Editing Sam Warner

{{short description|American film studio executive (1887–1927)}}
{{for multi|the United States Copyright Office official|Sam Bass Warner|the American congressman|Samuel L. Warner}}
{{Infobox person
| name                  = Sam Warner
| image                 = Warner, Sam.jpg
| caption               =
| birth_name            = Szmuel Wonsal
| birth_date            = {{Birth date|1887|08|10}}
| birth_place           = [[Krasnosielc]], [[Congress Poland]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date            = {{Death date and age|1927|10|05|1887|08|10}}
| death_place           = [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S.
| resting_place         = [[Home of Peace Cemetery (East Los Angeles)|Home of Peace Cemetery]]
| other_names           = S.L. Warner<br />Samuel L. Warner 
| occupation            = Film executive<br />Co-founder of [[Warner Bros.]]
| years_active          = 1907–1927
| spouse                = {{marriage|[[Lina Basquette]]|1925}}
| children              = 1
| relatives             = brothers [[Harry Warner|Harry]], [[Albert Warner|Albert]], and [[Jack L. Warner]]
}}
'''Samuel Louis Warner''' (born '''Szmuel Wonsal''',<ref name="ccny.cuny.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/Andrzej-Krakowski-Pens-Books-on-Poles-in-Early-Hollywood|title=CCNY Film Professor Pens Two Books While on Sabbatical|date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5594424/?ref_=tt_ch|title=Pollywood (2020) |website=[[IMDb]]|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bialczynski.pl/2016/04/22/wielcy-polacy-warner-bros-czyli-bracia-wytwornia-zostala-zalozona-przez-braci-warner-aaron-albert-szmul-sam-i-hirsz-harry-wonsal-oraz-jack-itzhak-wonsal/|title=Wielcy Polacy - Warner Bros czyli bracia Warner: Aaron (Albert), Szmul (Sam) i Hirsz (Harry) Wonsal oraz Jack (Itzhak) Wonsal - Białczyński|date=22 April 2016|access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> August 10, 1887 – October 5, 1927) was an American [[film producer]] who was the co-founder and [[Chief Executive Officer|chief executive officer]] of [[Warner Bros.]] He established the studio along with his brothers [[Harry Warner|Harry]], [[Albert Warner|Albert]], and [[Jack L. Warner]]. Sam Warner is credited with procuring the technology that enabled Warner Bros. to produce the film industry's first feature-length talking picture, ''[[The Jazz Singer]]''.<ref name="thomas52-62">Thomas (1990), pp. 52–62.</ref>  He died in 1927, on the day before the film's enormously successful premiere.<ref name="vindy-10-05-27">
{{cite news
  | title = Warner, Movie Magnate, Dies: Sam Warner, Former Youngstown Man, Rose from Obscurity to Leader in Field
  | work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator
  | date = October 5, 1927
}}</ref>

