Editing Saraiki language

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|Siraiki]] dialect of [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Saraiki
| nativename       = {{Nastaliq|سرائیکی}}
| image            = Saraiki.svg
| imagescale       = 0.6
| imagecaption     = ''Saraiki'' in [[Shahmukhi]] script ([[Nastaʿlīq]] style)
| states           = [[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| region           = Southern [[Punjab]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban, census-2023 | url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_11_punjab_province.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130024854/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_11_punjab_province.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-30}}</ref> Minority in [[Derajat]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban, census-2023 | url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_11_kp_province.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110094147/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_11_kp_province.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-10}}</ref> and Northern [[Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban, census-2023 | url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_11_sindh_province.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129035009/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_11_sindh_province.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-29}}</ref>
| ethnicity        = [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]]{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=240}}
| speakers         = 28.84 Million<ref>{{Cite web| title=Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban, census-2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723195551/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf | archive-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5             = [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabic]]
| fam6             = [[Lahnda]]
| agency           = Saraiki area study centre (SASC), BZU Multan
| script           = [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] ([[Saraiki alphabet]])<br />[[Devanagari]]<br />[[Gurmukhi]]<br />[[Multani script|Multani]]
| iso3             = skr
| glotto           = sera1259
| glottorefname    = Saraiki
| glottofoot       = no
| notice           = IPA
| map              = Saraiki-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg
| mapcaption       = The proportion of people with Saraiki as their [[mother tongue]] in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]
}}
'''Saraiki''' ({{lang|skr|{{Nastaliq| سرائیکی}}}} ''{{Transliteration|skr|Sarā'īkī}}''; also spelt '''Siraiki''', or '''Seraiki''') is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Lahnda]] group.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Grierson|1919|p=233}} "The existence of Lahnda as a separate language has long been recognised under various names such as Jatki, Multani, Hindki or Hindko and Western Panjabi....it is called Multani, but this name properly applies only to the form of Lahnda spoken around Multan and the neighbourhood."</ref> It is spoken by 28.84 million people, as per the [[2023 Pakistani census]], taking prevalence in Southern [[Punjab]] with remants in Northern [[Sindh]] and the [[Derajat]] region.<ref name="pbs.gov.pk">{{Cite web| title=Key Findings Report - The Largest Digitization Exercise of South Asia | url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/key_findings_report.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719134526/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/key_findings_report.pdf | archive-date=19 July 2024}}</ref><!--<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2016}}: "Until recently it was considered a dialect of Panjabi."; {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|p=443}} defines Saraiki as a "new literary language"; see also {{harvtxt|Shackle|2003|pp=585–86}}</ref>
-->

Saraiki has partial [[mutual intelligibility]] with [[Standard Punjabi]],<ref>{{harvnb|Bashir|Conners|Hefright|2019}}; see also {{harvnb|Rahman|1995|p=16}} and {{harvnb|Shackle|2014b}}.</ref> and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and [[Linguistic morphology|morphology]]. At the same time in [[#Phonology|its phonology]] it is radically different{{sfn|Shackle|1977|p=389}} (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the [[Sindhi language]] spoken to the south.{{sfn|Shackle|2014b}} Saraiki is closely related to Western Punjabi dialects.<ref name=":0" />

Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shams | first=Shammim Ara | title=The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina | journal=Pakistan Social Sciences Review | volume=4 | issue=III |year=2020| doi=10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79 | pages=1092–1106| doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Name==
The present extent of the meaning of ''{{IAST|Sirāikī}}'' is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s.{{sfn|Rahman|1995|p=3}} It has been in use for much longer in [[Sindh]] to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking [[Baloch tribes]] who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries. In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had the meaning "the language of the north", from the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] word ''{{lang|sd|siro}}'' 'up-river, north'.<ref>{{harvnb|Rahman|1995|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Shackle|1976|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Shackle|1977|p=388}}</ref> This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as "Siroli"{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=114}} or "Sireli".{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=24}}

An alternative hypothesis is that ''Sarākī'' originated in the word ''sauvīrā'', or [[Sauvira]],{{sfn|Dani|1981|p=36}} an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic [[Mahabharata]].

