Editing Saul Bellow

{{Short description|American writer (1915–2005)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name             = Saul Bellow
| image            = Saul Bellow (Herzog portrait).jpg
| caption          = Photo portrait of Bellow from the dust jacket of ''[[Herzog (novel)|Herzog]]'' (1964)
| birth_name       = Solomon Bellows
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1915|06|10}}
| birth_place      = [[Lachine, Quebec]], Canada
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2005|04|05|1915|06|10}}
| death_place      = [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| education        = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Chicago]]
* [[Northwestern University]] (BA)
* [[University of Wisconsin]]}}
| occupation       = Writer
| citizenship      = {{hlist|United States|Canada}}
| spouse           = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Anita Goshkin|1937|1956|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|Alexandra (Sondra) Tschacbasov|1956|1959|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|Susan Glassman|1961|1964|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Alexandra Bellow|Alexandra Ionescu Tulcea]]|1974|1985|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|Janis Freedman|1989}}}}
| notable_works    = {{plainlist|
* ''[[The Adventures of Augie March]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Henderson the Rain King]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Herzog (novel)|Herzog]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Humboldt's Gift]]'' (1975)}}
| awards           = {{plainlist|
* [[National Book Award]] (1954, 1965, 1971)
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (1976)
* [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] (1976)
* [[National Medal of Arts]] (1988)}}
| children         = 4, including [[Adam Bellow]]
| signature        = Saul Bellow signature.svg
}}

'''Saul Bellow''' (born '''Solomon Bellows'''; June 10, 1915{{snd}}April 5, 2005)<ref name="groups.jewishgen.org">{{Cite web|title=Saul BELLOW, son of Abraham BELLOWS of Vilna|url=https://groups.jewishgen.org/g/main/topic/70423289|access-date=November 11, 2022|website= Jewish Genealogical Society-Montreal |quote=Date of birth was 10 June per his wife, Janis Bellow, in her Preface to Bellow's Collected Stories; wouldn't she know his birthdate?.}}</ref> was a Canadian-American<!-- per [[MOS:NATIONALITY]] --> writer. For his literary work, Bellow was awarded the [[Pulitzer Prize]], the [[1976 Nobel Prize in Literature]], and the [[National Medal of Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NATIONAL MEDAL OF ART RECIPIENTS |work=University of Chicago News|url=https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/global-impact/accolades/national-medal-of-arts |access-date=December 16, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He is the only writer to win the [[National Book Award for Fiction]] three times,<ref name=winners/> and he received the National Book Foundation's lifetime [[National Book Award#Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters|Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters]] in 1990.<ref name=medal>
[http://www.nationalbook.org/amerletters.html "Distinguished Contribution to American Letters"]. National Book Foundation. Retrieved March 12, 2012.</ref>

In the words of the Swedish [[Nobel Committee]], his writing exhibited "the mixture of rich [[picaresque novel]] and subtle analysis of our culture, of entertaining adventure, drastic and tragic episodes in quick succession interspersed with philosophic conversation, all developed by a commentator with a witty tongue and penetrating insight into the outer and inner complications that drive us to act, or prevent us from acting, and that can be called the dilemma of our age."<ref name="nobelprize">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1976/press.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 – Press Release |publisher=nobelprize.org|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref> His best-known works include ''[[The Adventures of Augie March]],'' ''[[Henderson the Rain King]]'', ''[[Herzog (novel)|Herzog]]'', ''[[Mr. Sammler's Planet]]'', ''[[Seize the Day (novel)|Seize the Day]]'', ''[[Humboldt's Gift]]'', and ''[[Ravelstein]]''.

Bellow said that of all his characters, Eugene Henderson, of ''[[Henderson the Rain King]]'', was the one most like himself.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/06/books/06bellow.html|title=''The New York Times'', Mel Gussow and Charles McGrath[2005], in ''Saul Bellow, Who Breathed Life into American Novel'', Dies at 89. |newspaper=nytimes.com|date=April 6, 2005 |access-date=August 26, 2015|last1=Gussow |first1=Mel |last2=McGrath |first2=Charles }}</ref> Bellow grew up as an immigrant from Quebec. As [[Christopher Hitchens]] describes it, Bellow's fiction and principal characters reflect his own yearning for transcendence, a battle "to overcome not just ghetto conditions but also ghetto psychoses."<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Hitchens|title=Arguably: Shortlisted for the 2012 Orwell Prize|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2f9ECP49MLIC&pg=PT54|year=2011|publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=978-0-85789-257-7|page=54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jewish American titan from the ghetto |author= Christopher Hitchens |url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/jewish-american-titan-from-the-ghetto-b1jqjurg|access-date=December 16, 2022 |website=www.thejc.com}}</ref> Bellow's protagonists wrestle with what Albert Corde, the dean in ''The Dean's December'', called "the big-scale insanities of the 20th century."{{page needed|date=December 2022}} This transcendence of the "unutterably dismal" (a phrase from ''[[Dangling Man]]''){{page needed|date=December 2022}} is achieved, if it can be achieved at all, through a "ferocious assimilation of learning" (Hitchens){{citation needed|date=December 2022}} and an emphasis on nobility.