== Early years ==

Samuel "Wonsal"<ref name="ccny.cuny.edu"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5594424/?ref_=tt_ch|title=Pollywood (2020) |website=[[IMDb]]|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/JE4FZU5ZT7w Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210425111146/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JE4FZU5ZT7w Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JE4FZU5ZT7w| title = Andrzej Krakowski - Pollywood. Jak stworzyliśmy Hollywood | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 17 June 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="sinclairarchives">{{cite web | url = http://dougsinclairsarchives.com/benjaminwarnerfamily.htm | first = Doug | last = Sinclair | title = The Family of Benjamin and Pearl Leah (Eichelbaum) Warner: Early Primary Records | publisher = Doug Sinclair's Archives | access-date = 2009-01-23 | archive-date = 2019-09-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908233632/http://dougsinclairsarchives.com/benjaminwarnerfamily.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> or "Wonskolaser",<ref>According to Bette-Ann Warner, a second cousin to the Warner brothers, in ''[[The Brothers Warner]]'', 2008 documentary written and directed by Cass Warner, viewed on [[Turner Classic Movies]] March 8, 2010. Bette-Anne Warner's grandfather was a brother of the Warner brothers' father.</ref> was born in the village of [[Krasnosielc]], [[Poland]] (then part of [[Congress Poland]] within the [[Russian Empire]]).<ref name="sinclair">Doug Sinclair, "The Family of Benjamin and Pearl Leah (Eichelbaum) Warner: Early Primary Records," (2008), published at Doug Sinclair's Archives ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090417085802/http://dougsinclairsarchives.com/benjaminwarnerfamily.htm http://dougsinclairsarchives.com/benjaminwarnerfamily.htm])</ref> He was one of eleven children born to Benjamin, a shoe maker born in Krasnosielc, and Pearl Leah (née Eichelbaum), both [[Polish Jews]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Jacobson | first=Lara | title=The Warner Brothers Prove Their Patriotism | website=Chapman University Digital Commons | date=28 June 2018 | url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae/vol10/iss1/2/ | access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAEyh6EY9kYC&q=polish+jews+warner&pg=PA28|title = The American Experience in World War II: The atomic bomb in history and memory|isbn = 9780415940283|last1 = Hixson|first1 = Walter L.|year = 2003| publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ9h50sMkOMC&q=polish+jews+warner&pg=PA41|title = The Wolf at the Door: Stanley Kubrick, History, & the Holocaust|isbn = 9780820471150|last = Cocks|first = Geoffrey|year = 2004| publisher=Peter Lang }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.californiamuseum.org/museum-news/california-hall-fame-induct-four-warner-brothers|title=California Hall of Fame to induct the four Warner brothers|date=17 March 2013|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028052512/https://www.californiamuseum.org/museum-news/california-hall-fame-induct-four-warner-brothers|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/from-polish-village-to-hollywood-fame-the-polish-movie-mogul-behind-warner-bros-pictures-1350|title = From Polish village to Hollywood fame: The Polish movie mogul behind Warner Bros. Pictures}}</ref> He had ten siblings. His sisters were Cecilia (1877–1881), Anna (1878–1958), Rose (1890–1955), Fannie (1891–1984) and Sadie (1895–1959). His brothers were [[Harry Warner|Hirsz Mojżesz]] ((1881–1958), and later known as "Harry"),  [[Albert Warner|Abraham]] ((1884–1967), later known as "Albert" or "Abe"), [[Jack L. Warner|Jacob]] ((1892–1978), later known as "Jack"), David (1893–1939) and Milton (1896–1915).<ref>{{cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-786-45763-2|page=502|edition=5}}</ref>

The family immigrated to [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] in October 1889 on the steamship ''Hermann'' from Bremen, Germany. Their father had preceded them, immigrating to Baltimore in 1888, and following his trade in shoes and shoe repair. He changed the family name to Warner, which was used thereafter. As in many [[Jewish]] immigrant families, some of the children gradually acquired anglicized versions of their [[Yiddish]]-sounding names. Szmuel became Samuel, nicknamed Sam.

In Baltimore, Benjamin Warner struggled to make enough money to provide for his growing family.<ref name="thomas11">{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Bob|title=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1990|pages=11|isbn=0-07-064259-1}}</ref>  Following the advice of a friend, Benjamin relocated the family to [[Canada]], where he attempted to make a living by bartering tin wares to trappers in exchange for furs.<ref name="thomas11" />  After two arduous years in Canada, Benjamin and his family returned to Baltimore.<ref name="Warner23-24">Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 23–24.</ref>  In 1896, the family relocated to [[Youngstown, Ohio]], following the lead of Harry Warner, who established a shoe repair shop in the heart of the emerging industrial town.<ref name="Warner25-26">Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 24–25.</ref>  Benjamin worked with his son Harry in the shoe repair shop until he secured a loan to open a meat counter and grocery store in the city's downtown area.<ref name="thomas12-13">Thomas (1990), pp. 12–13.</ref><ref name="thomas12">Thomas (1990), p. 12.</ref>  As a child, Warner found himself trying to find work through a range of various odd jobs.<ref name="thomas15-16">Thomas (1990), pp. 15–16.</ref>