Currently, the most common rendering of the name is ''Saraiki''.{{efn|''Saraiki'' is the spelling used in universities of Pakistan (the [[Islamia University|Islamia University of Bahawalpur]], department of Saraiki established in 1989,<ref name="iub.edu.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu.pk/department.php?id=26|title=The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan - Department|work=iub.edu.pk}}</ref> [[Bahauddin Zakariya University]], in Multan, department of Saraiki established in 2006,<ref name="bzu.edu.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bzu.edu.pk/departmentindex.php?id=33|title=Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan |work=bzu.edu.pk}}</ref> and [[Allama Iqbal Open University]], in Islamabad, department of Pakistani languages established in 1998),<ref name="aiou.edu.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.aiou.edu.pk/DeptDetail.asp?DeptID=47|title=Department Detail|work=aiou.edu.pk}}</ref> and by the district governments of Bahawalpur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bahawalpur.gov.pk/history.htm|title=History of Bahawalpur|work=bahawalpur.gov.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611045704/http://www.bahawalpur.gov.pk/history.htm|archive-date=11 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Multan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.multan.gov.pk/page.php?data=136|title=Introduction -City District Government Multan|work=multan.gov.pk}}</ref> as well as by the federal institutions of the Government of Pakistan like Population Census Organization<ref>[https://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm Population by Mother Tongue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021653/http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |date=12 September 2011 }}, website of the Population Census organization of Pakistan</ref> and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation.<ref>[http://www.radio.gov.pk/cms/TopStoryDetail.asp?id=490 Saraiki News Bulletins] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092215/http://www.radio.gov.pk/cms/TopStoryDetail.asp?id=490 |date=6 October 2014 }}, website of Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</ref>}} However, ''Seraiki'' and ''Siraiki'' have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders.{{sfn|Shackle|1977}}

==Classification and related languages==
{{Further|Punjabi dialects}}
[[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|thumb|Map of Punjabi dialects and language varieties, including Saraiki (Multani, Riasti and Derawali) in the south-west|300x300px]]
Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] subdivision of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family.

In 1919, [[George Abraham Grierson]] maintained that the dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern [[Lahnda]]" within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=18–20}} Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of [[Lahore]]. The local dialect of Lahore is the [[Majhi dialect]] of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi.{{sfn|Grierson|1919}} However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. [[Ethnologue]]). Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. Spoken in
Upper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered a dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility.<ref name="JBM">{{cite book |editor1-last=Klein |editor1-first=Jared |editor2-last=Joseph |editor2-first=Brian |editor3-last=Fritz |editor3-first=Matthias |title=Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics; Volume 1 |date=2017 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Berlin, Boston |isbn=9783110393248 |pages=434–435}}</ref>

===Dialects===
The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki:<ref>This is the grouping in {{harvtxt|Wagha|1997|pp=229–31}}, which largely coincides with that in {{harvtxt|Shackle|1976|pp=5–8}}.</ref>
*Central Saraiki, including Multani: spoken in the districts of [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]], [[Layyah District|Leiah]], [[Multan District|Multan]] and [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]].
*Southern Saraiki: prevalent in the districts of [[Rajanpur District|Rajanpur]] and [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahimyar Khan]].
*Sindhi Siraiki: dispersed throughout the province of [[Sindh]] and in [[Kacchi Plain|Kachhi Plain]] region in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] province.
*Northern Saraiki, or [[Thali dialect|Thali]]:{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=8}} spoken in the district of [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]] and the northern parts of the [[Thal Desert|Thal region]], including [[Mianwali District]] and [[Bhakkar District]]

The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the [[Jat people|Jaṭṭs]]", a northern [[South Asia]]n ethnic group. Only a small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as ''Jataki''. Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. The name "[[Derawali dialect|Derawali]]" is used to refer to the local dialects of both [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] and [[Dera Ismail Khan]], but "Ḍerawali" in the former is the Multani dialect and "Derawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p = 426}}{{sfn|Grierson|1919|pp=239ff}}

When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into [[Districts of Pakistan|districts]], and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times.<!--see for example Nasirabad District-->

===Status of language or dialect===
In the context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations [[Dialect#Dialect or language|"language" and "dialect"]] is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity.<ref>See {{harvnb|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}}. For a brief discussion of the case of Saraiki, see {{harvtxt|Wagha|1997|pp=225–26}}.</ref> In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a "[[Punjabi dialects and languages|Greater Punjabi]]" macrolanguage.{{sfn|Rahman|1995|p=16}} The term "Saraiki" was first introduced for the [[Multani dialect|Multani]], [[Riasti dialect|Riasti]] and [[Derawali dialect|Derawali]] dialects of this "[[Punjabi dialects and languages|Greater Punjabi]]" macrolanguage in the 1960s as a result of a sociopolitical movement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nazir |first=Kahut |date=24 May 2009 |title=The origin and politics of the Seraiki movement |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/881086/the-origin-and-politics-of-the-seraiki-movement#:~:text=To%20alienate%20central,Punjabi.%E2%80%9D%20(P.%20180). |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126124345/https://www.dawn.com/news/881086/the-origin-and-politics-of-the-seraiki-movement#:~:text=To%20alienate%20central,Punjabi.%E2%80%9D%20%28P.%20180%29. |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=DAWN |pages=1}}</ref> According to [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] politicians such as [[Hanif Ramay]] and [[Fakhar Zaman (poet)|Fakhar Zaman]], the Saraiki linguistic movement was thought to have been pushed by feudal landowners of the Seraiki belt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&dq=Main+ethnicity+of+saraikis&pg=PA184 |title=State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85567-578-0 |page=184 |language=en |quote=The president of the Punjab PPP, Fakhir Zaman, thought that Seraiki was one among many other dialects of Punjabi. Hanif Ramay a former PPP chief minister of Punjab, had a similar stance. Both also thought that it was the feudal landowners of the Seraiki belt who were behind the seperatist movement.}}</ref>{{TOC limit|3}}

