Editing Savitri Devi

{{Short description|Greek fascist writer (1905–1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Savitri Devi Mukherji
| image              = Savitri Devi, circa 1937.jpg
| caption            = Devi in 1937
| birth_name         = Maximiani Julia Portas
| birth_date         = 30 September 1905
| birth_place        = [[Lyon]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1982|10|22|1905|09|30|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Sible Hedingham]], [[Essex]], England
| citizenship        = [[French nationality law|France]] (1905–1928; renounced)<br/>[[Greek nationality law|Greece]] (1928–1982; death)
| education          = [[University of Lyon]] ([[M.A.|MA]], [[M.S.|MS]], [[PhD]])
| occupation         = Teacher, author, political activist, spy
| spouse             = [[Asit Krishna Mukherji]]
| module             = {{Infobox spy|embed=yes
| allegiance        = {{Flag|Nazi Germany}}
| service           = {{Lang|de|[[Sicherheitsdienst]]}} (SD)
| serviceyears      = 1941–1945
}}
| notable_works      = ''[[The Lightning and the Sun]]''<br />''[[Impeachment of Man]]''
}}

'''Savitri Devi Mukherji'''{{efn|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: সাবিত্রী দেবী মুখার্জী}} (born '''Maximiani Julia Portas''', {{IPA|fr|maksimjani pɔʁtɑ|lang}}; 30 September 1905 – 22 October 1982) was a French-born Greek-Italian [[Nazi]] sympathizer, [[spy]], and author. She served the [[Axis powers]] by committing acts of espionage against the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] in India. An exponent of [[esoteric Hitlerism]], she became a leading member of the [[neo-Nazi]] underground during the 1960s. Savitri was a proponent of a synthesis of [[Hinduism]] and Nazism, proclaiming [[Adolf Hitler]] to have been an [[avatar]] of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. She depicted Hitler as a sacrifice for humanity that would lead to the end of the worst World Age, the [[Kali Yuga]], which she believed was induced by the Jews. She was also a radical [[animal rights]] activist and [[vegetarian]].

Savitri was an associate in the post-war years of several neo-Nazi and Nazi figures. She was also one of the founding members of the [[World Union of National Socialists]]. Her writings have influenced [[neo-Nazism]] and [[esoteric neo-Nazism]]. Within neo-Nazism, she promoted [[occultism]] and [[ecology]], and her works have influenced the [[alt-right]]. 

==Early years==
Born as Maximiani Julia Portas in 1905 in [[Lyon]], Savitri Devi was the daughter of Maxim Portas, a French citizen of [[Greeks|Greek]] and Italian descent and an English woman, Julia Portas (née Nash).{{sfn|Greer|2003|p=130}}{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=7}} From childhood and throughout her life, she was a passionate advocate for [[animal rights]]. Her earliest political affiliations were with [[Greek nationalism]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=8}} In her youth she was interested in German philosophy and Germany; she was disturbed by Germany's treatment at the end of [[World War I]] and by the treatment of Greek refugees simultaneously. She blamed the Jews for the defeat of Germany.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|pp=91–92}}

Educated in Greece and France,{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=91}} Portas studied philosophy and chemistry, earning two [[master's degree]]s in philosophy and science and a [[PhD]] in chemistry from the [[University of Lyon]] based on her thesis {{Lang|fr|La simplicité mathématique}}.{{sfn|Greer|2003|p=130}}{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=91}} She next traveled to Greece, and surveyed the legendary ruins. Here, she became familiar with [[Heinrich Schliemann]]'s discovery of [[swastika]]s in [[Anatolia]]. Her conclusion was that the [[Ancient Greeks]] were [[Aryan race|Aryan]] in origin. Her first two books were her [[doctoral dissertation]]s: {{Lang|fr|Essai-critique sur Théophile Kaïris}} and {{Lang|fr|La simplicité mathématique}}.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Influenced by her hatred of the Bible and later [[Zionist]] actions in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], she became [[antisemitic]] at a young age.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=91}} In early 1928, Portas renounced her French citizenship and acquired [[Greek nationality law|Greek nationality]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pp=19, 21}} In 1929 (a year of conflict between Arabs and Jews in the region) she joined a [[pilgrimage]] to [[Mandatory Palestine|The British Mandate of Palestine]] during [[Lent]], which reinforced her beliefs. Portas was also influenced in her antisemitism by various French intellectuals, with whom antisemitism was prolific; she was especially influenced by [[Ernest Renan]].{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|pp=91–92}}{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pp=19, 21}}