==Career==

===Early business ventures===
Samuel Warner was the first member of his family to move into the entertainment industry. In the early 1900s, he formed a business partnership with another Youngstown resident and "took over" the city's Old Grand Opera House, which he used as a venue for "cheap vaudeville and photoplays". The venture failed after one summer.<ref name="vindy-yo-12-30-23">{{cite news
  | title = Heard on the Corner: How the Warner Brothers, Movie Producers, Got Their Start
  | work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator
  | date = December 30, 1923
}}</ref> Warner then secured a job as a [[projectionist]] at [[Idora Park, Youngstown|Idora Park]], a local amusement park.<ref name="Warner49">Warner and Jennings (1964), p. 49.</ref>  He persuaded the family of the new medium's possibilities and negotiated the purchase of a Model B [[Kinetoscope]] from a projectionist who was "down on his luck".<ref name="Warner50">Warner and Jennings (1964), p. 50.</ref>  The purchase price was $1,000.<ref name="ohiomag-march83">{{cite news
  | first = Bob
  | last = Trebilcock
  | title = A Warner Brothers Production: They parlayed Youngstown nickelodeon into a Hollywood empire
  | work = Ohio Magazine
  | date = March 1985
  | pages = 24–25
}}</ref> Warner's interest in film came after seeing [[Thomas Edison]]'s ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' while working as an employee at [[Cedar Point|Cedar Point Pleasure Resort]] in [[Sandusky, Ohio]]. During this time, Albert agreed to join Samuel and together the two displayed showings of ''The Great Train Robbery'' at carnivals throughout the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania;<ref name="sperling32">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 32.</ref> Sam Warner would run the film projector and Albert would sell tickets.<ref name="sperling32" />

In 1905, Harry Warner agreed to join his two brothers and sold his Youngstown bicycle shop.<ref name="HBTHYNA33">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 33.</ref>  Through the money Harry made by selling the bicycle shop, the three brothers were now able to purchase a building in [[New Castle, Pennsylvania]];<ref name="sperling34">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 34.</ref> The brothers named their new theater The Cascade Movie Palace.<ref>Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 54–55.</ref> The Cascade Movie Palace was so successful that the brothers were able to purchase a second theater in New Castle.<ref name="thomas22">{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Bob|title=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1990|pages=22|isbn=0-07-064259-1}}</ref>  This makeshift theatre, called the Bijou, was furnished with chairs borrowed from a local undertaker.<ref name="variety-09-13-78">
{{cite news
  | title = Jack L. Warner's Death Closes Out Pioneer Clan of 'Talkies'
  | work = Variety
  | date = September 13, 1978
  | page = 2
}}</ref>  They maintained the theater until moving into film distribution in 1907.<ref name="Warner55-57">Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 55–57.</ref> That year, the Warner brothers established the [[Pittsburgh]]-based Duquesne Amusement Company, and the three brothers rented an office in the Bakewell building in downtown Pittsburgh.<ref name="thomas22" />  Harry then sent Sam Warner to New York to purchase, and ship, films for their Pittsburgh exchange company, while he and Albert remained in Pittsburgh to run the business.<ref name="thomas22" />

Their business, however, proved lucrative until the advent of [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Motion Picture Patents Company]] (also known as the Edison Trust), which charged distributors exorbitant fees.<ref name="Warner65-66">Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 65–66.</ref> In 1909, the brothers sold the Cascade Theater for $40,000, and decided to open a second film exchange in Norfolk, Virginia;<ref name="sperling42">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 42</ref>  through this Norfolk company, younger brother [[Jack L. Warner|Jacob]] (known as "Jack,") following Sam's advice,<ref name="thomas18">{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Bob|title=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1990|pages=18|isbn=0-07-064259-1}}</ref> officially joined his three brothers' business and was sent to Norfolk by older brother Harry to serve as Warner's assistant.<ref name="sperling42" />  In 1910, the Warners would sell the family business, to the General Film Company, for "$10,000 in cash, $12,000 in preferred stock, and payments over a four-year period for a total of $52,000".<ref name="HBTHYNA424434">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 45-46</ref>