Saraiki was considered a [[Punjabi dialects|dialect of Punjabi]] by most [[British Raj|British colonial]] administrators,{{sfn|Rahman|1996|p=173}} and is still seen as such by many [[Punjabis]].{{sfn|Shackle|2014a|ps=: "it has come to be increasingly recognized internationally as a language in its own right, although this claim continues to be disputed by many Punjabi speakers who regard it as a dialect of Punjabi".}} Saraikis, however, consider it a language in its own right<ref>{{harvnb|Rahman|1995|p=16}}: "the Punjabis claim that Siraiki is a dialect of Punjabi, whereas the Siraikis call it a language in its own right."</ref> and see the use of the term "dialect" as [[Social stigma|stigmatising]].{{sfn|Rahman|1996|p=175}}
A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language.{{sfn|Shackle|1977}}{{sfn|Rahman|1997|p=838}} The [[Census in Pakistan|national census of Pakistan]] has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981.{{sfn|Javaid|2004|p=46}}

==Geographical distribution==
[[File:Saraiki Poet and intellectual.JPG|thumb|Ashu Lal, A Saraiki poet and intellectual]]

===Pakistan===
Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], in an area that broadly coincides with the extent of the proposed [[South Punjab Province]]. To the west, it is set off from the [[Pashto]]- and [[Balochi language|Balochi]]-speaking areas by the [[Suleiman Range]], while to the south-east the [[Thar desert]] divides it from the [[Marwari language]]. Its other boundaries are less well-defined: [[Panjabi language|Punjabi]] is spoken to the east; [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] is found to the south, after the border with [[Sindh province]]; to the north, the southern edge of the [[Salt Range]] is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Lahnda, such as [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothwari]].{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=1–2}}

Saraiki is the first language of approximately 29 million people in Pakistan according to the 2023 census.<ref name="pbs.gov.pk"/> The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981.{{sfn|Javaid|2004}} In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab.<ref>Pakistan census 1998</ref>

===India===
After [[Partition of India|Partition]] in 1947, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Saraiki migrated to India, where they are currently widely dispersed, though with more significant pockets in the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfn|Goswami|1994|p=30}} There is also a smaller group of Muslim [[Pastoralist nomads|pastoralists]] who migrated to India, specifically [[Andhra Pradesh]], prior to Partition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kahan se aa gai ({{Nastaliq|کہاں سے کہاں آ گئے}})|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/india/2009/05/090505_wusat_multan_pkg.shtml|access-date=8 April 2012|archive-date=22 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922000201/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/india/2009/05/090505_wusat_multan_pkg.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, {{sigfig|29253|2}} people reported their language as "[[Bahawalpuri dialect|Bahawal Puri]]", and {{sigfig|61722|2}} as "Hindi Multani".<ref>{{cite web|title = 2011 Census tables: C-16, population by Native languages|website = Census of India Website|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191210063438/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html| archive-date = 10 December 2019}}</ref> However, these are not representative of the actual numbers, as the speakers will often refer to their language using narrower dialect or regional labels, or alternatively identify with the bigger language communities, like those of Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu. Therefore, the number of speakers in India remains unknown.<ref>{{harvnb|Goswami|1994|pp=30–31}}; {{harvnb|Bhatia|2016|pp=134–35}}.</ref> There have been observations of Lahnda varieties "merging" into Punjabi (especially in Punjab and Delhi), as well as of outright [[language shift|shift]] to the dominant languages of Punjabi or Hindi.{{sfn|Goswami|1994|pp=31, 33}} One pattern reported in the 1990s was for members of the younger generation to speak the respective "Lahnda" variety with their grandparents, while communicating within the peer group in Punjabi and speaking to their children in Hindi.{{sfn|Goswami|1994|pp=32–33}}

==Phonology==
Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]].{{sfn|Masica|1991}} It includes [[phoneme|phonemically]] distinctive [[implosive consonant]]s, which are unusual among the Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 [[monophthong]] vowels.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=12, 18}}

===Vowels===
The "centralised"{{efn|The terms "centralised" and "peripheral" are used in {{Harvnb|Shackle|1976}} and {{Harvnb|Shackle|2003}}.}} vowels {{IPA|/ɪ ʊ ə/}} tend to be shorter than the "peripheral" vowels {{IPA|/i ɛ a o u/}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=12–13}} The central vowel {{IPA link|ə|/ə/}} is more [[Open vowel|open]] and [[Back vowel|back]] than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=588}} [[Vowel nasalisation]] is distinctive: {{IPA|/'ʈuɾẽ/}} 'may you go' vs. {{IPA|/'ʈuɾe/}} 'may he go'.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=17}} Before {{IPA|/ɦ/}}, the contrast between {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} is neutralised.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=32}} There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as [[diphthong]]s. 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Saraiki vowels{{efn|The symbols used follow {{harvp|Shackle|2003}}. {{harvp|Shackle|1976}} has ''{{IPA|ʌ}}'' for ''{{IPA|ə}}'' and ''{{IPA|æ}}'' for ''{{IPA|ɛ}}''.}}
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Near-front vowel|Near-front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Near-back vowel|Near-back]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-align=center
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}} || || || || {{IPA link|u}}
|-align=center
! [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| || {{IPA link|ɪ}} || || {{IPA link|ʊ}} ||
|-align=center
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}} || || || || {{IPA link|o}}
|-align=center
! [[Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} || || {{IPA link|ə}} || || 
|-align=center
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| || || {{IPA link|a}} || ||
|}

