Editing Schiehallion

{{Short description|Mountain in central Scotland}}
{{For|the oil field|Schiehallion oilfield}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Schiehallion
|other_name = ''Sìth Chailleann''
| photo = Schiehallion 01.jpg
| photo_caption = Schiehallion viewed across the [[River Tummel]].
| map = Scotland Perth and Kinross
| coordinates = {{coord|56.6668|N|4.1001|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 1083
| elevation_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=M&rf=103 |title=Schiehallion |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2019 |publisher=Hill Bagging - the online version of the Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH) |access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref>
| prominence = ''c.'' 716 m
| parent_peak = [[Ben Lawers]]
| listing = [[Munro]], [[Marilyn (hill)|Marilyn]]
| translation = fairy hill of Caledonia
| language = [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]]
| pronunciation = {{IPA|gd|ʃiˈxaʎən̪ˠ|lang}}
| location = [[Perthshire]], [[Scotland]]
| range = [[Breadalbane, Scotland|Breadalbane]], [[Grampians]]
| grid_ref_UK = NN714548
| topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Landranger'' 51
| first_ascent = 
| easiest_route = 
}}

'''Schiehallion''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|iː|ˈ|h|æ|l|i|.|ə|n}};<ref>{{Cite web|title = Schiehallion|url = http://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/perthshire/schiehallion.shtml|access-date = 2015-06-16|website = Walk Highlands}}</ref> {{langx|gd|'''Sìth Chailleann'''}},<ref name="ainmean">{{cite web|url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/?id=37908 |title=Schiehallion |work=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]]: Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland|access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref> {{IPA|gd|ʃiˈxaʎən̪ˠ|IPA}}) is a prominent cone-shaped [[mountain]] in the [[Breadalbane, Scotland|Breadalbane]] region of the [[Scottish Highlands]], in the county of [[Perthshire]]. It rises to {{convert|1083|m}} and is classed as a [[Munro]]. Schiehallion has a rich [[flora]], interesting folklore and archaeology, and a unique place in scientific history for [[Schiehallion experiment|an 18th-century experiment]] in "[[Earth mass|weighing the Earth]]". It is near the [[Geographical centre of Scotland|centre of mainland Scotland]]. The mountain's popularity amongst walkers led to erosion on its footpath and extensive repairs were undertaken in 2001.

==Name==
The name comes from the [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] ''Sìth Chailleann'', meaning "[[Sídhe|fairy hill]] of the [[Caledonians]]";<ref name="ainmean"/> compare nearby [[Dunkeld]] (Gaelic ''Dùn Chailleann''), whose name means "fort of the Caledonians".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcelticp0000unse/page/21 |title=The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland |last=Watson |first=William J. |location=Edinburgh and London |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |date=1926 |page=21 }}</ref> A Lowland name for the mountain, recorded in the 18th century, was "Maiden [[Breast-shaped hill|Pap]]".<ref>"Perthshire afforded us a remarkable hill, nearly in the centre of Scotland, of sufficient height, tolerably detached from other hills, and considerably larger from east to west than from north to south, called by the people of the low country Maiden-Pap, but by the neighbouring inhabitants Schiehallion, which I have since been informed signifies in the Erse language Constant Storm; a name well adapted to the appearance which it so frequently exhibits to those who live near it, by the clouds and mists which usually crown its summit"
{{cite web| url=http://www.sillittopages.co.uk/schie/schie57.html| title=Maskelyne on Schiehallion| publisher=RMS Archives| access-date=11 April 2009}}</ref>

==Location==
Schiehallion lies between [[Loch Tay]], [[Loch Rannoch]] and [[Loch Tummel]], about {{convert|10|mi|km|abbr=off}} to the west-north-west of [[Aberfeldy, Scotland|Aberfeldy]] in [[Perthshire]].<ref name="visit">{{cite web| url=http://www.perthshire.co.uk/index.asp?pg=358| title=Schiehallion| publisher=VisitScotland Perthshire| access-date=11 April 2009}}</ref> The mountain, with an elevation of {{convert|1083|m|ft}}, is isolated from other peaks and has an almost perfectly conical shape from the west. The view of the broad eastern flank attracts many visitors to the shores of Loch Tummel.