===Formation of Warner Bros.===
In 1910, the Warner brothers pooled their resources and moved into film production.<ref name="Warner73">Warner and Jennings (1964), p. 73.</ref>  After they sold their business,<ref name="sperling46">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 46</ref> the brothers lent their support to filmmaker [[Carl Laemmle]]'s [[Independent Moving Pictures|Independent Moving Pictures Company]], which challenged the monopolistic control of the Edison Trust;<ref name="thomas29">Thomas (1990), p. 29.</ref> the brothers served as distributors for Laemmle's films in Pittsburgh.<ref name="sperling46" />  In 1912, Sam would help the brothers earn a $1,500 profit with his film ''Dante's Inferno''.<ref name="sperling4748">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 47-48</ref> In the wake of this success, Harry Warner, seeing Edison's monopoly threat grow, decided to break with Laemmle<ref name="sperling46" /> and had the brothers start their own film production company, Warner Features.<ref name="sperling51">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 51</ref>  After this occurred, Harry Warner, who now had an office in New York with brother Albert,<ref name="sperling54">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 54</ref> sent Sam and Jack to establish film exchanges in [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco]];<ref name="thomas29" /> Sam would run the company's Los Angeles division while Jack ran the company's San Francisco division.<ref name="sperling54" />  The brothers were soon poised to exploit the expanding California movie market.<ref name="thomas29"/>  Their first opportunity to produce a major film came in 1918, when they purchased the film rights for My Four Years in Germany, a bestselling semi autobiographical account by Ambassador [[James W. Gerard]] that condemned German wartime atrocities.<ref name="thomas34-35">Thomas (1990), pp. 34–35.</ref>  Profits from the success of ''[[My Four Years in Germany]]'' gave the four brothers the opportunity to establish a studio in the area near [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].<ref name="sperling66">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 66</ref>  In the new Hollywood studio, Warner became co-head of production along with his younger brother, Jack.<ref name="Warner100-101">Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 100–101.</ref>  In this capacity, the two brothers secured new scripts and storylines, managed film production, and looked for ways to reduce production costs.<ref name="thomas34-35" />

Between 1919 and 1920, the studio was not profitable.<ref name="sperling71">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 71</ref> During this time, banker Motley H. Flint—who, unlike most bankers at the time, was not [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]]—<ref name="sperling72">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 72</ref> helped the Warners pay off their debts.<ref name="sperling72" /> The brothers then decided to relocate their production studio from Culver City to Sunset Boulevard.<ref name="thomas38">Thomas (1990), pp. 38.</ref>  The studio would also rebound in 1921, after the success of the studio's film ''[[Why Girls Leave Home (1921 film)|Why Girls Leave Home]]''.<ref name="sperling73">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 73</ref> With the film's success, director [[Harry Rapf]] was appointed the studio's new head producer.<ref name="thomas38"/> On April 4, 1923, following the studio's successful film ''[[Where the North Begins]]'',<ref name="sperling76">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 76</ref> Warner Brothers, Inc. was officially established.<ref name="sperling77">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 77</ref>

One of the new company's first big stars would be the dog [[Rin Tin Tin]].<ref name="sperling81">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 81</ref>  By directing Rin Tin Tin, newcomer director [[Daryl Zanuck]]'s career would be greatly advanced.<ref name="thomas45">{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Bob|title=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1990|pages=45|isbn=0-07-064259-1}}</ref>  In addition to Rin Tin Tin, the studio was also able to gain more success with German film director [[Ernst Lubitsch]], whose first film with the studio, ''[[The Marriage Circle]]'', reached the New York Times Ten Best Films List of 1924.<ref name="sperling83">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 83</ref> The film was also the studio's most financially successful film of the year<ref name="sperling83" /> and helped establish Lubitsch as the studio's top director.<ref name="sperling82">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 82</ref>  The Warners were also able to add another film to the New York Times Ten Best Films List with ''[[Beau Brummel (1924 film)|Beau Brummel]]''.<ref name="sperling84">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 84</ref>  Despite the studio's success, the Warners were unable to compete with Paramount, Universal, and First National (The Big Three),<ref name="+NHAR(*">{{cite news|title=Theatre Owners Open War on Hays|newspaper=The New York Times|pages=14|date=May 12, 1925}}</ref> and were soon threatened to be bought out by the end of 1924.<ref name="sperling8485">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), ''Hollywood Be Thy Name'' p. 84-85, Prima Publishing, ISN:1559583436</ref>

