Editing Samuel Roxy Rothafel

{{Short description|Early 20th-century American theatrical impresario}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel
| image       = S L Rothapfel, motion picture exhibitor (SAYRE 8045).jpg
| caption     = 
| birth_name  = Samuel Lionel Rothapfel
| birth_date  = July 9, 1882 
| birth_place = Prussia
| death_date  = January 13, 1936 (aged 53) 
| death_place = New York City, US
| nationality = American
| occupation  = Theatrical impresario 
| alma_mater  = 
| spouse      = Rosa Freedman
| children    = 2
| relatives   = [[Amanda Peet]] <br>(great-granddaughter)
| awards      = 
| website     =
}}

[[File:Daughter of Destiny.jpg|thumb|Advertisement for ''[[Daughter of Destiny (1917 film)|Daughter of Destiny]]'' (1917) starring Olga Petrova]]
[[File:Smoke Week.jpg|thumb|Smoke week (1917), letter by Rothafel]]

'''Samuel Lionel "Roxy" Rothafel''' (July 9, 1882 – January 13, 1936) was an American theatrical [[impresario]] and entrepreneur. He is noted for developing the lavish presentation of [[silent film]]s in the deluxe [[movie palace]] theaters of the 1910s and 1920s.

==Life and career==
Samuel Rothafel (originally Rothapfel, meaning ‘‘Red Apple’’, the modern German spelling is: Rotapfel)<ref>Ken Bloom, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&dq= ''Broadway: An Encyclopedia''], Routledge, 2013, p. 460.</ref> was born in [[Bromberg]], [[Province of Posen]], [[Prussia]], Germany,<ref name=":1" /> (now [[Bydgoszcz]], Poland), and was the son of Cecelia (née Schwerzens) and Gustav Rothapfel.<ref name=whosd1>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jkLAQAAIAAJ&q=%22ROTHAFEL,+Samuel+Lionel,+theatre+mgr.;%22 |title=Who was who in America with World Notables – Marquis Who's Who Staff, Marquis Who's Who  |via=[[Google Books]]|date=2009-03-03 |accessdate=2016-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Rothafel, Roxy : American National Biography Online  |volume=1 |publisher=Oxfordindex.oup.com |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1801009 |year = 2000|last1 = Stephenson|first1 = William}}</ref> In 1886, at the age of three, he and his mother boarded the S/S Rugia, sailing from Hamburg to the Port of New York on May 24, 1886.<ref name=":1">Samuel Rothapfel, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, S/S ''Rugia'', 24 May 1886</ref> In that same year, Rothafel and his parents moved to [[Stillwater, Minnesota]].<ref name="ForwardIvry">{{Cite news |last=Ivry |first=Benjamin |date=October 21, 2012 |title=Roxy of Radio City |newspaper=[[Jewish Daily Forward]] |url=http://forward.com/schmooze/164616/roxy-of-radio-city/?attribution=tag-article-listing-2-headline&attribution=tag-article-listing-2-headline}}</ref>  In 1895 at the age of thirteen, Rothafel moved to New York with his family.<ref name=":0" /> He became estranged from his father when he lost interest in his studies and nearly two years after his mother’s death in 1897, he was forced out of his father’s house. Before setting out to create and establish notable movie theaters in New York City, Rothafel pursued any job he could get to make ends meet. He served seven years in the U.S Marine Corps where he saw action in China’s [[Boxer Rebellion]].<ref name="Times Obit" /> After being discharged Rothafel moved back to Philadelphia as a decorated marine. Samuel Rothafel is best known by his nickname, "Roxy."  He was the [[impresario]] who brought the great New York City [[movie palace]]s that he managed to fame and popular success.

In 1908 he first began his show business career in [[Forest City, Pennsylvania]], where he created the "Family Theater", a combination cinema and skating rink in the backroom of a local saloon.<ref name=":0" /> In 1912 he came to [[New York City]], where he would achieve his greatest successes. In New York at different times he managed and produced shows at the [[Regent Theatre (Manhattan)|Regent]], [[Mark Strand Theater|Strand]], Rialto, Rivoli, and [[Capitol Theatre (New York City)|Capitol]] theaters.

Often considered his greatest achievement was his eponymous [[Roxy Theatre (New York City)|Roxy Theatre]] at [[Times Square]] which opened March 11, 1927.  He later opened the [[Radio City Music Hall]] and the RKO Roxy (later the [[Center Theatre (New York City)|Center Theatre]]) in 1932, his last theatrical project. The Music Hall featured the precision dance troupe the Roxyettes (later renamed [[The Rockettes]]), which Rothafel brought with him from the Roxy Theatre.