===Consonants===
Saraiki possesses a large inventory of [[consonants]]:{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=590}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br />[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!rowspan=5| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
| 
|-
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! <small>[[Breathy voice|voiced aspirated]]</small>
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! <small>[[Implosive consonant|implosive]]</small>
| {{IPA link|ɓ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ᶑ}}
| {{IPA link|ʄ}}
| {{IPA link|ɠ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! <small>plain</small>
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Breathy voice|aspirated]]</small>
| {{IPA link|mʱ}}
| {{IPA link|nʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɳʱ}}
| 
| 
|
|-
! rowspan=3| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|x}}
|
|-
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! <small>[[Breathy voice|voiced aspirated]]</small>
| {{IPA link|vʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
! <small>plain</small>
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|-
! <small>[[Breathy voice|aspirated]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|ɾʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɽʱ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>plain</small>
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[Breathy voice|aspirated]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|lʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|}

In its [[stop consonant]]s, Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between [[Voiced consonant|voiced]] and [[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]], and [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and unaspirated. In parallel to [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] it has additionally developed a set of [[implosive consonants|implosives]], so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless {{IPA|/tʃala/}} 'custom' ~ aspirated {{IPA|/tʃʰala/}} 'blister' ~ implosive {{IPA|/ʄala/}} 'cobweb' ~ voiced {{IPA|/dʒala/}} 'niche' ~ voiced aspirate {{IPA|/dʒʰəɠ/}} 'foam'.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=18–19}}

There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: [[Velar consonant|velar]], [[Palatal consonant|palatal]], [[retroflex]], [[Dental consonant|dental]] and [[Bilabial consonant|bilabial]]. The dentals {{IPA|/t tʰ d dʰ/}} are articulated with the [[Laminal consonant|blade of the tongue]] against the surface behind the teeth. The retroflex stops are [[post-alveolar]], the articulator being the [[Apical consonant|tip of the tongue]] or sometimes the [[Subapical consonant|underside]].{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=22}}
There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the [[retroflex implosive]] {{IPA|/ᶑ/}} is pronounced. The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with {{IPA|[tʃ]}} and {{IPA|[dʒ]}}.{{efn|They are transcribed as such by {{harvtxt|Awan|Baseer|Sheeraz|2012|p=127}}. {{Harvtxt|Latif|2003|p=91}} reports that these consonants have similar [[spectrogram]]s to [[Hindustani phonology#Consonants|those of Urdu]]. {{harvtxt|Shackle|1976|p=22}} has them as [[pre-palatal]]. None of these sources discuss the issue at length.}} In casual speech some of the stops, especially {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/g/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, are frequently rendered as [[fricatives]] – respectively {{IPA|[x]}}, {{IPA|[ɣ]}} and {{IPA|[z]}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=21}}

Of the [[Nasal consonant|nasals]], only {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/m/}} are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: {{IPA|/ŋ ɲ ɳ n m/}}. The retroflex {{IPA link|ɳ}} is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it is a nasalised [[retroflex flap]] {{IPA|[ɽ̃]}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=23}} The contrasts {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ~ {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ~ {{IPA|/ɲdʒ/}} are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects. Three nasals {{IPA|/ŋ n m/}} have aspirated counterparts {{IPA|/ŋʰ nʰ mʰ/}}.<!--no example words are given with the aspirated retroflex-->

The realisation of the [[alveolar tap]] {{IPA|/ɾ/}} varies with the phonetic environment. It is [[Trill consonant|trilled]] if geminated to {{IPA|/ɾɾ/}} and weakly trilled if preceded by {{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/d/}}. It contrasts with the [[retroflex flap]] {{IPA|/ɽ/}} ({{IPA|/taɾ/}} 'wire' ~ {{IPA|/taɽ/}} 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=20–23, 27}} The fricatives {{IPA|/f v/}} are [[labio-dental]]. The [[Voiced glottal fricative|glottal fricative]] {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=31–33}}

===Phonotactics and stress===
There are no [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] in Saraiki.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=594}} All consonants except {{IPA|/h j ɳ ɽ/}} can be [[geminated]] ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels,{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=27}} and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in the rest of the Punjabi area.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=592}}

A [[Stress (phonetics)|stressed]] syllable is distinguished primarily by its [[Vowel length|length]]: if the vowel is peripheral {{IPA|/i ɛ a o u/}} then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" ({{IPA|/ɪ ʊ ə/}}) then the consonant following it is geminated. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in the first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example {{IPA|/dɪɾ'kʰan/}} 'carpenter'. Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example {{IPA|/tʃʊ'həttəɾ/}} 'seventy-four'. There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like {{IPA|/it'la/}} 'informing' and {{IPA|/'itla/}} 'so much'.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=28–29}}

===Implosives===
Unusually for [[South Asian languages]], [[implosive consonant]]s are found in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], possibly some [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani dialects]],{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=104}} and Saraiki, which has the following series: /{{IPA link|ɓ}} {{IPA link|ᶑ}} {{IPA link|ʄ}} {{IPA link|ɠ}}/.

