Editing Scheelite

{{Short description|Calcium tungstate mineral}}
{{For|the community in California|Scheelite, California}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name        = Scheelite
| category    = Tungstate mineral
| boxwidth    = 
| boxbgcolor  =#ee964b 
| image       = Scheelite-224167.jpg
| imagesize   = 260px
| caption     = 
| formula     = CaWO<sub>4</sub>
| IMAsymbol   = Sch<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| molweight   = 
| strunz      = 7.GA.05
| system      = [[Tetragonal]]
| class       = Dipyramidal (4/m) <br/>[[H-M symbol]]: (4/m)
| symmetry    = ''I''4<sub>1</sub>/a
| unit cell   = ''a'' = 5.2429(3),&nbsp;Å <br/>''c'' = 11.3737(6)&nbsp;Å; ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;4
| color       =  Colorless, white, gray, dark brown, brown, tan, pale yellow, yellow-orange, golden yellow, pale shades of orange, red, green, etc.; colorless in transmitted light and may be compositionally color zoned
| habit       = Pseudo-octahedra, massive, columnar, granular
| twinning    = Common, penetration and contact twins, composition plane {110} or {001}
| cleavage    = On {101}, distinct; on {112}, interrupted; on {001}, indistinct
| fracture    = Subconchoidal to uneven 
| tenacity    = Brittle
| mohs        = 4.5–5
| luster      = Vitreous to adamantine
| refractive  = ''n''<sub>ω</sub> = 1.918–1.921, ''n''<sub>ε</sub> = 1.935–1.938
| opticalprop = Uniaxial (+)
| birefringence = δ = 0.017
| pleochroism = Definite dichroic in yellow (yellow to orange-brown)
| streak      = White
| gravity     = 5.9–6.1
| melt        = 
| fusibility  = With difficulty
| diagnostic  = 
| solubility  = Soluble in alkalis. Insoluble in acids
| diaphaneity = Transparent to opaque
| other       = Fluorescence under short-wave UV is bright blue, bluish white to yellow.  Specimens with more molybdenum tend to fluoresce white to yellow, similar to powellite. Occasionally fluoresces red under mid-wave UV.
| references  = <ref name=Handbook>http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/scheelite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy</ref><ref name=Mindat>http://www.mindat.org/min-3560.html Mindat.org</ref><ref name=Webmin>http://webmineral.com/data/Scheelite.shtml Webmineral data</ref><ref name=Klein>Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, ''Manual of Mineralogy'', Wiley, 20th ed., 1985, p. 356 {{ISBN|0-471-80580-7}}.</ref>
}}

'''Scheelite''' is a [[calcium]] tungstate [[mineral]] with the [[chemical formula]] [[calcium|Ca]][[tungsten|W]][[oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>. It is an important [[ore]] of [[tungsten]] (wolfram). Scheelite is originally named after Swedish chemist [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] (1742–1786). Well-formed [[crystal]]s are sought by collectors and are occasionally fashioned into [[gemstone]]s when suitably free of flaws. Scheelite has been [[Chemical synthesis|synthesized]] using the [[Czochralski process]]; the material produced may be used to [[diamond simulant|imitate diamond]], as a [[scintillator]], or as a [[solid|solid-state]] [[lasing medium]]. It was also used in [[Radium#Luminescent paint|radium paint]] in the same fashion as was [[zinc sulphide]], and [[Thomas Edison]] invented a [[fluoroscope]] with a calcium [[tungstate]]-coated screen, making the images six times brighter than those with [[barium]] [[platinocyanide]]; the latter chemical allowed [[Wilhelm Röntgen|Röntgen]] to discover [[X-rays]] in early November 1895. The semi-precious stone marketed as 'blue scheelite' is actually a rock type consisting mostly of calcite and dolomite, with occasional traces of yellow-orange scheelite.