Rothafel has been credited with many movie presentation innovations, including synchronizing [[orchestra]]l music to movies (in the [[silent film]] era) and having multiple projectors to effect seamless reel changes.  The book ''The Best Remaining Seats'' by [[Ben M. Hall]] (1961), gives a good overview of the movie palaces of the 1920s and, specifically, of Roxy himself.

Roxy grew up with a Jewish background<ref name="ForwardIvry"/> that continued to influence him throughout his life. In 1923 a journalist noted that Rothafel’s the Regent Roxy theater attempted to appeal to Jewish audiences with its spectacular music capabilities.<ref name="ForwardIvry" /> Roxy also hired Hungarian Jewish violinist [[Eugene Ormandy]] to play and conduct in his theaters, which boosted Ormandy’s career.<ref name="ForwardIvry" />  Roxy was also the target of anti-semitism, as seen in the diary of American author [[Theodore Dreiser]] who wrote: “clever Jew who has become managing director of three great movie houses in New York,<nowiki>''</nowiki> as well as other racial slurs after Dreiser made a 1916 visit to one of Roxy’s theaters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gerber |first=Philip L. |date=1983 |title=Theodore Dreiser: American Diaries, 1902–1926. (The Pennsylvania Edition) |journal=Resources for American Literary Study |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=229–235 |doi=10.2307/resoamerlitestud.13.2.0229 |issn=0048-7384|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Rothafel had health issues in his later life, mainly [[angina pectoris]]. He died of a heart attack in his sleep on January 13, 1936, in [[New York City]] aged 53. He is buried in [[Flushing, Queens#Linden Hill|Linden Hill]] [[Jewish cemetery]] in Queens, New York.<ref name="Times Obit">{{cite news|author1=Times Staff|title=S.L. Rothafel dies; 'Roxy' of the threatre|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/01/14/88624545.html?pageNumber=21|accessdate=12 March 2017|work=New York Times|date=14 January 1936|page=21}}</ref>

His wife was Rosa Freedman. His son was Arthur Ingram Rothafel, journalist, writer and ski reporter.  His daughter, Beta Rothafel, married Lawrence Harold Levy, the son of [[Samuel Levy (politician)|Samuel Levy]], a New York City lawyer, businessman, and public official, who served as Manhattan borough president. Through Rothafel's granddaughter, Penny (Levy), he is the great-grandfather of actress [[Amanda Peet]].<ref name=whosd1/><ref>{{cite news|author=[ Displaying Abstract ] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/07/archives/charles-peet-jr-and-penny-levy-will-be-married-lawyer-is-the-fiance.html |title=Charles Peet Jr. And Penny Levy Will Be Married – Lawyer Is the Fiance of '63 Smith Graduate – Bridal in July  |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 April 1967 |accessdate=2016-07-03}}</ref>

===Radio===
Roxy also made a name for himself on network radio, where he began broadcasting in mid-November 1922. Through 1925, live broadcasts of his weekly variety show, ''Roxy and His Gang'' from the [[Capitol Theatre (New York City)]], became increasingly popular. One estimate from 1924 placed his typical radio audience at about five million listeners, and he was said to receive thousands of pieces of fan mail weekly.<ref name=":0">Melnick, 221</ref> After Rothafel left the Capitol, his radio show, now known as ''The Roxy Hour,'' was broadcast from the new Roxy Theatre on [[NBC]]'s [[Blue Network]]  from 1927 to 1932.<ref>Bloom, 462</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.commarts.wisc.edu/2015/04/14/american-idols-roxy-major-bowes-and-early-radio-stardom/|title = American Idols: 'Roxy,' Major Bowes, and Early Radio Stardom &#124; Antenna}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|Melnick, Ross. “Rethinking Rothafel: Roxy's Forgotten Legacy.” The Moving Image, University of Minnesota Press, 6 Nov. 2003, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/48508/summary.=}}

==Further reading==
* Ken Bloom.  Broadway:  Its History, People and Places.  New York:  Routledge, 2004.
* Ben M. Hall, ''The Best Remaining Seats; The Story of the Golden Age of the Movie Palace.'' New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1961.
* Ross Melnick, ''American Showman: Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel and the Birth of the Entertainment Industry, 1908-1935.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
* Ross Melnick.  "Station R-O-X-Y:  Roxy and the Radio."  ''Film History'', vol. 17, # 2/3, 2005, pp.&nbsp;217–233.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203214056/http://www.atos.org/Pages/Journal/Roxy-NYC/Roxy-NYC.html |date=February 3, 2004 |title=Requiem for the Roxy }} [[American Theatre Organ Society]] website
* {{IMDb name|id=0745063}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rothafel, Samuel}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Stillwater, Minnesota]]
[[Category:People from Bydgoszcz]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States]]
[[Category:American impresarios]]
[[Category:American people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American theatre people]]