== Nazism and move to India ==
During the 1930s, Portas increasingly came to admire [[Nazism]] and [[Adolf Hitler]]. She read and greatly appreciated ''[[The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]'', a lengthy book on Nazi ideology written by [[Alfred Rosenberg]]; academic [[Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)|Jeffrey Kaplan]] commented that Portas may have been one of the only people to have read the book, which even Hitler had found unreadable, in full.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=92}} In 1932, she traveled to India in search of a living [[Paganism|pagan]] Aryan culture, believing that the country represented an ideal racial caste system.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pp=24–27}} Once in India, she studied classical Indian texts, perceiving them as evidence of the "greatness of the Aryan race".{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=92}}

Formally adhering to [[Hinduism]], she took the name Savitri Devi ({{Langx|hi|सावित्री देवी}}), in honor of the Indian sun god Savitri.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pp=39–40}} In 1937 she volunteered to work at the Hindu Mission,{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=42}} and wrote ''[[A Warning to the Hindus]]'' in order to offer her support for [[Hindu nationalism]] and independence, and rally resistance to the spread of [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]] in India.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=52}} During the 1930s, she distributed pro-[[Axis powers|Axis]] propaganda and engaged in intelligence gathering on the British in India.{{sfn|Greer|2003|p=130}} She claimed that, during [[World War II]], she enabled [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] (the leader of the Axis-affiliated [[Indian National Army]]) to contact representatives of the [[Empire of Japan]].<ref name="Basu-1999">{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Shrabani |date=March 1999 |title=The spy who loved Hitler |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/27hitler.htm |access-date=2012-11-06 |newspaper=Rediff News |language=en}}</ref>

On 9 June 1940 in Calcutta,{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=95}} Devi married [[Asit Krishna Mukherji]],{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=92}} a [[Bengal]]i pro-Nazi and an Indian nationalist,{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=92}} who edited the pro-German newspaper ''New Mercury''. It was the only pro-Nazi paper in India, and Devi had read it prior to their meeting; the German ambassador to India commented that no one had helped them in India to the extent Mukherji had.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=94–95}} During 1941, Devi chose to interpret [[Operation Lustre|Allied military support]] for Greece, against Italian and German forces, as an invasion of Greece. Devi and Mukherji lived in [[Calcutta]] and continued to gather intelligence for the Axis cause. This included entertaining Allied personnel, which gave Devi and Mukherji an opportunity to question them about military matters. The information which they gathered was passed on to Japanese intelligence officials and the Japanese military found it useful when they launched attacks against Allied airbases and army units.<ref name="Basu-1999" /> During this time she wrote three books, in addition to a play about the Egyptian pharaoh [[Akhenaten]]; this work is kept in print by the occult order [[AMORC]].{{sfn|Greer|2003|p=131}}

==Post-war Nazi activism==
{{Neo-Nazism sidebar |expanded=people}}
After [[World War II]], she travelled to England in 1945{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=92}} under the name Savitri Devi Mukherji as the wife of a British subject from India, with a [[British Indian passport]]. She briefly stopped in England, then she visited her mother in France, with whom she would quarrel over the latter's support for the [[French Resistance]].{{sfnp|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=127}} She then traveled to [[Iceland]], where she witnessed the [[volcanic eruption|eruption]] of [[Hekla|Mount Hekla]] on 5–6 April 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1947-04-14 |title=Sólarhring að villast í grennd við Heklu: Frásögn frú Mukherji. |trans-title=24 hours a day getting lost near Hekla: The story of Mrs. Mukherji. |url=https://timarit.is/page/1161743 |access-date=2022-01-19 |work=[[Vísir]] |page=2 |language=is |via=[[Timarit.is]]}}</ref> While in Iceland, she also adopted the Norse pantheon.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=93}} She briefly returned to England, then she traveled to [[Sweden]], where she met [[Sven Hedin]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=130}}

On 15 June 1948, she boarded the [[Nord Express|Nord-Express]] and traveled from Denmark to Germany,{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=131}} where she distributed thousands of copies of handwritten leaflets in which she encouraged the "Men and women of Germany" to "hold fast to our glorious National Socialist faith, and resist!" She recounted her experience in ''Gold in the Furnace'' (which was re-edited and released as ''Gold in the Furnace: Experiences in Post-War Germany'' to coincide with the hundredth anniversary of her birth).{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=132}}{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=}}{{Page needed|date=May 2025}}

Arrested for posting bills, she was tried in Düsseldorf on 5 April 1949 for the promotion of Nazi ideas on German territory as a subject of the [[Allied Control Council]], and sentenced to three years imprisonment. She served time in [[Werl Prison]], where she befriended her fellow Nazi and [[SS]] prisoners (recounted in ''[[Defiance (book)|Defiance]]''), before she was released early in August 1949 and expelled from Germany. She then resided in Lyon, France.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=138}}{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=}}{{Page needed|date=May 2025}}