During this time, Harry Warner would provide more relief for the studio after he was able to purchase Brooklyn's [[Vitagraph Studios]].<ref name="sperling86">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), ''Hollywood Be Thy Name'' p. 86, Prima Publishing, ISN:1559583436</ref>  In 1925, Sam Warner had also acquired a radio station, [[KFWB]].<ref name="sperling89">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 89.</ref> After acquiring the radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. Pictures.<ref name="sperling90">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 90.</ref>  After a visit to Western Electric's Bell Laboratories headquarters,<ref name="sperling92">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 92.</ref> Sam Warner urged his brother, Harry, to sign an agreement with [[Western Electric]] to develop a series of "talking" shorts using the newly upgraded [[sound-on-film]] technology, a sound-on-disc system for motion pictures.<ref name="thomas52-55">Thomas (1990), 52–55;</ref>  Harry Warner, however, objected to using synchronized sound in the studio's films.<ref name="sperling94">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 94.</ref>

By February 1926, the studio had suffered a net loss of $333,413.<ref name="Freedland27">{{cite book|last=Freedland|first=Michael|title=The Warner Brothers|year=1983|publisher=St. Martin's Press|pages=119|isbn=0-312-85620-2}}</ref>  Harry Warner ultimately agreed to use synchronized sound in Warner Bros. shorts if it was used only for [[soundtrack|background music]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Warner-Sperling|first=Cass |author2=Millner, Cork |author3=Warner, Jack |author4= Warner, Jack Jr. |title=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story|date=January 1998 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky|pages=94|isbn=0-8131-0958-2}}</ref>  Harry Warner then made a visit to Western Electric's Bell Laboratories in New York and was impressed.<ref name=thomas5354>{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Bob|title=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1990|pages=54|isbn=0-07-064259-1}}</ref> One problem confronting the Warners though was that the high-ups at Western Electric were antisemitic.<ref name=thomas5354 />  Sam Warner, however, was able to convince the high-ups to sign with the studio after his wife Lina, who was not Jewish, wore a gold cross at a dinner they attended with the Western Electric brass.<ref name=thomas5354 />  Harry Warner then signed a partnership agreement with [[Western Electric]] to use Bell Laboratories to test the sound-on-film process.<ref>{{cite book|last=Warner-Sperling|first=Cass |author2=Millner, Cork |author3=Warner, Jack |author4= Warner, Jack Jr. |title=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story|date=January 1998 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky|pages=94–95|isbn=0-8131-0958-2}}</ref>  Warner and younger brother Jack then decided to take a big step forward and make ''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Warner-Sperling|first=Cass |author2=Millner, Cork |author3=Warner, Jack |author4= Warner, Jack Jr. |title=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story|date=January 1998 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky|pages=102|isbn=0-8131-0958-2}}</ref>

In May 1926,<ref name="S(*(">{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731079,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125031810/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731079,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 25, 2010 | magazine=Time | title=Milestones: Oct. 17, 1927 | date=October 17, 1927 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> through the company's partnership with Western Electric, Sam formed a subsidiary known as [[Vitaphone]].<ref name="HBTHYNA66989io">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 95.</ref>  Through Vitaphone, the studio released a series of musical shorts and the feature-length ''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]'' (which had a synchronized music track); upon establishing Vitaphone, Sam was also made Vice President of Warner Bros.<ref name="S(*(" />  Despite the money ''Don Juan'' was able to draw at the box office, it still could not match the expensive budget the brothers put into the film's production.<ref>{{cite book|last=Warner-Sperling|first=Cass |author2=Millner, Cork |author3=Warner, Jack |author4= Warner, Jack Jr. |title=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story|date=January 1998 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky|pages=113|isbn=0-8131-0958-2}}</ref>  These vehicles received further tepid responses, and Harry grew increasingly opposed to the venture.

Around this time, Paramount head Adolph Zukor offered Sam a deal as an executive producer for his studio if he brought Vitaphone with him;<ref name="HBTHYNA1414">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 114.</ref> during the year, Harry had also become the company president.<ref name=milestones>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863684-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011175648/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863684-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 11, 2011|title=Milestones|date=1958-08-04|magazine=Time|pages=2}}</ref> Sam Warner, not wanting to take any more of brother Harry's refusal to move forward with using sound in future Warner films, agreed to accept Zukor's offer, but the deal between them died after Paramount lost money in the wake of [[Rudolph Valentino]]'s death.<ref name="HBTHYNA1414" /> By April 1927, First National, Paramount, MGM, Universal, and [[Cecil B. De Mille]]'s Producers Distributing (the Big Five studios) had put the Warners in financial ruin. Western Electric renewed the Warner-Vitaphone contract on the term that Western Electric was no longer exclusive, allowing other film companies to test sound.<ref name="thomas59">Thomas (1990), p. 59.</ref>  Harry Warner eventually agreed to accept Sam's demands.<ref name="HBTHYNA116">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 116.</ref> The Warner brothers pushed ahead with ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'', a new Vitaphone feature based on a Broadway play and starring [[Al Jolson]]. ''The Jazz Singer'' broke box-office records, establishing Warner Bros. as a major player in Hollywood and single-handedly launching the talkie revolution.