==Biography==

===Early life===
Saul Bellow was born Solomon Bellows<ref Name="Name">Library of America ''Bellow Novels 1944–1953'', pg. 1000.</ref><ref name=NYTobit>{{Cite news|last1=Gussow|first1=Mel|last2=McGrath|first2=Charles|date=April 6, 2005|title=Saul Bellow, Who Breathed Life Into American Novel, Dies at 89|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/06/books/saul-bellow-who-breathed-life-into-american-novel-dies-at-89.html|access-date=December 16, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> in [[Lachine, Quebec]], two years after his parents, Lescha (née Gordin) and Abraham Bellows,<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Bellow: A Biography|author=Atlas, J.|date=2000|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780394585017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2GwAAAAIAAJ|access-date=August 26, 2015}}</ref> emigrated from [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia.<ref Name="Name"/><ref name=NYTobit/> He had three elder siblings - sister Zelda (later Jane, born in 1907), brothers Moishe (later Maurice, born in 1908) and Schmuel (later Samuel, born in 1911).<ref name="Leader 2015 p." /> Bellow's family was [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian-Jewish]];<ref name="theguardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/apr/27/greg-bellow-father-saul|title=Greg Bellow: My father, Saul|work=The Guardian|date=April 27, 2013|author=Emma Brockes}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/great-author-terrible-father-memoir-portrays-saul-bellow-as-an-egotistical-womaniser-who-drove-his-son-into-therapy-8577412.html|title=Great author, terrible father: Memoir portrays Saul Bellow as an egotistical womaniser who drove his son into therapy – Features – Books – The Independent|newspaper=independent.co.uk|access-date=August 26, 2015}}</ref> his father was born in [[Vilnius]]. Bellow celebrated his birthday on June 10, although he appears to have been born on July 10, according to records from the Jewish Genealogical Society-Montreal. (In the Jewish community, it was customary to record the Hebrew date of birth, which does not always coincide with the Gregorian calendar.)<ref>''The New York Times'' obituary, April 6, 2005. "...his birthdate is listed as either June or July 10, 1915, though his lawyer, Mr. Pozen, said yesterday that Mr. Bellow customarily celebrated in June. (Immigrant Jews at that time tended to be careless about the Christian calendar, and the records are inconclusive.)"</ref> Of his family's emigration, Bellow wrote: {{blockquote|The retrospective was strong in me because of my parents. They were both full of the notion that they were falling, falling. They had been prosperous cosmopolitans in Saint Petersburg. My mother could never stop talking about the family [[dacha]], her privileged life, and how all that was now gone. She was working in the kitchen. Cooking, washing, mending ... There had been servants in Russia ... But you could always transpose from your humiliating condition with the help of a sort of embittered irony.<ref>Saul Bellow, ''It All Adds Up'', first published 1994, Penguin edition 2007, pp. 295–96.</ref>}}

A period of illness from a respiratory infection at age eight both taught him self-reliance (he was a very fit man despite his sedentary occupation) and provided an opportunity to satisfy his hunger for reading: reportedly, he decided to be a writer when he first read [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]].''

When Bellow was nine, his family moved to the [[Humboldt Park, Chicago|Humboldt Park]] neighborhood on the [[West Side, Chicago|West Side]] of Chicago, the city that formed the backdrop of many of his novels. Bellow's father, Abraham, had become an onion importer. He also worked in a bakery, as a coal delivery man, and as a bootlegger.<ref name=NYTobit /> Bellow's mother, Liza, died when he was 17. She had been deeply religious and wanted her youngest son, Saul, to become a rabbi or a concert violinist. But he rebelled against what he later called the "suffocating orthodoxy" of his religious upbringing, and he began writing at a young age. Bellow's lifelong love for the Torah began at four when he learned [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Bellow also grew up reading [[Shakespeare]] and the great [[Russian literature|Russian novelists]] of the 19th century.<ref name=NYTobit />

In Chicago, he took part in [[anthroposophy|anthroposophical studies]] at the [[Anthroposophical Society of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2010/11/saul-bellow-life-steiner|title=Saul Bellow: Letters|website=www.newstatesman.com|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref> Bellow attended [[Tuley High School]] on Chicago's west side where he befriended [[Yetta Barsh Shachtman|Yetta Barsh]] and [[Isaac Rosenfeld]]. In his 1959 novel ''[[Henderson the Rain King]]'', Bellow modeled the character King Dahfu on Rosenfeld.<ref name="test">[http://www.bu.edu/partisanreview/archive/2002/1/zipperstein.html "Isaac Rosenfeld's Dybbuk and Rethinking Literary Biography"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030852/http://www.bu.edu/partisanreview/archive/2002/1/zipperstein.html |date=December 3, 2013 }}, Zipperstein, Steven J. (2002). Partisan Review 49 (1). Retrieved October 17, 2010.</ref>

===Education and early career===
Bellow attended the [[University of Chicago]] but later transferred to [[Northwestern University]]. He originally wanted to study literature, but he felt the English department was anti-Jewish. Instead, he graduated with honors in [[anthropology]] and sociology.<ref>''The New York Times'' obituary, April 6, 2005. "He had hoped to study literature but was put off by what he saw as the tweedy anti-Semitism of the English department, and graduated in 1937 with honors in anthropology and sociology, subjects that were later to instill his novels."</ref> It has been suggested Bellow's study of anthropology had an influence on his literary style, and anthropological references pepper his works. He later did graduate work at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]].