In April 1953, she obtained a Greek passport in her [[maiden name]] in order to re-enter Germany, and while she was there, she went on a [[pilgrimage]], as she called it, to Nazi "holy" sites. She flew from Athens to Rome and then she traveled by rail over the [[Brenner Pass]] into "[[German Question#Later influence|Greater Germany]]", which she regarded as "the spiritual home of all racially conscious modern [[Aryan race|Aryans]]". She traveled to a number of sites which were significant in the life of Adolf Hitler and the history of the  [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP), as well as German nationalist and heathen monuments, as recounted in her 1958 book ''Pilgrimage''.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pp=158, 165}}

Savitri Devi became a friend of [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]], and she completed her manuscript of ''[[The Lightning and the Sun]]'' at his home in March 1956. Through his introductions, she was able to meet a number of Nazi émigrés in [[Spain]] and the [[Middle East]]. In 1957, she visited [[Johann von Leers]] in Egypt and traveled across the Middle East before she returned to her home in New Delhi, making stops in [[Beirut]], [[Damascus]], [[Baghdad]], [[Tehran]], and [[Zahedan]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=179}} In 1961 she stayed with [[Otto Skorzeny]] in Madrid.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=102}}

Savitri Devi took employment teaching in France during the 1960s, spending her summer holidays with friends at [[Berchtesgaden]]. In the spring of 1961, while she was on her Easter holiday in London, she learned about the existence of the original [[British National Party (1960)|British National Party]]. This group emerged after the Second World War when a handful of former members of the [[British Union of Fascists]] took on the name. She met the British National Party's president [[Andrew Fountaine]]. Beginning a correspondence with [[Colin Jordan]], she became a devoted supporter of the [[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)|National Socialist Movement]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=|pp=102–103}} Savitri was an associate in the post-war years of [[Françoise Dior]],{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=203}} [[Otto Skorzeny]],{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=206}} [[Johann von Leers]],{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=177}} and [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=206}} 

In August 1962 Savitri signed the Cotswold Agreement which established the [[World Union of National Socialists]] (WUNS), and attended Colin Jordan's [[Gloucestershire]] conference. At this conference she met, and was greatly impressed by, [[George Lincoln Rockwell]]. When Rockwell became the leader of the WUNS, he appointed [[William Luther Pierce]] the editor of its new magazine: ''[[National Socialist World]]'' (1966–68). Along with articles by Jordan and Rockwell, Pierce devoted nearly eighty pages of the first issue of the magazine to a condensed edition of ''The Lightning and the Sun''. Because of the enthusiastic response, Pierce included chapters from ''Gold in the Furnace'' and ''Defiance'' in subsequent issues.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=103–104}}

After retiring from teaching in 1970, Savitri Devi spent nine months at the Normandy home of her close friend [[Françoise Dior]] while she was working on her memoirs; although she was welcome at first, her annoying personal habits began to disrupt life at the presbytery (among her habits, she did not take baths during her stay and she continually chewed garlic).  Concluding that her pension would go much further in India and encouraged by Françoise Dior, she flew from Paris to Bombay on 23 June 1971. In August, she moved to New Delhi, where she lived alone, with a number of cats and at least one cobra.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=104}}

Savitri Devi continued to correspond with Nazi enthusiasts in Europe and the Americas, particularly with [[Colin Jordan]], [[Matt Koehl]] and other neo-Nazis. [[Ernst Zündel]] proposed a series of taped interviews and published a new edition of ''The Lightning and the Sun'' in 1979.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=104}}

==Death==
By the late 1970s, she had developed [[cataract]]s and her eyesight was rapidly deteriorating as a result. Myriam Hirn, a clerk from the French embassy in India, looked after her, making regular house visits. She decided to leave India, returning to Germany to live in Bavaria in 1981 before moving back to France in 1982.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=222}}

Savitri died in 1982 in [[Sible Hedingham]], Essex, England, at a friend's home. The cause of her death was recorded as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and [[coronary thrombosis]]. She was ''en route'' to lecture in the United States at the invitation of [[Matt Koehl]] at the time of her death. Her body was cremated in a simple ceremony in [[Colchester]], Essex which was attended by Tony Williams as well as two young British Nazis.  Devi's ashes were shipped in an inscribed urn to the headquarters of the [[American Nazi Party]] in [[Arlington, Virginia]], where they were then taken and purportedly placed by Matt Koehl next to those of [[George Lincoln Rockwell]] in a "Nazi hall of honor" in [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|p=}} At the time of her death she was reportedly very poor.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=95}}

== Views ==
In addition to her racist and antisemitic views, Devi developed an occultist view of Nazism, as espoused in ''The Lightning and the Sun''. She disliked democracy and the current state of western civilization.{{sfn|Greer|2003|pp=130–131}} Savitri was a proponent of a synthesis of [[Hinduism]] and Nazism, proclaiming [[Adolf Hitler]] to have been an [[avatar]] of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Greer|2003|pp=130–131}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Blake |date=2016-12-17 |title=Writings of French Hindu who worshipped Hitler as an avatar of Vishnu are inspiring the US alt-right |url=https://scroll.in/article/823142/writings-of-french-hindu-who-worshipped-hitler-as-an-avatar-of-vishnu-are-inspiring-the-us-alt-right |work=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> She was an early [[Holocaust denier]].{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=95}}