==Personal life==
In 1925, after years of bachelorhood,<ref name="HBTHYNA9833">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 33-98.</ref> Warner met eighteen-year-old ''[[Ziegfeld Follies]]'' performer and actress [[Lina Basquette]] while spending time in New York visiting the Bell Laboratories. The two began an intense love affair.<ref name="HBTHYNA97">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 97.</ref>  On July 4, 1925, the two were married.<ref name="HBTHYNA98">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 98.</ref> While Warner's younger brother Jack did not object to Basquette's Catholicism, the rest of the Warner family did.<ref name=thomas4849>{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Bob|title=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1990|pages=48, 49|isbn=0-07-064259-1}}</ref>  They refused to accept Basquette and did not acknowledge her as a member of the Warner clan.<ref name=thomas4849 />  On October 6, 1926, the couple's only child, daughter Lita, was born.<ref name="HBTHYNA115">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 115.</ref>

After Sam Warner's death in 1927, brother Harry asked Lina Basquette to give up custody of the couple's daughter Lita. Harry Warner claimed he was concerned that little Lita would be raised as Catholic instead of Jewish (according to Basquette, she and Sam Warner agreed to raise any female children they had as Catholic and any male children as Jewish). Harry Warner and his wife offered Lina Basquette large amounts of money to relinquish custody of her daughter but she refused.<ref name="brownlow">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lina-basquette-1441595.html|title=Obituary: Lina Basquette|last=Brownlow|first=Kevin|date=October 8, 1994|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=February 2, 2014}}</ref> She finally relented after Harry Warner promised her that Lita would receive a $300,000 trust fund (${{Inflation|US|0.3|1930|r=1|fmt=c}} million today),<ref name="latimes">{{cite news|title=Lina Basquette: Her Life Is Screenplay Material Movies|last=Thomas|first=Kevin|date=August 23, 1991|work=Los Angeles Times|page=16}}</ref> with Harry Warner and his wife awarded legal custody of Lita on March 30, 1930.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eyman|first=Scott|title=The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution 1926-1930|url=https://archive.org/details/speedofsoundholl00eyma|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=1-439-10428-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/speedofsoundholl00eyma/page/361 361]}}</ref> Basquette quickly regretted her decision and attempted to regain custody of her daughter.<ref name="brownlow"/> Basquette, however, was never financially stable enough to do so as the Warner family launched several legal suits against her to win back Sam Warner's share of Warner Bros. studio.<ref name="latimes" /> She would only see Lita on two occasions over the next twenty years: in 1935, when Harry Warner and his family moved to Los Angeles, and when Lita married Dr. Nathan Hiatt in 1947.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Warner Sperling|first1=Cass|last2=Millner|first2=Cork|last3=Warner|first3=Jack|title=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story|year=1994|publisher=Prima Pub.|isbn=1-559-58343-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781559583435/page/265 265]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781559583435/page/265}}</ref> Basquette and her daughter reconnected in 1977 when Basquette backed a lawsuit that Lita brought against her uncle Jack Warner's estate.<ref name="latimes" />

==Death==
In September 1927, Jack&mdash;who was working nonstop with Sam on production of ''[[The Jazz Singer]]''&mdash;noticed that his brother started having severe headaches and nosebleeds. By the end of the month, Sam was unable to walk straight.<ref name="YHHBTHYNA97">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 112.</ref> He was hospitalized and was diagnosed with a sinus infection that was aggravated by several [[Tooth abscess|abscessed teeth]]. Doctors also discovered that Warner had developed a [[mastoid]] infection of the brain. After four surgeries to remove the infection, Warner slipped into a coma. He died of [[pneumonia]] caused by [[sinusitis]], [[osteomyelitis]] and [[Epidural space|epidural]] and [[Subdural space|subdural]] abscesses on October 5, 1927, the day before the premiere of ''The Jazz Singer''.<ref>Eyman 1997 pp.137-138</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PjEiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6aYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2564,345070&dq=sam+warner+lina+lita&hl=en|title=Sam Warner, Noted Film Magnate Dies|date=October 5, 1927|work=Berkeley Daily Gazette|page=1|access-date=May 28, 2013}}</ref>