The "palatal" {{IPA|/ʄ/}} is [[denti-alveolar]]{{sfn|Bahl|1936|p=28}} and [[Laminal consonant|laminal]], articulated further forward than most other palatals.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=22}}{{efn|{{harvtxt|Bahl|1936|p=28}} describes its place of articulation as almost identical to the {{grapheme|d'}} [{{IPA link|ɟ}}] of [[Czech phonology|Czech]].}}

The "[[retroflex]]" {{IPA|/ᶑ/}} is articulated with the [[Apical consonant|tip]] or the [[Subapical consonant|underside]] of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops. It has been described as [[post-alveolar]],{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=22–23}} [[pre-palatal]] or [[pre-retroflex]].{{sfn|Bahl|1936|p=28}} {{harvtxt|Bahl|1936|p=30}} reports that this sound is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness. The plain voiced {{IPA|/ɖ/}} and the implosive {{IPA|/ᶑ/}} are mostly in [[complementary distribution]] although there are a few minimal pairs, like {{IPA|/ɖakʈəɾ/}} 'doctor' ~ {{IPA|/ᶑak/}} 'mail'.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|pp=590–91}}{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=20–21}} The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop {{IPA|/d/}} in the [[genitive case|genitive]] [[postposition]]/suffix {{IPA|/da/}}, which takes the form of {{IPA|/ᶑa/}} when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: {{IPA|/meᶑa/}} 'my', {{IPA|/teᶑa/}} 'your'.{{sfn|Bahl|1936|p=80}}

A [[dental implosive]] ({{IPA|/ɗ̪/}}) is found in the northeastern [[Jhangi dialect]], considered transitional between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki by {{harvtxt|Wagha|1997|p=229}},
which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops,{{sfn|Wagha|1997|pp=234–35}} and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=23}} The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth.{{sfn|Bahl|1936|p=28}} It is not present in Saraiki, although {{harvtxt|Bahl|1936|p=29}} contends that it should be [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] for the earlier language. Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of {{IPA|/ʄ/}} and the lesser retroflexion of {{IPA|/ᶑ/}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Shackle|2003|pp=590–91}}

Aspirated ([[breathy voiced]]) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: ''{{IPA|/ɓʰɛ(h)/}}'' 'sit' ~ ''{{IPA|/bʰɛ/}}'' 'fear'.{{sfn|Bahl|1936|pp=77–78}} The aspiration is not [[phonemic]];{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=22}} it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable,{{sfn|Bahl|1936|pp=39–40}} and results from an underlying {{IPA|/h/}} that follows the vowel, thus {{IPA|[ɓʰɛh]}} is phonemically {{IPA|/ɓɛh/}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=31}}