Paraphrasing Bellow's description of his close friend [[Allan Bloom]] (see ''[[Ravelstein]]''), [[John Podhoretz]] has said that both Bellow and Bloom "inhaled books and ideas the way the rest of us breathe air."<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article379354.ece |title=Saul Bellow, a neocon's tale |newspaper=[[The Times]]|access-date=August 26, 2015}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In the 1930s, Bellow was part of the Chicago branch of the [[Federal Writers' Project]], which included such future Chicago literary luminaries as [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]] and [[Nelson Algren]]. Many of the writers were radical: if they were not members of the [[Communist Party USA]], they were sympathetic to the cause. Bellow was a [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]], but because of the greater numbers of [[Stalinism|Stalinist]]-leaning writers, he had to suffer their taunts.<ref>Drew, Bettina. ''Nelson Algren, A Life on the Wild Side.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991</ref>

In 1941, Bellow became a [[naturalized]] United States citizen, after discovering, on attempting to enlist in the armed forces, that he had immigrated to the United States illegally as a child.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Slater
| first = Elinor
|author2=Robert Slater
 | title = Great Jewish Men
| publisher = Jonathan David Company
| year = 1996
| page = 42
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T91sokr_nJYC&q=great+jewish+men
| chapter = SAUL BELLOW: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T91sokr_nJYC&q=bellow+naturalized+citizen&pg=PA42
| isbn = 0-8246-0381-8
| access-date = October 21, 2007
}}</ref><ref name=SlateHitchens>{{cite magazine|last1=Hitchens|first1=Christopher|title=Remembering Saul Bellow|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/obit/2005/04/he_was_an_american_quebecborn.html|magazine=Slate|access-date=June 13, 2015}}</ref>
In 1943, [[Maxim Lieber]] was his literary agent.

During [[World War II]], Bellow joined the [[United States Merchant Marine|merchant marine]] and during his service he completed his first novel, ''[[Dangling Man]]'' (1944) about a young Chicago man waiting to be drafted for the war.

From 1946 through 1948 Bellow taught at the [[University of Minnesota]]. In the fall of 1947, following a tour to promote his novel ''[[The Victim (novel)|The Victim]]'', he moved into a large old house at 58 Orlin Avenue SE in the [[Prospect Park, Minneapolis|Prospect Park]] neighborhood of [[Minneapolis]].<ref name="Leader 2015 p.">{{cite book|title=The Life of Saul Bellow: to fame and fortune, 1915–1964|last=Leader|first=Zachary|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=2015|isbn=978-0-307-26883-9|location=New York|page=64|oclc=880756047}}</ref>

In 1948, Bellow was awarded a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] that allowed him to move to Paris, where he began writing ''[[The Adventures of Augie March]]'' (1953). Critics have remarked on the resemblance between Bellow's [[picaresque novel]] and the great 17th-century Spanish classic ''[[Don Quixote]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pinsker|first=Sanford|date=April 1973|title=Saul Bellow in the Classroom|journal=College English|volume=34|issue=7|pages=980|jstor=375232|doi=10.2307/375232}}</ref> The book starts with one of American literature's most famous opening paragraphs,<ref name="npr">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2005/04/08/4583405/saul-bellow-an-appreciation|title=Saul Bellow, An Appreciation : NPR|website=NPR|date=April 8, 2005|publisher=npr.org|access-date=August 26, 2015|last1=Cheuse|first1=Alan}}</ref> and it follows its titular character through a series of careers and encounters, as he lives by his wits and his resolve. Written in a colloquial yet philosophical style, ''The Adventures of Augie March'' established Bellow's reputation as a major author.

In 1953, Bellow translated [[Gimpel the Fool]] by [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]] from Yiddish into English.

In 1958, Bellow once again taught at the University of Minnesota. During this time, he and his wife Sasha received psychoanalysis from University of Minnesota Psychology Professor [[Paul Meehl]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Menand |first=Louis |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Young Saul |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/11/young-saul |magazine= The New Yorker |location= New York, NY|access-date= October 18, 2016}}</ref>

In the spring term of 1961 he taught creative writing at the [[University of Puerto Rico]] at [[Río Piedras, Puerto Rico|Río Piedras]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bellow |first=Saul | year= 2010|title=Saul Bellow: Letters |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sr98LzRQvUUC&q=Saul+Bellow%3A+Letters+Puerto+Rico+1961&pg=PT216
|others=redactor Ben Taylor |location= New York |publisher=Viking |isbn=9781101445327 |access-date=July 12, 2014 | quote = ... Puerto Rico, where he was spending the spring term of 1961.}}</ref>
One of his students was [[William Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]], who was encouraged by Bellow to write fiction.

===Return to Chicago and mid-career===
Bellow lived in New York City for years, but returned to Chicago in 1962 as a professor at the Committee on Social Thought at the [[University of Chicago]]. The committee's goal was to have professors work closely with talented graduate students on a multi-disciplinary approach to learning. His students included the poet, [[Tom Mandel (poet)|Tom Mandel]]. Bellow taught on the committee for more than 30 years, alongside his close friend, the philosopher [[Allan Bloom]].

