Editing Salchow jump

{{Short description|Figure skating jump}}
{{Infobox Figure Skating Element
|image=
|imagesize=
|caption=
|element name= Salchow jump
|alt name=
|scoring abbrev= S
|element type= [[Figure skating jumps|Jump]]
|edges=
|take off edge= Back inside
|landing edge= Back outside
|inventor= [[Ulrich Salchow]]
|named for=
|disciplines=
}}

The '''Salchow jump''' is an edge jump in [[figure skating]]. It was named after its inventor, [[Ulrich Salchow]], in 1909. The Salchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284">Kestnbaum, p. 284</ref> Timing is critical because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge. A Salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>

In competitions, the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40, for a double Salchow it is 1.30, for a triple 4.30, 9.70 for a quadruple, and 14 for a quintuple.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISU Communication 2656 Single and Pair Skating |url=https://current.isu.org/inside-isu/isu-communications/communications/34028-isu-communication-2656-1/file |access-date=5 November 2024 |publisher=International Skating Union |pages=2–4}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:1908 Olympic Games Ulrich Salchow.jpg|thumb|[[Ulrich Salchow]], inventor of the Salchow jump]]
The Salchow jump was named after its inventor, Swedish world champion [[Ulrich Salchow]] in 1909.<ref name="mediaguide-16">Media guide, p. 16</ref><ref>Hines, p. 193</ref> According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, American skater [[Theresa Weld]] "received reprimands" at the [[1920 Olympics]] "for performing a single Salchow jump because her skirt would fly up to her knees, creating an image deemed too risque".<ref>Kestnbaum, p. 92</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Eschner |first1=Kat |date=6 February 2018 |title=A Brief History of Women's Figure Skating |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-womens-figure-skating-180968044/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>

===Firsts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col| Abbr.
!scope=col| Jump element
!scope=col| Skater
!scope=col| Nation
!scope=col| Event
!scope=col class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope=row| 2S
| Double Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Cecilia|Colledge}} || {{flagcountry|GBR}} || [[1936 European Figure Skating Championships|1936 European Championships]] ||<ref>Hines, p. xxiv</ref>
|-
!scope=row rowspan=4| 3S
| Triple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Ronald|Robertson|Ronald Robertson (figure skater)}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1955 World Figure Skating Championships|1955 World Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17">Media guide, p. 17</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Petra|Burka}} || {{flagcountry|CAN}} || [[Canadian Figure Skating Championships|1962 Canadian Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17"/>{{Efn|Not definitely established. A report from the [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] stated that [[Helli Sengstschmid]] from Austria and [[Jana Mrazkova]] from  Czechoslovakia had already successfully landed a triple Salchow.}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Helli|Sengstschmid}} || {{flagcountry|AUT}} || rowspan="2" | [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| {{Sortname|Jana|Mrázková}} || {{flagcountry|CZE}} ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
!scope=row rowspan=2| 4S
| Quadruple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Timothy|Goebel}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1997–98 ISU Junior Series|1997–98 Junior Grand Prix Final]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Quadruple Salchow (women's)|| {{Sortname|Miki|Ando}} || {{flagcountry|JAP}} || [[2002–03 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2002–03 Junior Grand Prix Final]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|}
[[File:Miki Ando 2009 Worlds.jpg|thumb|Japanese figure skater [[Miki Ando]] (2009)]]

=== Multiple quadruple Salchows in one program ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" | Skater
! scope="col" | Nation
! scope="col" | Event
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| Quad Salchow w/quad [[toe loop jump]] (male's) || [[Ilia Klimkin]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[1999 Nebelhorn Trophy]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Quad Salchow w/quad toe loop (women's)|| [[Alexandra Trusova]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 World Junior Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Two quad Salchows in combination with the triple and quadruple toe loop (men's) || [[Timothy Goebel]] || {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || [[1999 Skate America]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Four quad jumps in the same program: Two quad Salchows, one in combination with the double toe loop; the quadruple toe loop in combination with the double toe loop; and the quadruple toe loop (men's) || [[Nathan Chen]] || {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || [[2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2016 U.S. Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-18">Media guide, p. 18</ref>
|-
| Four quad jumps in the same program: Quad Salchow, quad Lutz, quad toe loop jump-triple toe loop, quad toe loop-Euler-triple Salchow (women's) || [[Alexandra Trusova]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[Japan Open (figure skating)|2019 Japan Open]] || <ref name="mediaguide-18"/>
|-
| Five quad jumps in the same program: the quad Salchow; the quad [[Lutz jump]] in combination with the triple toe; the quadruple [[flip jump]]; the quadruple toe in combination with the double toe and double loop; and the quadruple toe (men's)|| [[Nathan Chen]]|| {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2017 U.S. Championships]] 
[[2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2017 Four Continents Championships]]
|<ref name="mediaguide-18" />
|-
| Throw quad Salchow ([[pair skating]])|| [[Tiffany Vise]] and [[Derek Trent]]|| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]]|| [[2007 Trophee Eric Bompard]]||<ref name="mediaguide-18" />
|}

==Execution==
As defined by the ISU, the Salchow jump is an edge jump. Its takeoff is made from the back inside edge of one foot and its landing is made on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.<ref name="mediaguide-16"/> The skater enters into the jump with a backward approach, launches it using their inside edge, and lands on the opposite outside edge.<ref name="park">{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Alice |date=22 February 2018 |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Figure Skating Jumps and Scores |url=https://time.com/5131773/guide-figure-skating-jumps-olympics/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=Time Magazine}}</ref> The free leg is extended behind the skater and swings toward the front as they spring into the air while, at the same time, drawing in their arms.<ref name="usfsjumps">{{cite web |title=Identifying Jumps |url=https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915120940/https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=28 June 2024 |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating |page=2}}</ref> Skaters do not have to draw in their arms or free leg close to their bodies while performing the single Salchow because bringing the free side of their bodies forward and around the opposite side of their bodies after they turn towards the back, is enough to produce the necessary rotation.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>  

The rotation in the air, with respect to a fixed point, is slightly less than 360 degrees because the takeoff edge curves in the same direction as the rotation in the air. When a skater pulls the arms into their body and/or brings their free leg inward, more rotations can be performed; for this reason, the Salchow is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284"/> As [[U.S. Figure Skating]] states, however, "timing is critical"<ref name="usfsjumps"/> because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sarah Isabella Bardua - 2018 Autumn Classic - 7.jpg|Sarah Isabella Bardua begins the take-off of a Salchow
File:Photos – World Championships 2018 – Men (Keiji TANAKA JPN – 13th Place) (3).jpg|[[Keiji Tanaka]] begins the take-off of a Salchow
File:Roman Sadovsky - 2018 Skate Canada - 03.jpg|[[Roman Sadovsky]] begins the take-off of a Salchow
File:2011 Rostelecom Cup - Lacoste-1.jpg|[[Amélie Lacoste]] landing
</gallery>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
}}

==Works cited==
* Hines, James R. (2011). ''Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6859-5}}.

* [https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file "ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24]". (Media guide) International Skating Union. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
* Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). ''Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning''. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. {{ISBN|0819566411}}.

{{Figure skating}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salchow Jump}}
[[Category:Figure skating elements]]
[[Category:Jumping sports]]