The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole{{efn|Saraiki differs for example in the presence of geminated implosives, or the treatment of Sanskrit ''{{IAST|vy-}}'', whose Saraiki reflex {{IPA|/ɓ/}} contrasts with the Sindhi {{IPA|/w/}}.{{harv|Bahl|1936|pp=57–64}}}} the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|'''j'''anayati}}'' > Saraiki ''{{IPA|'''ʄ'''əɲən}}'' 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, ''{{IAST|'''y'''ava}}'' > ''{{IPA|'''dʒ'''ao}}'' 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[English language|English]] (''{{IPA|'''ɡ'''ərdən}}'' 'throat', ''{{IPA|'''b'''əs}}'' 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of the major developments:{{sfn|Bahl|1936|pp=57–64}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Sanskrit]]/<br />[[Prakrit]]
!Saraiki
!example word{{efn|Sanskrit words are transliterated using [[IAST]]. An asterisk ''*'' denotes an unattested but [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] form.}}
|-
| b-
| rowspan="3" style="background:#e5f5e0"| ɓ
| ''{{IAST|bahu}}'' > ''{{IPA|ɓəhʊ̃}}'' 'many'
|-
| dv-
| ''{{IAST|dvitiya-}}'' > ''{{IPA|ɓja}}'' 'another'
|-
| rowspan="3" | v-
| ''{{IAST|vṛddhā}}'' > ''{{IPA|ɓuɖɖʱa}}'' 'old'
|-
| b
| ''{{IAST|vaṇa-}}'' > ''{{IPA|bən}}'' 'forest'
|-
| v
| ''{{IAST|vartman-}}'' > ''{{IPA|vaʈ}}'' 'path'
|-
| j
| rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0"| ʄ
| ''{{IAST|jihvā}}'' > ''{{IPA|ʄɪbbʰ}}'' 'tongue'
|-
| jy-
| ''{{IAST|jyeṣṭhā}}'' > ''{{IPA|ʄeʈʰ}}'' 'husband's elder brother'
|-
| -jy-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0"| ʄʄ
| ''{{IAST|rajyate}}'' > ''{{IPA|rəʄʄəɲ}}'' 'to satisfy'
|-
| -dy-
| ''{{IAST|adya}}'' > ''{{IPA|əʄʄ{{sup|ə}}}}'' 'today'
|-
| y-
| dʒ
| ''{{IAST|yadi}}'' > ''{{IPA|dʒe}}'' 'if'
|-
| ḍ-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0"| ᶑ
| [[Prakrit|Pk.]] ''{{IAST|gaḍḍaha-}}'' > ''{{IPA|gəᶑᶑũ}}'' 'donkey'
|-
| d-
| ''{{IAST|duḥkha}}'' > ''{{IPA|ᶑʊkkʰ{{sup|ə}}}}'' 'sorrow'
|-
| -rd-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0"| ᶑᶑ
| ''{{IAST|kūrdati}}'' > ''{{IPA|kʊᶑᶑəɲ}}'' 'to jump'
|-
| -dāt-
| ''{{IAST|*kadātana}}'' > ''{{IPA|kəᶑᶑəɳ}}'' 'when'
|-
| -bdh-
| ɖɖ
| ''{{IAST|stabdha}}'' > ''{{IPA|ʈʰəɖɖa}}'' 'cold'
|-
| -ṇḍ-
| ɳɖ
| ''{{IAST|ḍaṇḍaka}}'' > ''{{IPA|ᶑəɳɖa}}'' 'stick'
|-
| g
| rowspan="2" style="background:#e5f5e0"| ɠ
| ''{{IAST|gāva-}}'' > ''{{IPA|ɠã}}'' 'cow'
|-
| rowspan="2" | gr-
| ''{{IAST|grantha}}'' > ''{{IPA|ɠəɳɖʰ}}'' 'knot'
|-
| ɡ
| ''{{IAST|grāma}}'' > ''{{IPA|ɡrã}}'' 'village'
|}

Within South Asia, implosives were first described for [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] by Stake in 1855. Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them "recursives" or "injectives", while [[G. A. Grierson|Grierson]] incorrectly treated them as "double consonants".{{sfn|Bahl|1936|pp=4, 10}}

==Writing system==
{{See also|Saraiki alphabet}}
{{Arabic-script sidebar|Saraiki}}
In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the [[Arabic script|Arabic]]-derived [[Urdu alphabet]] with the addition of seven [[diacritic]]ally modified letters to represent the implosives and the extra nasals.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|pp=598–99}}{{efn|The practice is traced back to Juke's 1900 dictionary. The modern standard was agreed upon in 1979 {{harv|Wagha|1997|pp=240–41}}.}} In [[Sindh]] the [[Sindhi alphabet]] is used.{{sfn|Shackle|2014b}} The calligraphic styles used are [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]].{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2016}}

Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as ''kiṛakkī'' or [[Laṇḍā scripts|laṇḍā]], although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=594}}{{sfn|Wagha|1997|pp=239–40}} Likewise, a script related to the [[Landa scripts]] family, known as [[Multani script|Multani]], was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode the Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n4027.pdf|title=Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646|access-date=17 April 2012|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926181548/http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n4027.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005.{{citation needed|date=October 2016|reason = a quick search at unicode.org doesn't reveal anything. Multani seems to be there though.}} The [[Khojki|Khojiki script]] has also been in use, whereas [[Devanagari]] and [[Gurmukhi]] are not employed any more.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2016}}{{better source needed|date=November 2016}}

==Language use==
===<span id="Saraiki in academia"></span>In academia===
The Department of Saraiki, [[Islamia University]], Bahawalpur was established in 1989<ref name="iub.edu.pk"/> and the Department of Saraiki, [[Bahauddin Zakariya University]], Multan<ref name="bzu.edu.pk"/> was established in 2006. BS Saraiki is also being offered by English department of [[Ghazi University]], Dera Ghazi Khan and MA Saraiki is being offered by [[Gomal University]], Dera Ismail Khan privately. It is taught as a subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary and intermediate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt plans to recruit teachers of Punjabi, Seraiki languages |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1674633 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In a first, K-P introduces regional-language books in govt schools |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1341136/landmark-move-first-k-p-introduces-regional-language-books-govt-schools |work=The Express Tribune |date=27 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Saraiki is also taught at degree level at the [[Allama Iqbal Open University]] at Islamabad,<ref name="aiou.edu.pk"/> and the Al-Khair University at Bhimbir have Pakistani Linguistics Departments. They offer M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki. The Associated Press of Pakistan has launched a Saraiki version of its site, as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saraiki.app.com.pk/saraiki/ |title=Associated Press Of Pakistan ( Pakistan's Premier NEWS Agency ) - Saraiki|work=app.com.pk|date=18 February 2024 }}</ref>