There were also other reasons for Bellow's return to Chicago, where he moved into the [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]] neighborhood with his third wife, Susan Glassman. Bellow found Chicago vulgar but vital, and more representative of America than New York.<ref>The New York Times Book Review, December 13, 1981</ref> He was able to stay in contact with old high school friends and a broad cross-section of society. In a 1982 profile, Bellow's neighborhood was described as a high-crime area in the city's center, and Bellow maintained he had to live in such a place as a writer and "stick to his guns."<ref>''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', March 1982</ref>

Bellow hit the bestseller list in 1964 with his novel ''[[Herzog (novel)|Herzog]]''. Bellow was surprised at the commercial success of this cerebral novel about a middle-aged and troubled college professor who writes letters to friends, scholars and the dead, but never sends them. Bellow returned to his exploration of mental instability, and its relationship to genius, in his 1975 novel ''[[Humboldt's Gift]]''. Bellow used his late friend and rival, the brilliant but self-destructive poet [[Delmore Schwartz]], as his model for the novel's title character, Von Humboldt Fleisher.<ref name=Atlas>Atlas, James. ''Bellow: A Biography.'' New York: Random House, 2000.</ref> Bellow also used [[Rudolf Steiner]]'s spiritual science, anthroposophy, as a theme in the book, having attended a study group in Chicago. He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1969.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=May 30, 2011}}</ref>

===Nobel Prize and later career===
Propelled by the success of ''Humboldt's Gift'', Bellow won the [[1976 Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize in literature in 1976]]. In the 70-minute address he gave to an audience in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], Bellow called on writers to be beacons for civilization and awaken it from intellectual torpor.<ref name=Atlas />

The following year, the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] selected Bellow for the [[Jefferson Lecture]], the US federal government's highest honor for achievement in the [[humanities]]. Bellow's lecture was entitled "The Writer and His Country Look Each Other Over."<ref name="jefflect">[http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/jefflect.html Jefferson Lecturers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020121101/http://www.neh.gov///whoweare/jefflect.html |date=October 20, 2011 }} at NEH Website. Retrieved January 22, 2009.</ref>

From December 1981 to March 1982, Bellow was the Visiting Lansdowne Scholar at the [[University of Victoria]] (BC),<ref>{{cite web|title=Visiting Lansdowne scholar, Saul Bellow|url=http://archives.library.uvic.ca/hpc/index.php/visiting-lansdowne-scholar-saul-bellow;rad|website=University of Victoria Archives|access-date=June 14, 2015}}</ref> and also held the title Writer-in-Residence.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Colombo|first1=John Robert|title=Canadian Literary Landmarks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdPnEvbEKgQC&pg=PA283|publisher=Dundum|page=283|isbn=9781459717985|date=January 1984}}</ref> In 1998, he was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Saul+Bellow&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=December 2, 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

Bellow traveled widely throughout his life, mainly to Europe, which he sometimes visited twice a year.<ref name=Atlas /> As a young man, Bellow went to [[Mexico City]] to meet [[Leon Trotsky]], but the expatriate Russian revolutionary was assassinated the day before they were to meet. Bellow's social contacts were wide and varied. He tagged along with [[Robert F. Kennedy]] for a magazine profile he never wrote, and was close friends with the author [[Ralph Ellison]]. His many friends included the journalist [[Sydney J. Harris]] and the poet [[John Berryman]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/27/archives/john-berryman-friend.html|title=John Berryman, Friend|last=Bellow|first=Saul|date=May 27, 1973|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

While sales of Bellow's first few novels were modest, that turned around with ''[[Herzog (novel)|Herzog]]''. Bellow continued teaching well into his old age, enjoying its human interaction and exchange of ideas. He taught at [[Yale University]], [[University of Minnesota]], [[New York University]], [[Princeton University]], [[University of Puerto Rico]], [[University of Chicago]], [[Bard College]] and [[Boston University]], where he co-taught a class with [[James Wood (critic)|James Wood]] ('modestly absenting himself' when it was time to discuss ''Seize the Day''). In order to take up his appointment at Boston, Bellow moved from Chicago to [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], in 1993; he died there on April 5, 2005, at age 89. He is buried at the Jewish cemetery Shir HeHarim of [[Brattleboro]], [[Vermont]].

While he read voluminously, Bellow also played the violin and followed sports. Work was a constant for him, but he at times toiled at a plodding pace on his novels, frustrating the publishing company.<ref name=Atlas />

His early works earned him the reputation as a major novelist of the 20th century, and by his death he was widely regarded as one of the greatest living novelists.<ref name="Linda Grant">{{Cite web|date=April 9, 2005|title=Linda Grant on Saul Bellow|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/apr/10/fiction.saulbellow|access-date=December 16, 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en |quote=He was the first true immigrant voice}}</ref> He was the first writer to win three National Book Awards in all award categories.<ref name=winners>{{Cite web|title=National Book Foundation - Explore the Archives|url=https://www.nationalbook.org/national-book-awards/search/|access-date=December 16, 2022|website=National Book Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><!-- unofficial count. Our [[List of winners of the National Book Award]] may be easier to search efficiently --> His friend and protege [[Philip Roth]] has said of him, "The backbone of 20th-century American literature has been provided by two novelists—[[William Faulkner]] and Saul Bellow. Together they are the Melville, Hawthorne, and Twain of the 20th century." [[James Wood (critic)|James Wood]], in a eulogy of Bellow in ''[[The New Republic]]'', wrote:<ref>Wood, James, 'Gratitude', ''New Republic'', 00286583, April 25, 2005, Vol. 232, Issue 15</ref>

