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{{Short description|New Zealand Antarctic base}} {{about|the New Zealand Antarctic base|the United States Antarctic base|Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station|the United States Air Force base|Scott Air Force Base}} {{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Scott Base | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = [[Research stations in Antarctica|Antarctic base]] | image_skyline = Scott Base from air.jpg | imagesize = 300 | image_caption = Aerial photograph of Scott Base, looking towards [[Observation Hill (McMurdo Station)|Observation Hill]] at left. | image_flag = | flag_size = 110px | flag_border = no | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = 350px | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Antarctica | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Scott Base in Antarctica | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Scott Base in [[Antarctica]] | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|77.849132|S|166.768196|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Antarctica|Location in Antarctica]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ross Island]]<br />[[Ross Dependency]]<br />[[Antarctica]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Administered by | subdivision_name3 = [[Antarctica New Zealand]] | established_title = Established | established_date = {{start date and age|1957|01|20|df=y}} | extinct_title = Evacuated | extinct_date = | named_for = Captain [[Robert Falcon Scott]], [[Royal Navy|RN]] | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_magnitude = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue"/> | elevation_m = 10 | population_as_of = 2017 | population_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue">{{cite report |type=catalogue |url=https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |title=Antarctic Station Catalogue |date=August 2017 |publisher=[[Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs]] |isbn=978-0-473-40409-3 |page=93 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_total = | population_blank1_title = Summer | population_blank1 = 78 | population_blank2_title = Winter | population_blank2 = 11 | population_density_km2 = | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]] | utc_offset1 = +12 | timezone1_DST = [[Time in New Zealand|NZDST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +13 | blank_name_sec1 = Type | blank_info_sec1 = All year-round | blank1_name_sec1 = Period | blank1_info_sec1 = Annual | blank2_name_sec1 = Status | blank2_info_sec1 = Operational | blank_name_sec2 = Activities | blank_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list |bullets=on |Climatology |Geocryology |Paleoclimatology |Sedimetology |Geomorphology |Paleolimnology}} | blank1_name_sec2 = Facilities | blank1_info_sec2 = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | code1_name = [[UN/LOCODE]] | code1_info = AQ SBA | website = {{nowrap|{{url|http://antarcticanz.govt.nz/scott-base|antarcticanz.govt.nz/scott-base}}}} | footnotes = }} '''Scott Base''' is a [[New Zealand]] [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] research station at [[Pram Point]] on [[Ross Island]] near [[Mount Erebus]] in New Zealand's [[Ross Dependency]] territorial claim. It was named in honour of Captain [[Robert Falcon Scott]], [[Royal Navy|RN]], leader of two [[United Kingdom|British]] expeditions to the [[Ross Sea]] area of Antarctica. The base was set up as support to field research and the centre for research into [[earth science]]s, and now conducts research in many fields, operated by [[Antarctica New Zealand]]. The base is {{convert|3|km}} from the larger U.S. [[McMurdo Station]] via Willy Field road, the main road to [[Williams Field]]. ==History== {{More citations needed|date=April 2020}}[[File:Scott Base, Antarctica, Jan 2006.jpg|left|thumb|Aerial photograph of Scott Base, Ross Island, Antarctica.]] [[File:Mcmurdo oli 2013334.jpg|thumb|left|Annotated view over Scott Base, also showing [[McMurdo Station]] and the [[McMurdo Ice Shelf]]]] [[File:Scott base in antarctica.jpg|left|thumb|Scott Base]] [[File:Scott Base Sign.jpg|thumb|left|Sign for Scott Base on road to [[McMurdo Station]]]] Scott Base was originally constructed in support of the UK inspired and privately managed [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] (TAE). The New Zealand government provided support for the TAE and also for the [[International Geophysical Year]] (IGY) project of 1957, five of whose members were attached to the Expedition. In February 1956, 10 