Devi was also an [[animal rights]] activist, as well as a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] from a young age, and she also espoused [[Environmentalism|ecologist]] views in her works. She wrote ''[[Impeachment of Man]]'' in 1959 in India{{sfn|Greer|2003|p=131}} in which she espoused her views on animal rights and nature. According to her, human beings do not stand above the animals; in her ecologist views, humans are a part of the [[ecosystem]] and as a result, they should respect all life, including animals and the whole of nature.

She held radical views with regard to vegetarianism{{sfn|Greer|2003|p=131}} and believed that people who do not "respect nature or animals" [[Capital punishment|should be executed]]. She also believed that [[vivisection]], [[circuses]], [[Animal slaughter|slaughter]] and [[fur]] industries among others do not belong in a civilized society.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Legacy ==
In life, Devi had few accomplishments (at least relative to her goals of restarting Nazism), but her writing continues to greatly influence the neo-Nazi movement, particularly [[esoteric neo-Nazism]].{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=183}}{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=95}} Academic [[Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)|Jeffrey Kaplan]] described Devi as "one of the most compelling figures to emerge from the wreckage of post-war National Socialism", and noted her influence on [[neo-Nazi occultism]], "more than any single figure".{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=91}} Her works have also influenced the [[alt-right]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Margaronis |first=Maria |date=2017-10-29 |title=Savitri Devi: The mystical fascist being resurrected by the alt-right |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-41757047 |access-date=2017-10-29 |website=[[BBC News]] |place=London |language=en-GB}}</ref> as well as [[New Age]] religiosity and [[deep ecology]].{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=95}} In addition to her writings her correspondence with many far-righters was significantly influential to the neo-Nazi movement.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=95}}

She also influenced the Chilean diplomat [[Miguel Serrano]],{{sfn|Greer|2003|p=131}} and her Holocaust denial influenced [[Ernst Zündel]].{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=95}} In 1982, [[Franco Freda]] published a German translation of her work ''Gold in the Furnace'', and the fourth volume of his annual review, ''Risguardo'' (1980–), was devoted to Savitri Devi as the "missionary of Aryan [[Paganism]]".{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=217}}

==Works==

* {{Lang|fr|Essai critique sur Théophile Kaïris}} (1935)
* {{Lang|fr|La simplicité mathématique}} (1935)
* ''[[A Warning to the Hindus]]'' (1936)
* {{Lang|fr|L'Etang aux lotus}} (1940)
* ''The Non-Hindu Indians and Indian Unity'' (1940)
* ''A Son of God: The Life and Philosophy of Akhnaton, King of Egypt'' (1946)
* ''[[Defiance (book)|Defiance]]'' (1950)
* ''Gold in the Furnace'' (1952)
* ''Pilgrimage'' (1958)
* ''[[The Lightning and the Sun]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Impeachment of Man]]'' (1958)
* ''Long-Whiskers and the Two-Legged Goddess, or The True Story of a "Most Objectionable Nazi" and... half-a-dozen Cats'' (1965)
* {{Lang|fr|Souvenirs et reflexions d'une aryenne}} (1976)

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Politics}}

* [[Ecofascism]]
* [[Nazi racial theories]]
* [[Heinrich Himmler]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite book |last=Gardell |first=Mattias |author-link=Mattias Gardell |title=Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism |title-link=Gods of the Blood |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8223-8450-2 |location=Durham |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |title=Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth and Neo-Nazism |title-link=Hitler's Priestess |year=1998 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-3111-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke | title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity |title-link=Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book) | publisher=[[New York University Press]] | isbn=978-0-8147-3124-6 |year=2002 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Greer |first=John Michael |author-link=John Michael Greer |title=The New Encyclopedia of the Occult |publisher=[[Llewellyn Publications]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-56718-336-8 |pages=130–131 |language=en |chapter=Devi, Savitri}}
* {{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right |title-link=Encyclopedia of White Power |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7425-0340-3 |editor-last=Kaplan |editor-first=Jeffrey |editor-link=Jeffrey Kaplan (academic) |location=Walnut Creek |language=en}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Terry |title=Death by Dior |publisher=Dynasty Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-9568038-6-3 |language=en |chapter=Françoise Dior}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q270337|q=Savitri Devi|c=Category:Savitri Devi|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* [http://savitridevi.org/ The Savitri Devi Archive]

{{Savitri Devi|state=expanded}}
{{Neo-Nazism}}

{{Authority control}}

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