{{blockquote|I judged all modern prose by his. Unfair, certainly, because he made even the fleet-footed—the Updikes, the DeLillos, the Roths—seem like monopodes. Yet what else could I do? I discovered Saul Bellow's prose in my late teens, and henceforth, the relationship had the quality of a love affair about which one could not keep silent. Over the last week, much has been said about Bellow's prose, and most of the praise—perhaps because it has been overwhelmingly by men—has tended toward the robust: We hear about Bellow's mixing of high and low registers, his Melvillean cadences jostling the jivey Yiddish rhythms, the great teeming democracy of the big novels, the crooks and frauds and intellectuals who loudly people the brilliant sensorium of the fiction. All of this is true enough; John Cheever, in his journals, lamented that, alongside Bellow's fiction, his stories seemed like mere suburban splinters. Ian McEwan wisely suggested last week that British writers and critics may have been attracted to Bellow precisely because he kept alive a Dickensian amplitude now lacking in the English novel. ... But nobody mentioned the beauty of this writing, its music, its high lyricism, its firm but luxurious pleasure in language itself. ... [I]n truth, I could not thank him enough when he was alive, and I cannot now.}}

==Personal life ==
Bellow was married five times, with all but his last marriage ending in divorce. Bellow's wives were Anita Goshkin, Alexandra (Sondra) Tschacbasov (daughter of painter [[Nahum Tschacbasov]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://artrz.ru/search/%D1%81%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC/1805012471.html | title=Искусство и архитектура русского зарубежья - ЧАКБАСОВ Наум Степанович }}</ref>), Susan Glassman, [[Alexandra Bellow|Alexandra Ionescu Tulcea]], and Janis Freedman.

His son Greg by his first marriage became a [[psychotherapist]]; he published ''Saul Bellow's Heart: A Son's Memoir'' in 2013, nearly a decade after his father's death.<ref name="Woods">{{cite magazine |last1=Woods |first1=James |date=July 22, 2013 |title=Sins of the Fathers: Do great novelists make bad parents? |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/07/22/sins-of-the-father |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=December 30, 2014}}</ref> Bellow's son by his second marriage, [[Adam Bellow|Adam]], published a nonfiction book ''In Praise of Nepotism'' in 2003. Bellow's son by his third marriage, Daniel,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cusac |first=Anne-Marie |date=2022-12-22 |title=Underneath Saul Bellow's characters are real people {{!}} American Masters {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/underneath-saul-bellows-characters-are-real-people/25264/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=American Masters |language=en-US}}</ref> is a potter, a writer and a former journalist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.danielbellow.com/about-1 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Daniel Bellow Pottery |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1999, when he was 84, Bellow had his fourth child and first daughter, with Freedman.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/10/saul-bellow-letters-janis-interview| title = "Saul Bellow's widow on his life and letters: 'His gift was to love and be loved'", by Rachel Cooke, ''The Guardian''| website = [[TheGuardian.com]]| date = October 9, 2010}}</ref>

==Themes and style==
[[File:Saul Bellow.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Bellow by [[Zoran Tucić]]]]
Bellow's themes include the disorientation of contemporary society, and the ability of people to overcome their frailty and achieve greatness or awareness. Bellow saw many flaws in modern civilization, and its ability to foster madness, materialism and misleading knowledge.<ref>Malin, Irving. ''Saul Bellow's Fiction''. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1969</ref> Principal characters in Bellow's fiction have heroic potential, and many times they stand in contrast to the negative forces of society. Often these characters are Jewish and have a sense of alienation or otherness.

Jewish life and identity is a major theme in Bellow's work, although he bristled at being called a "Jewish writer". Bellow's work also shows a great appreciation of America, and a fascination with the uniqueness and vibrancy of the American experience.

Bellow's work abounds in references and quotes from [[Marcel Proust]] and [[Henry James]], among others, but he offsets these high-culture references with jokes.<ref name=NYTobit /> Bellow interspersed autobiographical elements into his fiction, and many of his principal characters were said to bear a resemblance to him.

==Assessment==
{{Over-quotation|section|date=June 2019}}
[[Martin Amis]] described Bellow as "The greatest American author ever, in my view".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Birnbaum|first=Robert|date=December 8, 2003|title=Martin Amis Interview - Identity Theory|url=https://www.identitytheory.com/martin-amis/|access-date=December 16, 2022|website=www.identitytheory.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
{{blockquote| His sentences seem to weigh more than anyone else's. He is like a force of nature ... He breaks all the rules ... [T]he people in Bellow's fiction are real people, yet the intensity of the gaze that he bathes them in, somehow through the particular, opens up into the universal.<ref>Martin Amis
Author of Yellow Dog talks with Robert Birnbaum, ''Identity Theory'', 8 December 2003, by Robert Birnbaum</ref>}}

For [[Linda Grant]], "What Bellow had to tell us in his fiction was that it was worth it, being alive."
{{blockquote|His vigour, vitality, humour and passion were always matched by the insistence on thought, not the predigested cliches of the mass media or of those on the left, which had begun to disgust him by the Sixties ... It's easy to be a 'writer of conscience'—anyone can do it if they want to; just choose your cause. Bellow was a writer about conscience and consciousness, forever conflicted by the competing demands of the great cities, the individual's urge to survival against all odds and his equal need for love and some kind of penetrating understanding of what there was of significance beyond all the racket and racketeering.<ref name="Linda Grant"/>}}