== Properties ==
[[File:CaWO4.tif|thumb|left|Structure of CaWO<sub>4</sub><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zalkin | first1 = A. | last2 = Templeton | first2 = D.H. | year = 1964 | title = X-ray diffraction refinement of the calcium tungstate structure | doi = 10.1063/1.1725143 | journal = Journal of Chemical Physics | volume = 40 | issue = 2| pages = 501–504 | bibcode = 1964JChPh..40..501Z | url = https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7mp8m04j/qt7mp8m04j.pdf }}</ref>]]
Its crystals are in the [[tetragonal]] [[crystal system]], appearing as dipyramidal pseudo-octahedra. Colors include golden yellow, brownish green to dark brown, pinkish to reddish gray, orange and colorless. Transparency ranges from translucent to transparent and crystal faces are highly [[Lustre (mineralogy)|lustrous]] (vitreous to adamantine). Scheelite possesses distinct [[Cleavage (crystal)|cleavage]] and its fracture may be [[conchoidal fracture|subconchoidal]] to uneven. Its [[specific gravity]] is high at 5.9–6.1 and its [[Mohs scale of hardness|hardness]] is low at 4.5–5.<ref name=Handbook/> Aside from pseudo-octahedra, scheelite may be columnar, granular, tabular or massive in [[crystal habit|habit]]. [[Druse (geology)|Druzes]] are quite rare and occur almost exclusively at Zinnwald, [[Czech Republic]]. [[Crystal twinning|Twinning]] is also commonly observed and crystal faces may be striated. Scheelite [[Mineral#Streak|streak]]s white and is brittle.

Gems cut from transparent material are fragile. Scheelite's [[refractive index]] (1.918–1.937 uniaxial positive, with a maximum [[birefringence]] of 0.016) and [[dispersion (optics)|dispersion]] (0.026) are both moderately high. These factors combine to result in scheelite's high lustre and perceptible "fire", approaching that of [[diamond]].

Scheelite [[fluorescence|fluoresces]] under shortwave [[ultraviolet]] light, the mineral glows a bright sky-blue. The presence of [[molybdenum]] trace impurities occasionally results in a green glow. Fluorescence of scheelite, sometimes associated with native gold, is used by geologists in the search for gold deposits.

== Occurrence ==
Scheelite occurs in [[Contact metamorphism|contact metamorphic]] [[skarn]]s; in high-temperature [[hydrothermal]] [[Vein (geology)|veins]] and [[greisen]]; less commonly in [[granite]] [[pegmatite]]s.<ref name=Handbook/> Temperature and pressure of formation is between {{convert|200 and 500|°C|sigfig=1}} and from {{Convert|200 to 1,500|bar|psi}}.<ref>Lindgren, W. (1933) ''Ore Deposits of the Western States,'' pp. 518, 535</ref> Typical mineral association includes [[cassiterite]], [[wolframite]], [[topaz]], [[fluorite]], [[apatite]], [[tourmaline]], [[quartz]], [[grossular]]–[[andradite]], [[diopside]], [[vesuvianite]] and [[tremolite]].<ref name=Handbook/>

Scheelite usually occurs in tin-bearing veins; and is sometimes found in association with gold. Fine crystals have been obtained from Caldbeck Fells in [[Cumbria]], Zinnwald/Cínovec and [[Loket (Sokolov District)|Elbogen]] in [[Bohemia]], [[Guttannen]] in [[Switzerland]], the [[Giant Mountains]] in [[Silesia]], [[Dragoon Mountains]] in [[Arizona]] and elsewhere. At [[Trumbull, Connecticut|Trumbull in Connecticut]] and [[Mount Kimpu|Kimpu-san]] in Japan large crystals of scheelite completely altered to wolframite have been found: those from Japan have been called “reinite.”<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Scheelite}}</ref> It was mined until 1990 at [[King Island (Tasmania)|King Island]], Australia, [[Glenorchy, New Zealand|Glenorchy]] in [[Central Otago]] and [[Macraes Flat]] in [[North Otago]] and also at The Golden Bar mine at Dead Horse Creek during World War I in [[Nelson, New Zealand]]. There is a high concentration of Scheelite in Northeast of Brazil, mainly in the [[Currais Novos mine]] in Rio Grande do Norte State.<ref>Amstutz, Gerhard Christian et al. (Ed.). ''Ore Genesis: The State of the Art. Vol. 2''. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, p. 418.</ref> One of the world's largest Scheelite mining companies is in [[Luoyang]], China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/5847842.html|title = 洛阳钼业去年净利增长25%，贡献最大的这两项业务&#124;界面新闻}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Bispbergs klack.jpg|thumb|left|Mount Bispbergs klack]]
Scheelite was first described in 1751 for an occurrence in ''Mount Bispbergs klack'', [[Säter]], [[Dalarna]], [[Sweden]], and named for [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] (1742–1786).<ref name=Mindat/> Owing to its unusual heaviness, it had been given the name ''tungsten'' by the Swedes, meaning “heavy stone.” The name was later used to describe the metal, while the ore itself was given the name scheelerz or scheelite.<ref>{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Scheelite}}</ref>