===Arts and literature===
{{Main|Saraiki literature}}
{{See also|Saraiki culture}}
[[File:A picture of Shrine of Hazrat Khwaja Ghulam Farid by Usman Ghani.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Tomb of Sufi poet [[Khwaja Ghulam Farid]]]]
The language, partly codified during the [[British Raj]], derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint, [[Khwaja Ghulam Farid|Khawaja Ghulam Farid]], who has become an identity symbol.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQDzCQAAQBAJ&dq=saraiki+ghulam+farid&pg=PT177 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability And Resilience |date=16 June 2016 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-707-7 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref> His poems, known as [[Kafi]] are still famous.
{{poemquote|text=The beloved's intense glances call for blood
The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black
And slays the lovers with no excuse
My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait
While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart
My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid|source=one of Khwaja Ghulam Farid's poems (translated)}}
Shakir Shujabadi (''Kalam-e-Shakir'', ''Khuda Janey'', ''Shakir Diyan Ghazlan'', ''Peelay Patr'', ''Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway'', and ''Shakir De Dohray'' are his famous books) is a very well recognised modern poet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakir Shujabadi |url=http://www.wasaib.com/shakir-shujabadi/}}</ref>

[[Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi|Ataullah Khan Esakhelvi]] and [[Shafaullah Rokhri]] are considered legends of [[Saraiki music]] and the most popular singers from the [[Saraiki belt]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2020 |title=Legendary Saraiki singer Shafa Ullah passes away |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2261722/legendary-saraiki-singer-shafa-ullah-passes-away |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> {{anchor|Saraiki media}}

===Media===
====Television channels====
{{See also|Television in Pakistan}}
Former Pakistan Prime Minister [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] had said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations. In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in [[Multan]], he is reported to have said that the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36075|title=Associated Press Of Pakistan ( Pakistan's Premier NEWS Agency ) - PTV's Saraiki channel to promote area's culture: PM|author=uploader|work=app.com.pk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055954/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36075|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! TV Channel
! Genre
! Founded
|-
| Waseb TV ({{Nastaliq|وسیب ٹی وی}})||Entertainment||
|-
| Kook TV ({{Nastaliq|کوک ٹی وی}})||Entertainment ||
|-
| Rohi TV ({{Nastaliq|روہی ٹی وی}})||Entertainment||
|-
| [[PTV MULTAN]] ({{Nastaliq|پی ٹی وی ملتان}})||Entertainment||
|-
| [[PTV National]] ({{Nastaliq|پی ٹی وی نیشنل}})||Entertainment||
|}

====Radio====
These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but most play programmes in Saraiki.

{{See also|Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Radio Channel
! Genre
! Founded
|-
|FM105 Saraiki Awaz Sadiq Abad ||Entertainment||
|}