Schiehallion is sometimes described as the [[centre of Scotland]], as it lies only 5&nbsp;km west of the [[centre of gravity]] of (a uniform plane in the shape of) mainland Scotland. The folk group ''[[Gaberlunzie]]'' sang a song "The Back of Schiehallion", meaning Scotland.

==Botany==
The slopes of Schiehallion are rich in botanical life, with [[Calluna|heather]]s, [[moss]]es and [[blaeberry]]. [[Blanket bog]] and heather moorland change colour with the seasons. The [[limestone pavement]] provides nutrients, supporting plants including [[dog's mercury]], [[lily of the valley]] and [[Anemone nemorosa|wood anemone]].<ref name="visit"/>

==Geology==
The majority of Schiehallion consists of [[quartzite]], a rock formed from an original sand by heat and pressure. Quartzite is a white or pinkish rock, in which the dominant mineral is [[quartz]]. People often mistakenly think that Schiehallion is an extinct volcano because its shape is reminiscent of an active volcano; in fact, it was formed by sedimentary processes and the shape is the result of erosion by ice during the ice ages.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rannoch.info/Geology.htm| title=Geology of Rannoch| access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Schiehallion - geograph.org.uk - 1156736.jpg|thumb|250px|Schiehallion covered in snow]]
The slopes of Schiehallion have been inhabited and cultivated since the first millennium BC until approximately two hundred years ago.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.archive-articles.co.uk/wildlife/TheStoryofSchiehallion.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904150550/http://www.archive-articles.co.uk/wildlife/TheStoryofSchiehallion.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=4 September 2012| title=The Story of Schiehallion| author=Clare Thomas| publisher=archive-articles.co.uk| access-date=11 April 2009}}</ref> Schiehallion has been used for grazing sheep and [[Deer stalking|stalking red deer]].

Since 1999 the eastern side of the mountain has been owned by the [[John Muir Trust]].<ref name="jmt"/>

===The Schiehallion experiment===
{{Main|Schiehallion experiment}}
Schiehallion's isolated position and regular shape led it to be selected by the English astronomer [[Charles Mason]] (of [[Mason–Dixon line]] fame) for a ground-breaking experiment to estimate the [[Earth mass|mass of the Earth]] in 1774.<ref>{{cite book|last=Danson|first=Edwin|title=Weighing the World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|page=116|isbn=978-0-19-518169-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNH_Y7ERFeoC&pg=PA115}}</ref> The deflection of a pendulum by the mass of the mountain provided an estimate of the mean density of the Earth, from which its mass and a value for Newton's [[gravitational constant]] ''G'' could be deduced. Mason turned down a commission to carry out the work, and it was instead coordinated by the [[Astronomer Royal]], [[Nevil Maskelyne]]. He was assisted in the task by mathematician [[Charles Hutton]], who devised a graphical system to represent large volumes of surveyed heights, later known as [[contour line]]s.<ref>{{cite book| last=Danson| first=Edwin| title=Weighing the World| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2006| page=153| isbn=978-0-19-518169-2| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNH_Y7ERFeoC&pg=PA153}}</ref>

==Footpath==
A [[Munro]] mountain, Schiehallion is popular with walkers due to its accessibility, ease of ascent and views from its summit. An estimated 17,500 to 20,000 walkers made the ascent in 2000.<ref name="jmt">{{cite web| url=http://www.jmt.org/east-schiehallion-estate.asp| title=East Schiehallion Estate| publisher=[[John Muir Trust]]| access-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> Most walkers start from the [[Forestry and Land Scotland]] car park at Brae of Foss, which lies just outside the boundary of the John Muir Trust estate. The route, which initially heads southwest before turning west to follow the main ridgeline of the hill, is about {{convert|4.5|km|mi|frac=4|abbr=off}} in length.

[[Ben Nevis]], the highest mountain in the British Isles, can be seen to the west from the summit of Schiehallion.

By 1999, when the [[John Muir Trust]] bought the estate, the main path had become exceedingly [[erosion|eroded]] by the passage of many thousands of walkers. The scar was visible from quite a distance. The organisation therefore decided to construct a new path, following a different line, better able to handle the pressure of visitors.