== Synthetics ==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}
Scheelite as a diamond imitation has been surpassed by more convincing products, like [[cubic zirconia]] and [[moissanite]], synthetic scheelite is occasionally offered as natural scheelite, and collectors may thus be fooled into paying high prices for them. [[Gemology|Gemologists]] distinguish natural scheelite from synthetic material mainly by microscopic examination: Natural material is very seldom without internal growth features and inclusions (imperfections), while synthetic material is usually very clean. Distinctly artificial curved striae and clouds of minute gas bubbles may also be observed in synthetic scheelite.

The visible [[absorption spectrum]] of scheelite, as seen by a hand-held (direct-vision) [[spectroscope]], may also be of use: most natural stones show a number of faint absorption lines in the yellow region of the spectrum (~585&nbsp;nm) due to [[praseodymium]] and [[neodymium]] trace impurities. Conversely, synthetic scheelite is often without such a spectrum.

== Applications ==
Scheelite is widely used in phosphors,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refractorymetal.org/uses-of-tungsten/ |title=3 Primary Uses of Tungsten |website=Advanced Refractory Metals |date=24 March 2020 |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref> particularly in [[scintillators]] for X-ray and gamma-ray detection.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gillette |first=R.H. |year=1950 |title=Calcium and Cadmium Tungstate as Scintillation Counter Crystals for Gamma-Ray Detection |journal=Rev. Sci. Instrum. |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=294–301 |doi=10.1063/1.1745567|bibcode=1950RScI...21..294G }}</ref> It is also utilized in fluorescent lighting systems for its ability to convert ultraviolet light into visible light.<ref>{{cite book |author=Oliver Caldwell Ralston |year=1944 |title=Fluorescent Minerals Used in Lighting and Elsewhere |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines |page=16 |asin=B003YKFVMU}}</ref> In some [[Cathode-ray tube | cathode ray tubes (CRTs)]], calcium tungstate (Scheelite) is used as a phosphorescent screen material.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bahmani |first1=Hadi |last2=Mostofinejad |first2=Davood |year=2022 |title=Microstructure of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) – A review study |journal=Journal of Building Engineering |volume=50 |issue=1 |doi=10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104118}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Scheelite figures in the manga series ''[[Dr. Stone]]'', as a precursor to tungsten, and for its fluorescence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gleeson|first=Kayla|date=7 December 2019|title=English Dub Review: Dr. STONE "Spartan Crafts Club"|url=https://www.bubbleblabber.com/english-dub-review-dr-stone-spartan-crafts-club/|access-date=26 January 2021|website=Bubbleblabber|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Scheelite}}
*Anderson, B. W., Jobbins, E. A. (Ed.) (1990). ''Gem testing''. Butterworth & Co Ltd, Great Britain. {{ISBN|0-408-02320-1}}

{{Tungsten minerals}}
{{ores}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Calcium minerals]]
[[Category:Tungstate minerals]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]
[[Category:Phosphors and scintillators]]
[[Category:Laser gain media]]
[[Category:Tetragonal minerals]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 88]]
[[Category:Luminescent minerals]]