months before the TAE and IGY parties were due to head to the Antarctic, Frank Ponder, an architect at the [[Ministry of Works (New Zealand)]], was given the task of designing the base. Ponder's design consisted of six main buildings and three smaller scientific labs. The main buildings were to be placed at least 7 metres apart because of fire risk but were linked to one another by a covered way of galvanised iron. Three New Zealand observers who were also given the task of selecting the site for a base went to [[McMurdo Sound]] with the [[United States]] "[[Operation Deep Freeze]] I" in the summer of 1955. After evaluating possible sites, a location near [[Butter Point]] was chosen. This was later changed to [[Pram Point]] as it provided better access for offloading supplies from the Expedition ship HMNZS ''Endeavour'' and also allowed for the operation of the critical RNZAF Antarctic Flight on a nearby ice runway. The base looks out over what is now known as [[Haskell Strait, Antarctica|Haskell Strait]]. Scott Base passed over to [[New Zealand Government]] ownership via the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), on 5 March 1958, at the conclusion of the TAE. During the IGY the United States facility at Hut Point did not operate as a scientific base. It was the New Zealand expedition’s responsibility to furnish the important scientific data (auroral, ionospheric, seismic, etc.), linking the McMurdo area research activities with those of the United States Pole Station and the joint United States–New Zealand station at [[Cape Hallett]], [[Victoria Land]]. ===Scientific research and expansion=== In 1958, following completion of the TAE and IGY, New Zealand made the decision to continue to operate Scott Base for scientific research, much of which depends upon the continuity of recorded data over a period of years. In order to maintain operations, a base rebuilding programme began in 1976. As of 2008, the only original building is the TAE 'A' mess hut, which contains material recording New Zealand's involvement in Antarctica since 1957. In 2005 the two-story high Hillary Field Centre was commissioned, increasing the floor area of Scott Base by 1800 square metres and providing work areas to support field parties as well as additional office space. The building was officially opened by then-Foreign Minister [[Phil Goff]] and [[Edmund Hillary|Sir Edmund Hillary]]. The leader of Scott Base for the 1964–65 season, [[Adrian Hayter]], published a personal memoir of his experience.<ref name="Hayter"> Hayter, Adrian. The Year of the Quiet Sun: One year at Scott Base, Antarctica: a personal impression. Hadder and Stoughton, 1968, London, p. 76</ref> He was preceded as Leader by Russell Rawle<ref>Hayter, p. 31. </ref> and followed by Mike Prebble.<ref>Hayter, p. 181</ref> These three leaders are commemorated with [[Rawle Glacier]], [[Mount Hayter]] and [[Prebble Glacier]], assuming the leader in 1965–66 was on the base support party of 1961–62. From 1957 until 1986, dogs played a part in base operations. Initially, they were an essential means of transport, but with better technology, their importance dwindled until they were removed in line with environmental treaties. [[Scientific diving]] operations began in 1985.<ref name=Mercer2000>{{cite journal |author=Mercer, Steve |title=Antarctic lake diving with the semi-closed rebreather. |year=2000 |journal=In: Hallock and French (Eds). Diving for Science...2000. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium, American Academy of Underwater Sciences. St Pete Beach, Florida. |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/8985 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113050359/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/8985 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 January 2013 |access-date=2013-06-08}}</ref> Between 1985 and 2006, a total of 1,296 had been logged.<ref name=Pollock2007>{{cite journal |author=Pollock, Neal W |year=2007 |title=Scientific diving in Antarctica: history and current practice. |journal=Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=37 |pages=204–11 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9721 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615050526/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9721 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> ===21st century redevelopment=== [[File:Scott Base, the New Zealand Research Station in the Antarctic (30812063932).jpg|thumb|Scott Base in 2016]] In support of the future of New Zealand’s Antarctic science programme, the base will be redeveloped. In June 2019 the Government committed NZ$18.5 million (US$12.4 million) for the next phase of the Scott Base Redevelopment project, which will see the base's 12 separate buildings replaced by three large interconnected buildings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2019|title=Redeveloping Scott Base for the future|journal=Antartctic|volume=37|pages=13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.scottbaseredevelopment.govt.nz/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Scott Base Redevelopment|language=en-US}}</ref> Jasmax and [[Hugh Broughton (architect)|Hugh Broughton Architects]] came up with the architectural design.