== In culture ==
=== In the folklore of Perthshire ===
On the southwestern side of the mountain lies the well-concealed ''Uamh Tom a’ Mhòr-fhir'' (= cave (''uamh'') of the mound (''tom'') of the big man (''mhòr-fhir'')), featuring in the folklore of [[Rannoch]] as an entrance to the [[Celtic Otherworld|underworld]].<ref name= "Cunningham Rannoch">
A.D. Cunningham, Tales of Rannoch, Published by A.D.Cunningham and Perth & Kinross District Libraries, 1989. {{ISBN|9780905452050}}</ref> The [[Scottish Gaelic]] word ''tom'' can mean not only a natural [[hillock]] or knoll of round or conical form (or, indeed a natural thicket/mound of vegetation) but also a grave mound or [[tumulus]].<ref>Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tom#Scottish_Gaelic Retrieved at 19.40 on Friday 16/2/24.</ref> Accounts of a [[Black dog (folklore)|ghostly dog]] haunting the lower slopes of Schiehallion serve to reinforce such an association, since such portals to the supernatural realms are traditionally guarded, in [[Scottish folklore]] and [[Scottish mythology|mythology]], by the ''[[Cù-sìth]]'', (= fairy dog).<ref name= "Cunningham Rannoch"/> The mountain is also one of the haunts of the ancient winter goddess of Scotland known as the [[Cailleach|''Cailleach Bheur'']].<ref name= "Cunningham Rannoch"/>

=== Modern cultural references ===
The [[Schiehallion oilfield]] in the North Atlantic is named after the mountain.<ref>{{cite news| title=Conservation trust attacked for accepting oil giant's cash| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20000430/ai_n13948383/| publisher=[[Sunday Herald]]| date=30 April 2000| author=Rob Edwards| access-date=11 April 2009}}</ref> One of the major oilfields on Scotland's  continental shelf, it is operated by BP and situated approximately {{convert|175|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=5}} west of the [[Shetland Mainland]].

Schiehallion was the setting for much of book two of [[Grant Morrison]]'s comic series ''[[Zenith (comics)|Zenith]]'', and also the electro-magnetic prison for the ''Chimera'' creature which would play a major part in subsequent books.

The [[Harviestoun Brewery]] produce a [[Cask ale|cask-conditioned]] [[lager]] called Schiehallion.

A [[Scottish country dance]] ("Schiehallion") and figure, the Schiehallion Reel, are both named after the mountain.

The song "Schiehallion" was featured on the 1994 album ''Time For A New Day'' by the [[independent band]] King Rizla.

Pipe Major [[Donald Shaw Ramsay]] composed a 3/4 march entitled "Schiehallion".

The England-based band "Schiehallion Pipes and Drums" (named for the Munro) led by Drum Major Jim (Jaimie) Gibb, has adopted the march as their signature tune. It is the lead-in tune on their album ''Hail! Schiehallion.''

The Anglo-Cypriot [[power metal]] band [[Gloryhammer]] mentions Schiehallion in the song "The Fires of Ancient Cosmic Destiny" on the album ''[[Legends from Beyond the Galactic Terrorvortex]]'' and refers to the popular misconception that mountain is a volcano.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gloryhammer – The Fires of Ancient Cosmic Destiny|url=https://genius.com/Gloryhammer-the-fires-of-ancient-cosmic-destiny-lyrics|language=en|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Schiehallion NW ridge.jpg|The north-west ridge of Schiehallion in April
Image:SchiehallionSummit(wfmillar)Jun1998.jpg|View from the summit of Schiehallion looking over [[Loch Rannoch]] into the setting sun
Image:schiehallion-little.jpg|View from summit of Schiehallion towards [[Loch Rannoch]]
</gallery>

==External links==
*[https://www.360routes.com/shiehallion/ 360Routes.com] – virtual tours up to the summit of Shiehallion
*[https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/perthshire/schiehallion.shtml Schiehallion at Walk Highlands.co.uk]

==See also==
* [[List of places in Perth and Kinross]]
* [[List of mountains in Scotland]]
* [[Maiden Paps (disambiguation)|Maiden Paps]]
* [[Breast shaped hills]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}


{{Scottish Munros section 2}}

{{British hills}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Munros]]
[[Category:Marilyns of Scotland]]
[[Category:Mountains and hills of the Southern Highlands]]
[[Category:Mountains and hills of Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in West Perth]]
[[Category:One-thousanders of Scotland]]