According to ''Hollywood Be Thy Name'', the 1993 memoir of Jack Warner, Jr., and Cass Warner Sperling, character actor [[William Demarest]] claimed that Sam Warner was murdered by his own brothers.<ref name="vindy-10-24-93">
{{cite news
  | title = Warner brothers book covers Valley roots, Hollywood highs
  | work = The Vindicator
  | date = October 24, 1993
}}</ref> This allegation, leveled in 1977, was never corroborated, and Demarest's reliability was questioned because of his long dependence on alcohol;<ref name="vindy-10-24-93"/> the last time that Sam would meet with his entire family was at his parents' wedding anniversary in 1926.<ref name="YHHBTHYNA97"/>

Crowds of movie stars gathered at the Bresse Brothers funeral parlor to attend Warner's funeral.<ref name="YH'HBT97">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 136.</ref> A private memorial service was then held in the Warner Bros. studio on October 9, 1927.<ref name="YH'HBT97p137">Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 137.</ref> He is interred in the Warner family mausoleum at [[Home of Peace Cemetery (East Los Angeles)|Home of Peace Cemetery]] in [[East Los Angeles, California]].

As the family grieved over Warner's sudden death, the success of ''The Jazz Singer'' helped establish Warner Bros. as a major studio. While Warner Bros. invested only $500,000 in the film, the studio reaped $3&nbsp;million in profits.<ref name="Thomas63">Thomas (1990), p. 63.</ref>  Hollywood's five major studios, which controlled most of the nation's movie theaters, initially attempted to block the growth of "talking pictures".<ref name="Thomas63"/>  In the face of such organized opposition, Warner Bros. produced twelve "talkies" in 1928 alone.<ref name="Thomas63"/>  The following year, the newly formed Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences recognized Warner Bros. for "revolutionizing the industry with sound".<ref name="Thomas66">Thomas (1990), p. 66.</ref>

== Legacy ==
For his contribution to the [[motion picture]] industry, Sam Warner has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 6201 [[Hollywood Boulevard]].

A gymnasium was donated by the Warner Brothers family to the Hebrew Orphan Asylum (HOA) of the City of New York on September 30, 1928, in memory of Sam L. Warner and Milton Warner. The HOA was located between 136th to 138th street, fronting Amsterdam Ave, in Hamilton Heights. The HOA was in operation on that site from 1884 to 1941. The buildings were then leased from the City - to the City College of New York (CCNY), in collaboration with the War Department, as a dormitory for returning veterans. The former Main Building was named "Army Hall" and the former Reception House was named "Finley Hall," Warner Gym kept its name. In 1952, the Board of Education built P.S. 192 as a connection to Warner Gym. CCNY traded the HOA property for a public park known as Jasper Oval (on Convent Ave), moving out in 1955. The HOA buildings, with the exception of Warner Gym, were demolished in 1956 to make way for the Jacob H. Schiff Park. Warner Gym can still be seen on 138th Street, close to Hamilton Place. An entrance vestibule just inside the side gate has a memorial stone from the Warner Family.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |author-link=Andrzej Krakowski |last=Krakowski |first=Andrzej |title=Pollywood: jak stworzyliśmy Hollywood (Pollywood. How we created Hollywood)|publisher=[[Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7432-0481-1}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Andrzej Krakowski |last=Krakowski |first=Andrzej |title=Pollywood: jak stworzyliśmy Hollywood (Pollywood. How we created Hollywood)|publisher=[[Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7432-0481-1}}
* Thomas, Bob (1990). ''Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner''. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-07-064259-1}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Warner|first1=Jack L.|last2=Jennings|first2=Dean|title=My First Hundred Years in Hollywood|publisher=Random House|year=1964|asin=B0007DZSKW}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Warner Bros.}}
{{Authority control}}

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