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Jamie |date=28 June 2019 |title=Plans for new-look Scott Base revealed |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12244827 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref> Since then the New Zealand Government has committed $344 million to rebuild the base.<ref>{{cite web |title=Successful budget for Scott Base |url=https://www.scottbaseredevelopment.govt.nz/news-publications/successful-budget-for-scott-base |publisher=Antarctica New Zealand |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009073531/https://www.scottbaseredevelopment.govt.nz/news-publications/successful-budget-for-scott-base |archive-date=9 October 2021 |date=20 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 November 2021, Antarctica New Zealand confirmed that PrimePort Timaru will host the redevelopment of the prefabricated Scott Base facilities. Besides the three interconnected buildings, the project also involves upgrading the [[Ross Island]] wind farm. The redevelopment project will create an estimated 700 jobs over the next six years.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Antarctica NZ base to be built in Timaru |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/455037/new-antarctica-nz-base-to-be-built-in-timaru |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107111501/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/455037/new-antarctica-nz-base-to-be-built-in-timaru |archive-date=7 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Historic site=== The A Hut of Scott Base is the only existing Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956–1957) building in Antarctica. It has been designated a [[Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica|Historic Site or Monument]] (HSM 75), following a proposal by New Zealand to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting]].<ref name=atcm>{{cite web |url= http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM35/WW/atcm35_ww003_e.pdf|title= List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)|access-date=2014-01-06 |publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |year=2012}}</ref> ==Facilities== [[File:McMurdo, seen from an LC-130.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Aerial view of the tip of [[Hut Point Peninsula]] with [[McMurdo Station]] on the near side and Scott Base on the far side]] The base is made up of a collection of Chelsea Cucumber green<ref name="artyclick/chelsea-cucumber">{{cite web |title=Chelsea Cucumber Color |url=https://colors.artyclick.com/color-names-dictionary/color-names/chelsea-cucumber-color |website=colors.artyclick.com |publisher=ArtyClick |access-date=27 August 2023 |quote=The color Chelsea Cucumber belongs to the color family Pastel Spring Green. It is of medium brightness and medium saturation. The color Chelsea Cucumber corresponds to the hex code #83AA5D.}}</ref> buildings which are linked by all-weather corridors. These buildings can accommodate 86 people over summer,<ref name="comnap-catalogue"/> with a "skeleton staff" of between 10 and 14 people remaining over the winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently asked questions |url=http://www.scottbase50years.co.nz/faq/faq2.htm |website=Scott Base 50years |publisher=[[Antarctica New Zealand]] |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060852/http://scottbase50years.co.nz/faq/faq2.htm |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Like nearby [[McMurdo Station]], Scott Base is connected to the global telephone network via a Satellite Earth Station operated by [[Spark New Zealand]], located approximately {{convert|3|km}} away at Arrival Heights. Spark NZ also provide phone services to McMurdo for calls to New Zealand as well as to the [[Zucchelli Station|Italian Programme]] at Terra Nova Bay. McMurdo Station has an independent communications infrastructure located at Black Island and linked to Ross Island via microwave.