On the other hand, Bellow's detractors considered his work conventional and old-fashioned, as if the author were trying to revive the 19th-century European novel. In a private letter, [[Vladimir Nabokov]] described Bellow as a "miserable mediocrity".<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 1990|title=Private strife|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/1990/feb/01/biography.vladimirnabokov|access-date=December 16, 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Journalist and author [[Ron Rosenbaum]] described Bellow's ''[[Ravelstein]]'' (2000) as the only book that rose above Bellow's failings as an author. Rosenbaum wrote,

{{blockquote| My problem with the pre-''Ravelstein'' Bellow is that he all too often strains too hard to yoke together two somewhat contradictory aspects of his being and style. There's the street-wise Windy City wiseguy and then—as if to show off that the wiseguy has Wisdom—there are the undigested chunks of arcane, not entirely impressive, philosophic thought and speculation. Just to make sure you know his novels have intellectual heft. That the world and the flesh in his prose are both figured and transfigured.<ref>Rosenbaum, Ron. "Saul Bellow and the Bad Fish". ''Slate''. 3 April 2007</ref>}}

[[Kingsley Amis]], father of Martin Amis, was less impressed by Bellow. In 1971, Kingsley suggested that crime writer [[John D. MacDonald]] "is by any standards a better writer than Saul Bellow".<ref>{{cite book|last=Amis|first=Kingsley|author-link=Kingsley Amis|title=What Became of Jane Austen? And Other Questions|publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|chapter=A New James Bond|year=1971|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatbecameofjane00king/page/69 69]|isbn=9780151958603|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/whatbecameofjane00king/page/69}}</ref>

[[Sam Tanenhaus]] wrote in ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]'' in 2007:

{{blockquote|But what, then, of the many defects—the longueurs and digressions, the lectures on anthroposophy and religion, the arcane reading lists? What of the characters who don't change or grow but simply bristle onto the page, even the colorful lowlifes pontificating like fevered students in the seminars Bellow taught at the University of Chicago? And what of the punitively caricatured ex-wives drawn from the teeming annals of the novelist's own marital discord?}}

But Tanenhaus went on to answer his question:
{{blockquote|Shortcomings, to be sure. But so what? Nature doesn't owe us perfection. Novelists don't either. Who among us would even recognize perfection if we saw it? In any event, applying critical methods, of whatever sort, seemed futile in the case of an author who, as Randall Jarrell once wrote of Walt Whitman, 'is a world, a waste with, here and there, systems blazing at random out of the darkness'—those systems 'as beautifully and astonishingly organized as the rings and satellites of Saturn.'<ref>Tanenhaus, Sam (4 February 2007) "Beyond Criticism." ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]''.</ref> }}

[[V. S. Pritchett]] praised Bellow, finding his shorter works to be his best. Pritchett called Bellow's novella ''Seize the Day'' a "small gray masterpiece."<ref name=NYTobit />

==Political views==
{{Conservatism US|intellectuals}}
As he grew older, Bellow moved decidedly away from leftist politics and became identified with [[Conservatism in the United States|cultural conservatism]].<ref name=Atlas /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Said|first=Edward W.|date=1986|editor-last=Peters|editor-first=Joan|title=The Joan Peters Case|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536835|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=15|issue=2|pages=144–150|doi=10.2307/2536835|jstor=2536835 |issn=0377-919X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His opponents included [[feminism]], campus activism and [[postmodernism]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hfc/mideast/newmccarthy.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051020122516/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hfc/mideast/newmccarthy.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= October 20, 2005 |title= The New American McCarthyism: policing thought about the Middle East }}</ref> Bellow also thrust himself into the often contentious realm of Jewish and African-American relations.<ref name="Chicago Tribune">{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2007 |title=Bellow's remarks on race haunt legacy in Hyde Park |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2007-10-05-0710050150-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316233232/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/05/bellows-remarks-on-race-haunt-legacy-in-hyde-park/ |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2022 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Bellow was critical of [[multiculturalism]] and according to [[Alfred Kazin]] once said: "Who is the [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]] of the [[Zulu people|Zulus]]? The [[Marcel Proust|Proust]] of the [[New Guinea|Papuans]]? I'd be glad to read him."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/06/19/bellows-latest-chapter/ |title=Bellow's Latest Chapter |author=John Blades |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=June 19, 1994 |access-date=October 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newcriterion.com/print/article/10322 | title=Mr. Bellow's planet by Dominic Green published in the New Criterion November 2018}}</ref> Bellow distanced himself somewhat from these remarks, which he characterized as "off the cuff obviously and pedantic certainly." He, however, stood by his criticism of multiculturalism, writing:
{{blockquote|In any reasonably open society, the absurdity of a petty thought-police campaign provoked by the inane magnification of "discriminatory" remarks about the Papuans and the Zulus would be laughed at. To be serious in this fanatical style is a sort of Stalinism – the Stalinist seriousness and fidelity to the party line that senior citizens like me remember all too well.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/04/23/specials/bellow-papuans.html |title=Papuans and Zulus |author=Saul Bellow |magazine=New York Times Book Review |date=10 March 1994 |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>}}

