the [[stellar spectrum|spectrum]] yields a mass 15.50 ± 1.25 times and luminosity 56,881 times that of the Sun.<ref name=an331_4_349/> Analysis of the spectra and age of the members of the Orion OB1 association yields a mass 28 times that of the Sun (from an original mass 31.8 times that of the Sun) and an age of 6.2 million years.<ref name="Voss 2010">{{cite journal|author1=Voss, R. |author2=Diehl, R. |author3=Vink, J. S. |author4=Hartmann, D. H. |date=2010|title=Probing the evolving massive star population in Orion with kinematic and radioactive tracers|journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=520|pages=10|id=A51 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201014408|bibcode=2010A&A...520A..51V|arxiv = 1005.3827 |s2cid=38599952 }}</ref> An analysis of the star's [[spectral energy distribution]] using the Hipparcos distance give a luminosity of {{solar luminosity|60,000}} and a radius of {{solar radius|13}}.<ref name=Haucke/> Large stars such as Saiph (and many other stars in Orion) are destined to collapse on themselves and explode as [[supernova]]e.<ref name=kaler/>

==In non-Western astronomy and culture==
In [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese]], {{lang|zh|參宿}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Shēn Sù}}), meaning ''[[Three Stars (Chinese constellation)|Three Stars]] (asterism)'', refers to an asterism consisting of Saiph, [[Alnitak]], [[Alnilam]], [[Mintaka]], [[Betelgeuse]], [[Bellatrix]] and [[Rigel]].<ref>{{in lang|zh}} ''中國星座神話'', written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, {{ISBN|978-986-7332-25-7}}.</ref> Consequently, the [[Chinese star names|Chinese name]] for Saiph is {{lang|zh|參宿六}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Shēn Sù liù}}, {{langx|en|the Sixth Star of Three Stars}}).<ref>{{in lang|zh}}  [http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0605/ap060525.html AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 25 日] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716122642/http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0605/ap060525.html |date=2011-07-16 }}</ref>

The [[Wardaman people]] of northern Australia regard Saiph as the Guman digging stick, used to make a canyon by Black-headed Python.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Harney | first1 = Bill Yidumduma | last2 = Cairns | first2 = Hugh C. | title = Dark Sparklers | publisher = Hugh C. Cairns | location = Merimbula, New South Wales |page=139 | year = 2004 | orig-year = 2003 | edition = Revised | isbn = 0-9750908-0-1}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist | refs=

<ref name=aaa474_2_653>{{citation | first=F. | last=van Leeuwen |date=November 2007 | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–664 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 |arxiv = 0708.1752 | s2cid=18759600 }}</ref>

<ref name=scfs>{{citation | display-authors=1 | title=Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions | journal=Veröff. Astron. Rechen-Inst. Heidelb | volume=35 | last1=Wielen | first1=R. | last2=Schwan | first2=H. | last3=Dettbarn | first3=C. | last4=Lenhardt | first4=H. | last5=Jahreiß | first5=H. | last6=Jährling | first6=R. | publisher=Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg | issue=35 | year=1999 | page=1 | bibcode=1999VeARI..35....1W }}</ref>

<ref name=aaa446_1_279>{{citation | last1=Crowther | first1=P. A. | last2=Lennon | first2=D. J. | last3=Walborn | first3=N. R. | title=Physical parameters and wind properties of galactic early B supergiants | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=446 | issue=1 | pages=279–293 |date=January 2006 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053685 | bibcode=2006A&A...446..279C |arxiv = astro-ph/0509436 | s2cid=18815761 }}</ref>

<ref name=aj76_1058>{{citation | last1=Crawford | first1=D. L. | last2=Barnes | first2=J. V. | last3=Golson | first3=J. C. | title=Four-color, H-beta, and UBV photometry for bright B-type stars in the northern hemisphere | journal=The Astronomical Journal | year=1971 | pages=1058 | volume=76 | bibcode=1971AJ.....76.1058C | doi=10.1086/111220 }}</ref>

<ref name=an331_4_349>{{citation | last1=Hohle | first1=M. M. | last2=Neuhäuser | first2=R. | last3=Schutz | first3=B. F. | title=Masses and luminosities of O- and B-type stars and red supergiants | journal=Astronomische Nachrichten | volume=331 | issue=4 | page=349 |date=April 2010 | doi=10.1002/asna.200911355 | bibcode=2010AN....331..349H |arxiv = 1003.2335 | s2cid=111387483 }}</ref>

<ref name=SIMBAD>{{citation | title=SAIPH -- Variable Star | work=SIMBAD | publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Kappa+Orionis | access-date=2012-01-12 }}</ref>

<ref name=aaa507_2_11411201>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Lefèvre | first1=L. | last2=Marchenko | first2=S. V. | last3=Moffat | first3=A. F. J. | last4=Acker | first4=A. | title=A systematic study of variability among OB-stars based on HIPPARCOS photometry | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=507 | issue=2 | pages=11411201 |date=November 2009 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200912304 | bibcode=2009A&A...507.1141L | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=kaler>{{citation | first1=James B. | last1=Kaler | work=Stars | title=SAIPH (Kappa Orionis) | publisher=University of Illinois | url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/saiph.html | access-date=2012-01-27 }}</ref>

<ref name=mnras410_1_190>{{citation | last1=Tetzlaff | first1=N. | last2=Neuhäuser | first2=R. | last3=Hohle | first3=M. M. | title=A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=410 | issue=1 | pages=190–200 |date=January 2011 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x | doi-access=free | bibcode=2011MNRAS.410..190T |arxiv = 1007.4883 | s2cid=118629873 }}</ref>

<ref name=mk>{{cite journal|bibcode=1973ARA&A..11...29M|title=Spectral Classification|journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=11|pages=29–50|last1=Morgan|first1=W. W.|last2=Keenan|first2=P. C.|year=1973|issue=1 |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333}}</ref>

<ref name=Haucke>{{Cite journal |last1=Haucke |first1=M. |last2=Cidale |first2=L. S. |last3=Venero |first3=R. O. J. |last4=Curé |first4=M. |last5=Kraus |first5=M. |last6=Kanaan |first6=S. |last7=Arcos |first7=C. |date=2018-06-01 |title=Wind properties of variable B supergiants - Evidence of pulsations connected with mass-loss episodes |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2018/06/aa31678-17/aa31678-17.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=614 |pages=A91 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731678 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=1902.01341 |bibcode=2018A&A...614A..91H }}</ref>

<ref name=allen>{{cite book | first1=Richard Hinckley | last1=Allen | title=Star-names and their meanings | publisher=G. E. Stechert | date=1899 | page=317 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xQuAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA317 }}</ref>

}}
{{Sky|05|47|45.4|-|09|40|11|800}}

{{Stars of Orion}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saiph}}
[[Category:B-type supergiants]]
[[Category:Orion (constellation)]]
[[Category:Bayer objects|Orionis, Kappa]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects|BD-09 1235]]
[[Category:Flamsteed objects|Orionis, 53]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|038771]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|027366]]
[[Category:Bright Star Catalogue objects|2004]]
[[Category:Gould objects|Orionis, 141]]
[[Category:Stars with proper names]]
[[Category:Suspected variables]]