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Scott Base is today operated by Antarctica New Zealand. === Wind turbines === Three [[Enercon]] E-33 [[wind turbine]]s ({{convert|330|kW}} each) were installed in 2009 to co-power Scott Base and McMurdo Station, reducing diesel consumption by 11%: {{convert|463000|L}} per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antarcticanz.govt.nz/scott-base/sustainability |title=Ross Island Wind Energy |work=[[Antarctica New Zealand]] |publisher=New Zealand Government |date=2016 |access-date=28 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://windenergy.org.nz/nz-wind-farms/operating-wind-farms/ross-island |title=New Zealand Wind Energy Association |work=Wind Energy |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117201552/http://windenergy.org.nz/nz-wind-farms/operating-wind-farms/ross-island |archive-date=17 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Battery failures have reduced power capacity by 66%.<ref name="youtube=iXA3krkNZhY"> *{{cite web |last1=Fernando |first1=Maria |title=Success Through International Collaboration in Microgrid Operation on Ross Island |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXA3krkNZhY |website=youtube |publisher=Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs |access-date=27 August 2023 |language=en |date=26 June 2023 |location=Hotel Grand Chancellor, Hobart, NZ |quote=Maria Fernando is a Electrical & Wind Engineer at Antarctica New Zealand....In January 2010, the Crater Hill Wind Farm was commissioned and became operational, the world's southernmost wind farm. The three turbines, supply electricity to a shared power microgrid that connects Scott Base to McMurdo Station, called the Ross Island Energy Grid (RIEG). A number of improvements have been made over the lifetime of the RIEG, including automation of the Scott Base generators in order to more efficiently use generated electricity between the two stations when wind generated electricity is not enough to meet the power demands of the Ross Island network. Innovation and collaboration between Antarctica New Zealand and the United States Antarctic Program has made the project successful. Ongoing collaboration occurs to ensure the day-to-day operation of the microgrid and to work through any issues. This presentation will offer an update to the operation of the Crater Hill Wind Farm in the years since construction and the wider Ross Island Energy Grid, highlighting safety and maintenance issues that have occurred, lessons learned and successes achieved through collaboration.}} *{{cite web |title=20th COMNAP Symposium |url=https://www.comnap.aq/20th-comnap-symposium |website=COMNAP |access-date=27 August 2023 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> <blockquote>"the small battery component that we have within our grid which we called the power store unfortunately has failed, and that was due to the failure of a non-replaceable part, so that has significantly limited our ability to use our wind turbines to the fullest capacity, so in 2019 we've had to curtail our Wind Farm to about 33% of its full potential"<ref name="youtube=iXA3krkNZhY"/></blockquote>Three new wind turbines were planned for the 2023-4 season, with great capacity: one new one will be greater then previous three combined. The strong winds make wind power a practical alternative, and the new wind system should supply 90% of the power at Scott Base. ==Climate== [[file:Pressure ridges Scott Base lrg.jpg|thumb|A [[Pressure ridge (ice)|pressure ridge]] in the Antarctic ice near Scott Base, with lenticular clouds in the sky.]] A polar ice cap climate with evenly-distributed precipitation (Köppen ''EFf'') prevails at Scott Base. The base has fairly typical weather conditions for coastal Antarctica, with minimum temperatures around {{convert|−45|C|F}} and summer maximum only occasionally above freezing point. It is exposed to the full strength of southerly [[blizzard]]s, although overall it is less windy than [[McMurdo Station]]. The maximum wind velocities experienced have been gusts up to {{convert|185|km/h}} with steady velocities under blizzard conditions of {{convert|95|–|115|km/h}}. The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|6.8|C|F}}, the coolest {{convert|−57|C|F}} and the mean temperature {{convert|−19.6|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate/antarctic |title=How cold is the Antarctic? |work=NIWA |date=2013 |access-date=11 July 2016 |author=Mackintosh, Lesley }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Scott Base (1991−2020) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = -1.3 |Feb high C = -7.4 |Mar high C = -15.9 |Apr high C = -18.9 |May high C = -19.8 |Jun high C = -20.0 |Jul high C = -22.3 |Aug high C = -22.8 |Sep high C = -20.5 |Oct high C = -15.3 |Nov high C = -7.0 |Dec high C = -1.3 | year high C = -14.4 |Jan mean C = -4.6 |Feb mean C = -11.1 |Mar mean C = -20.5 |Apr mean C = -24.6 |May mean C = -25.7 |Jun mean C = -25.8 |Jul mean C = -28.6 |Aug mean C = -29.3 |Sep mean C = -26.7 |Oct mean C = -20.3 |Nov mean C = -11.1 |Dec mean C = -4.6 | year mean C = -19.4 |Jan low C = -7.9 |Feb low C = -14.8 |Mar low C = -25.0 |Apr low C = -30.2 |May low C = -31.7 |Jun low C = -31.5 |Jul low C = -34.9 |Aug low C = -35.8 |Sep low C = -32.9 |Oct low C = -25.3 |Nov low C = -15.2 |Dec low C = -7.9 | year low C = -24.4 | Jan humidity = 76.2 | Feb humidity = 70.7 | Mar humidity = 71.6 | Apr humidity = 71.3 | May humidity = 70.3 | Jun humidity = 69.0 | Jul humidity = 66.6 | Aug humidity = 67.2 | Sep humidity = 66.4 | Oct humidity = 68.7 | Nov humidity = 67.6 | Dec humidity = 73.2 |Jan precipitation mm = 18 |Feb precipitation mm = 21 |Mar precipitation mm = 14 |Apr precipitation mm = 16 |May precipitation mm = 23 |Jun precipitation mm = 22 |Jul precipitation mm = 13 |Aug precipitation mm = 12 |Sep precipitation mm = 11 |Oct precipitation mm = 13 |Nov precipitation mm = 12 |Dec precipitation mm = 9 |year precipitation mm = 184 |source 1 = NIWA Climate Data<ref name = NIWA>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240520001949/https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/climate-data-and-activities | archive-date = 20 May 2024 | url = https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/climate-data-and-activities | title = Climate data and activities | publisher= NIWA | access-date = 20 May 2024}}</ref> |source 2 = Weatherbase<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web | url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=896651&cityname=Scott-Base-Antarctica&units=metric | title = Precipitation Data | publisher = Weatherbase | access-date = 3 May 2020}}</ref> |date=May 2020}} ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[List of Antarctic expeditions]] * [[Research stations in Antarctica#Permanent active stations|List of permanent Antarctic research stations]] * [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]] * [[Marble Point]] * [[Castle Rock (Antarctica)]] * [[Ross Ice Shelf]] * [[The Antarctic Sun]] * [[Williams Field]] * [[Crime in Antarctica]] {{div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.antarcticanz.govt.nz Antarctica New Zealand homepage] * [http://antarcticanz.govt.nz/scott-base Scott base homepage] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050308213947/http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/stations/scott.shtml Antarctic connection page]}} * [http://www.antarcticanz.govt.nz/weather/SBweather/sbweather.html Current weather at Scott Base] * [http://www.antarcticanz.govt.nz/education/2568 Current webcam at Scott Base] * [http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/news/image-gallery/antarctica/default.htm Images & Articles about Antarctica from New Zealand Defence Force] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080424075823/https://www.comnap.aq/facilities COMNAP Antarctic Facilities] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220115654/https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf/view COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map] Scott Base 50th Anniversary Website * [http://www.scottbase50years.co.nz Scott Base 50th Anniversary Website] * [http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/news/image-gallery/scott-base/default.htm Photos of Prime Minister's visit] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043012/http://stamps.nzpost.co.nz/Cultures/en-NZ/Stamps/NewZealandCurrentIssues/ScottBase19572007/IssueInformation.htm 50th Anniversary stamp issue] NZ Antarctic Research * [http://www.lgp.aq Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP) supporting scientists in investigations related to the broad theme of ecosystems research] * [http://www.andrill.org ANDRILL - Drilling back into the future] {{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Geography|New Zealand}} {{Antarctic research stations}} {{Antarctica topics}} {{Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica|state=collapsed}} {{Ross Island}} [[Category:Scott Base| ]] [[Category:Outposts of the Ross Dependency]] [[Category:Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica]] [[Category:1957 establishments in Antarctica]]
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