Despite his identification with Chicago, he kept aloof from some of that city's more conventional writers. In a 2006 interview with ''Stop Smiling'' magazine, [[Studs Terkel]] said of Bellow: "I didn't know him too well. We disagreed on a number of things politically. In the protests in the beginning of [[Norman Mailer]]'s ''Armies of the Night'', when Mailer, [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]] were marching to protest the [[Vietnam War]], Bellow was invited to a sort of counter-gathering. He said, 'Of course I'll attend'. But he made a big thing of it. Instead of just saying OK, he was proud of it. So I wrote him a letter and he didn't like it. He wrote me a letter back. He called me a [[Stalinist]]. But otherwise, we were friendly. He was a brilliant writer, of course. I love ''Seize the Day''."

Attempts to name a street after Bellow in his Hyde Park neighborhood were halted by a local alderman, [[Toni Preckwinkle]], on the grounds that Bellow had made remarks about the neighborhood's inhabitants that they considered racist.<ref name="Chicago Tribune"/> A one-block stretch of West Augusta Boulevard in [[Humboldt Park, Chicago|Humboldt Park]] was named Saul Bellow Way in his honor instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-saul-bellow-100th-birthday-20150604-column.html|title=Walking through Saul Bellow's Chicago|first=Christopher|last=Borrelli|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=June 7, 2015 |access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref>

Bellow was a supporter of [[U.S. English (organization)|U.S. English]], an organization formed in the early 1980s by [[John Tanton]] and former Senator [[S.&nbsp;I. Hayakawa]], that supports making English the official language of the United States, but ended his association with the group in 1988.<ref name="Schudel 2019">{{cite news |last1=Schudel |first1=Matt |title=John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-tanton-architect-of-anti-immigration-and-english-only-efforts-dies-at-85/2019/07/21/2301f728-aa3f-11e9-86dd-d7f0e60391e9_story.html |access-date=3 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 21, 2019}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2017}}
* 1948 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCi6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|title=Saul Bellow: A Literary Companion|last=Connelly|first=Mark|publisher=McFarland|year=2016|isbn=978-0786499267|pages=8}}</ref>
* 1954 [[National Book Award for Fiction]]
* 1965 [[National Book Award for Fiction]]
* 1971 [[National Book Award for Fiction]]
* 1976 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]
* 1976 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
* 1980 [[O. Henry Award]]
* 1986 [[St. Louis Literary Award]] from the [[Saint Louis University]] Library Associates<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html|title=Saint Louis Literary Award – Saint Louis University|website=www.slu.edu|access-date=May 26, 2018|archive-date=August 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823003924/http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award |title=Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award |author=Saint Louis University Library Associates |access-date=July 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731082313/http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award |archive-date=July 31, 2016 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
* 1988 [[National Medal of Arts]]
* 1989 [[PEN/Malamud Award]]
* 1989 [[Helmerich Award|Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCi6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|title=Saul Bellow: A Literary Companion|last=Connelly|first=Mark|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|year=2016|isbn=9780786499267|pages=16}}</ref>
* 1990 National Book Foundation's lifetime [[National Book Award#Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters|Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LSSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=The Cambridge Companion to Saul Bellow|last=Aarons|first=Victoria|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1107108936|pages=85}}</ref>
*1997 [[National Jewish Book Award]] for ''The Actual''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national-jewish-book-awards/past-winners?category=30754|title=Past Winners|website=Jewish Book Council|language=en|access-date=January 20, 2020}}</ref>
* 2010 Inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chicagoliteraryhof.org/inductees/profile/saul-bellow |title=Saul Bellow |date=2010 |website=Chicago Literary Hall of Fame |language=en |access-date=October 8, 2017}}</ref>
* 2024 [[United States Postal Service]] issued a three-ounce stamp commemorating Saul Bellow on February 6, 2024 in Chicago. The stamp features a portrait illustration by [[Joe Ciardiello]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saul Bellow Postage Stamp First Day of Issue - Illinois newsroom - About.usps.com |url=https://about.usps.com/newsroom/local-releases/il/2024/0202-saul-bellow-postage-stamp-first-day-of-issue.htm |website=USPS Newsroom |publisher=United States Postal Service |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref>
 
Bellow is represented in the collection of the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] with six portraits, including a photograph by [[Irving Penn]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.88.70.5|title=Saul Bellow|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref> a painting by [[Sarah Yuster]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.97.3|title=Saul Bellow|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref> a bust by [[Sara Miller]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.94.82|title=Saul Bellow|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref> and drawings by [[Edward Sorel]] and [[Arthur Herschel Lidov]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.94.75|title=Saul Bellow|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2006.48|title=Saul Bellow|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2006.49|title=Saul Bellow|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref> A copy of the Miller bust was installed at the [[Harold Washington Library Center]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/11/09/bellows-defection-no-match-for-affection-from-hometown/|title=Bellow's Defection No Match For Affection From Hometown|website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=November 9, 1993 |access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref>
Bellow's papers are held at the library of the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=icu.spcl.bellows|title=Guide to the Saul Bellow Papers 1926–2015|website=www.lib.uchicago.edu|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2017}}
{{for| a complete list of works |Saul Bellow bibliography}}