==See also==
*[[Saraikistan]]
*[[Saraiki people]] 
*[[List of Saraiki people]]
*[[Saraiki culture]]
*[[Saraiki cuisine]]
*[[Saraiki literature]]
*[[Saraiki diaspora]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite JIPA |author1=Atta, Firdos |author2=van de Weijer, Jeroen |author3=Zhu, Lei |title=Saraiki|pages=1&ndash;21|doi=10.1017/S0025100320000328|onlinedate=2020-11-23|soundfiles=yes}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|33em|indent=yes}}
* Asif, Saiqa Imtiaz. 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925180100/http://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Journal%20Vol%207/Saqia%20Imtiaz.pdf Siraiki Language and Ethnic Identity]. ''Journal of Research (Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies)'', 7: 9-17. [[Multan]] (Pakistan): [[Bahauddin Zakariya University]].
*{{Cite journal| last1 = Awan| first1 = Muhammad Safeer| last2 = Baseer| first2 = Abdul| last3 = Sheeraz| first3 = Muhammad| title = Outlining Saraiki Phonetics: A Comparative Study of Saraiki and English Sound System| journal = Language in India| issn = 1930-2940| volume = 12| issue = 7| pages = 120–136| access-date = 21 October 2016| date = 2012| url = http://www.languageinindia.com/july2012/awansaraikisoundsystemfinal.pdf}}
*{{Cite book| last = Bahl| first = Parmanand| title = Étude de phonetique historique et experimentale des consonnes injectives du Multani, dialecte panjabi occidental| location = Paris|publisher = Adrien-Maisonneuve| date = 1936}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Bashir|first1=Elena|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1062344143|title=A descriptive grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki|last2=Conners|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Hefright|first3=Brook|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|others=Hefright, Brook|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61451-296-7|pages=62; 77|oclc=1062344143|author-link=Elena Bashir}}
*{{cite book| last = Bhatia | first = Motia| year = 2016| chapter = Lahanda | pages = 134–57| title = The Languages of Punjab | editor-last1= Devy| editor-first1 = Ganesh| editor-last2= Koul| editor-first2 = Omkar N.| editor-last3= Bhat| editor-first3 = Roop Krishen| series = People's Linguistic Survey of India| volume = 24| number = 2 | place = Hyderabad| publisher = Orient Blackswan| isbn = 978-8125062400}}
*{{Cite book| last = Dani| first = A.H.| editor-last = Khuhro| editor-first = Hamida| title = Sind through the centuries : proceedings of an international seminar held in Karachi in Spring 1975| chapter = Sindhu – Sauvira : A glimpse into the early history of Sind| location = Karachi| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-577250-0| date = 1981| pages = 35–42}}
*{{cite web |last=Gardezi |first=Hassan N. |year=1996 |title=Saraiki Language and its poetics: An Introduction <!--|location=London |publisher=Sangat Publishers--> |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sangat/sang1296.htm#NO2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421115140/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sangat/sang1296.htm#NO2 |archive-date=21 April 2009 }} <!-- Not in Worldcat. Many citations on the web, but many are mere scrapes of Wikipedia. -->
*{{cite book| last = Goswami| first = Krishan Kumar| year = 1994| title = Code switching in Lahanda speech community : a sociolinguistic survey| place = Delhi| publisher = Kalinga Publications| isbn = 818516357X}}
*<!--Grierson 1919-->{{Cite LSI|8|1}}
*{{cite journal|last = Javaid|first = Umbreen|year = 2004|url = http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title = Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal = Journal of Research (Humanities)|volume = 40|issue = 2|pages = 45–55|location = Lahore|publisher = Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
*{{Cite journal|author-last=Latif|author-first=Amna|year=2003|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/Publication/Crulp_report/CR03_16E.pdf|title=Phonemic Inventory of Siraiki Language and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives|publisher=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing|journal=CRULP Annual Student Report, 2002-2003}}
*{{Cite web| title = Saraiki| url = https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/skr| editor-last1 = Lewis| editor-first1 = M. Paul| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| website = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2016| edition = 19| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190425102808/http://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/skr/| archive-date = 25 April 2019| url-access = subscription}}
*{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| title = The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan| journal = Language Problems & Language Planning| date = 1995| volume = 19| issue = 1| doi = 10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah| pages = 1–25}}
*{{Cite book| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| date = 1996| author-mask = 2| title = Language and politics in Pakistan| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-577692-8}}
*{{cite journal| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| year = 1997| author-mask = 2| title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan| journal = Asian Survey| volume = 37| issue =9| pages = 833–839| doi = 10.2307/2645700| jstor = 2645700| issn = 0004-4687}}
*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 1976| title = The Siraiki language of central Pakistan : a reference grammar| location = London| publisher = School of Oriental and African Studies}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 1977| author-mask = 2| title = Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan| journal = Modern Asian Studies| issn = 0026-749X| volume = 11| issue = 3| pages = 379–403| jstor = 311504| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014190| s2cid = 144829301}}
*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 2003| author-mask = 2| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| chapter = Panjabi| editor-last1 = Cardona| editor-first1 = George| editor-last2 = Jain| editor-first2 = Dhanesh| location = London| publisher = Routledge| series = Routledge language family series. Y| isbn = 978-0-7007-1130-7| pages = 581–621}}
*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 2007| author-mask = 2| title = Language and national identity in Asia| chapter = Pakistan| editor-last= Simpson| editor-first=Andrew| series = Oxford linguistics Y| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-922648-1}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 2014a| author-mask = 2| title = Lahnda language| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica| access-date = 24 October 2016| url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lahnda-language}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| author-mask = 2| date = 2014b| title = Siraiki language| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica| access-date = 18 October 2016| url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siraiki-language}}
*{{cite thesis|last= Wagha|first= Muhammad Ahsan|date= 1997|title= The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan|type= Ph.D.|publisher= School of Oriental and African Studies|url= http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685|url-access= registration|access-date= 5 November 2016|archive-date= 14 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170214205829/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685|url-status= dead}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{InterWiki|code= skr}}
* [http://www.dcc.ufla.br/infocomp/index.php/INFOCOMP/article/view/576/505 A review of the linguistic literature on Saraiki]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html Saraiki Alphabet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130213535/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html |date=30 November 2017 }} with Gurmukhi equivalents
* [http://saraiki.jimdo.com/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88-%D8%AA%DB%92-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9/ Download Saraiki font and keyboard for Windows and Android] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403194710/http://saraiki.jimdo.com/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88-%D8%AA%DB%92-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9/ |date=3 April 2015 }}
* [http://www.sanlp.org/saraikiMT/saraikiMT.aspx Saraiki online transliteration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022012757/http://www.sanlp.org/saraikiMT/saraikiMT.aspx |date=22 October 2014 }}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Aslam%20Rasoolpuri Works by Aslam Rasoolpuri] at the Internet Archive

{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Punjabi dialects}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Saraiki language| ]]
[[Category:Greater Punjabi languages and dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Sindh]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]