===Novels and novellas===
* ''[[Dangling Man]]'' (1944)
* ''[[The Victim (novel)|The Victim]]'' (1947)
* ''[[The Adventures of Augie March]]'' (1953), [[National Book Award for Fiction]]<ref name=nba1954>
[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1954 "National Book Awards – 1954"]. [[National Book Foundation]] ('''NBF'''). Retrieved March 3, 2012. (With essay by Nathaniel Rich from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)</ref>
* ''[[Seize the Day (novel)|Seize the Day]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Henderson the Rain King]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Herzog (novel)|Herzog]]'' (1964), National Book Award<ref name=nba1965>
[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1965 "National Book Awards – 1965"]. NBF. Retrieved March 3, 2012. (With acceptance speech by Bellow and essay by Salvatore Scibona from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)</ref>
* ''[[Mr. Sammler's Planet]]'' (1970), National Book Award<ref name=nba1971>
[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1971 "National Book Awards – 1971"]. NBF. Retrieved March 3, 2012. (With essay by Craig Morgan Teicher from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)</ref>
* ''[[Humboldt's Gift]]'' (1975), winner of the 1976 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]<ref name=pulitzer>{{Cite web|last= |title=Humboldt's Gift, by Saul Bellow (Viking) |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/saul-bellow |access-date=December 16, 2022|website=[[pulitzer.org]]|language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[The Dean's December]]'' (1982)
* ''[[More Die of Heartbreak]]'' (1987)
* ''[[A Theft]]'' (1989)
* ''[[The Bellarosa Connection]]'' (1989)
* ''[[The Actual (novel)|The Actual]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Ravelstein]]'' (2000)

===Short story collections===
* ''Mosby's Memoirs and Other Stories'' (1968)
* ''Him with His Foot in His Mouth and Other Stories'' (1984)
* ''Something to Remember Me By: Three Tales'' (1991)
* ''Collected Stories'' (2001)

===Plays===
* ''The Last Analysis'' (1965)

===Library of America editions===
* ''Novels 1944–1953: Dangling Man, The Victim, The Adventures of Augie March'' (2003)
* ''Novels 1956–1964: Seize the Day, Henderson the Rain King, Herzog'' (2007)
* ''Novels 1970–1982: Mr. Sammler's Planet, Humboldt's Gift, The Dean's December'' (2010)
* ''Novels 1984–2000: What Kind of Day Did You Have?, More Die of Heartbreak, A Theft, The Bellarosa Connection, The Actual, Ravelstein'' (2014)

===Translations===
* "[[Gimpel the Fool]]"' (1945), short story by [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]] (translated by Bellow in 1953)

===Non-fiction===
* ''To Jerusalem and Back'' (1976), [[memoir]]
* ''It All Adds Up'' (1994), essay collection
* ''Saul Bellow: Letters'', edited by [[Benjamin Taylor (author)|Benjamin Taylor]] (2010), correspondence
* ''There Is Simply Too Much To Think About'' (Viking, 2015), collection of shorter non-fiction pieces

==See also==
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]
* [[PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction]]
* [[List of oldest fathers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2017}}
* ''Saul Bellow's Heart: A Son's Memoir'', Greg Bellow, 2013 {{ISBN|978-1608199952}}
* ''Saul Bellow'', Tony Tanner (1965) (see also his ''City of Words'' [1971])
* ''Saul Bellow'', [[Malcolm Bradbury]] (1982)
* ''Saul Bellow Drumlin Woodchuck'', [[Mark Harris (author)|Mark Harris]], University of Georgia Press. (1982)
* ''Saul Bellow: Modern Critical Views'', [[Harold Bloom]] (Ed.) (1986)
* ''Handsome Is: Adventures with Saul Bellow'', Harriet Wasserman (1997)
* ''Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism'', Michael K Glenday (1990)
* ''Saul Bellow: A Biography of the Imagination'', Ruth Miller, St. Martins Pr. (1991)
* ''Bellow: A Biography'', [[James Atlas]] (2000)
* ''Saul Bellow and American Transcendentalism'', M.A. Quayum (2004)
* "Even Later" and "The American Eagle" in [[Martin Amis]], ''The War Against Cliché'' (2001) are celebratory. The latter essay is also found in the [[Everyman's Library]] edition of ''Augie March''.
* 'Saul Bellow's comic style': [[James Wood (critic)|James Wood]] in ''The Irresponsible Self: On Laughter and the Novel'', 2004. {{ISBN|0-224-06450-9}}.
* ''The Hero in Contemporary American Fiction: The Works of Saul Bellow and Don DeLillo '', Stephanie Halldorson (2007)
* "Saul Bellow" a song, written by [[Sufjan Stevens]] on ''[[The Avalanche (Sufjan Stevens album)|The Avalanche]]'', which is composed of outtakes and other recordings from his concept album ''[[Illinois (Sufjan Stevens album)|Illinois]]''
* ''The Life of Saul Bellow: To Fame and Fortune, 1915–1964'' (2015), and '' The Life of Saul Bellow: Love and Strife, 1965–2005'' (2018), [[Zachary Leader]]

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{OL author}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{Find a Grave|10725873}}
*[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.BELLOWS Guide to the Saul Bellow Papers 1926–2015] at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center]

{{Saul Bellow}}
{{Navboxes
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