Editing Scythed chariot

{{Short description|Modified chariot used in ancient warfare}}
[[File:The charge of the Persian scythed chariots at the battle of Gaugamela by Andre Castaigne (1898-1899).jpg|thumb|300px|''The charge of the Persian scythed chariots at the [[Battle of Gaugamela]]'', by [[Andre Castaigne]] (1898-1899).]]

The '''scythed chariot''' was a [[Chariot|war chariot]] with [[scythe]] blades mounted on each side. It was employed in ancient times.

==History==
The scythed chariot was a modified war chariot. The blades extended horizontally for about {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} to each side of the wheels. 

The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] general [[Xenophon]] (430−354 BC), an eyewitness at the [[battle of Cunaxa]], tells of them: "These had thin scythes extending at an angle from the axles and also under the driver's seat, turned toward the ground".{{Full citation needed|date=March 2011}} Serrated bronze blades for chariot wheels have also been excavated from Zhou-era pre-imperial Chinese sites.

Dismissing completely 17th to 19th century ideas of a [[Canaan]]ite, [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]], [[India]]n or [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]n origin,<ref name="Nefiodkin 2004 369−371">{{harvnb|Nefiodkin|2004|pp=369−371}}</ref> Historian Alexander K. Nefiodkin challenges Xenophon's attribution of scythed chariots to the first Persian king [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]],<ref name="Nefiodkin 2004 369−371"/> pointing to their notable absence in the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece|invasion of Greece]] (480−479 BC) by one of his successors, [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes I]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nefiodkin|2004|pp=373f.}}</ref> Instead, he argues that the Persians introduced scythed chariots sometime later during the [[Greco-Persian Wars]], between 467 BC and 458 BC, as a response to their experience fighting against [[Hoplite|Greek heavy infantry]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nefiodkin|2004|pp=371−378}}</ref>

In addition, Nefiodkin has responded to the critic J. Rop, summarising that the ancient historian Ctesias of Assyria is unreliable, and that scythed chariots were developed in order to fight ancient Greek hoplite formations, or more generally, heavy infantry.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nefiodkin|first= A. K. |year=2014|title= Once more on the origin of the Scythed Chariot|publisher= The Ancient History Bulletin|number= 28.3–4|pages=112–118|url= http://www.ancienthistorybulletin.org/subscribed-users-area/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Nefedkin.pdf}}</ref>

===Persian wars===

{{More citations needed section|date=March 2021}}

The scythed chariot was pulled by a team of four [[horse]]s and manned by a crew of up to three men, one driver and two warriors.  Theoretically the scythed chariot would plow through [[infantry]] lines, cutting combatants in half or at least opening gaps in the line which could be exploited. It was difficult to get horses to charge into the tight [[phalanx formation]] of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[hoplite]]s (infantry). The scythed chariot avoided this inherent problem for cavalry by using the scythe 
to cut into the formation even when the horses avoided the men. A disciplined army could diverge as the chariot approached, and then re-form quickly behind it, allowing the chariot to pass without causing many casualties. War chariots had limited military capabilities. They were strictly an offensive weapon and were best suited against infantry in open flat country where the charioteers had room to maneuver. At a time when [[cavalry]] were without [[stirrup]]s, and probably had neither [[spur]]s nor an effective [[saddle]], though they certainly had saddle blankets, scythed chariots added weight to a cavalry attack on infantry. Historical sources come from the infantry side of such engagements i.e. the Greek and Roman side. Here is one recorded encounter where scythed chariots were on the winning side:
<blockquote>
The soldiers had got into the habit of collecting their supplies carelessly and without taking precautions. There was one occasion when [[Pharnabazus (5th century BC)|Pharnabazus]], with 2 scythed chariots and about 400 cavalry, came on them when they were scattered all over the plain. When the Greeks saw him bearing down on them, they ran to join up with each other, about 700 altogether; but Pharnabazus did not waste time. Putting the chariots in front, and following behind them himself with the cavalry, he ordered a charge. The chariots dashing into the Greek ranks, broke up their close formation, and the cavalry soon cut down about a hundred men. The rest fled and took refuge with [[Agesilaus]], who happened to be close at hand with the hoplites.<ref>Xenophon, ''Hellenica'' IV,1,17-19.</ref>
</blockquote>

The only other recorded example of their successful use seems to be when units of [[Mithradates VI of Pontus]] defeated a [[Bithynia]]n force on the [[Battle of the River Amnias|River Amnias]] in 89 BC. (Appian)

===Roman encounters===
[[File:Boudiccastatue.jpg|thumb|The statue ''[[Boadicea and Her Daughters]]'' near [[Westminster Pier]] shows British Celtic queen [[Boudica]] in a scythed chariot as commissioned by [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]] and executed by [[Thomas Thornycroft]] (completed in 1905).]]
Despite these shortcomings, scythed chariots were used with some success by the Persians and the kingdoms of the [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic Era]]. They are last known to have been used at the [[Battle of Zela]] in 47 BC. The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] are reported to have defeated this weapon system, not necessarily at this battle, with [[caltrops]]. On other occasions the Romans fixed vertical posts in the ground behind which their infantry were safe ([[Frontinus]] [[Stratagems (book)|''Stratagems'']] 2,3,17-18)
There is a statement in the [[Scriptores Historiae Augustae]] Severus Alexander LV that he captured 1,800 scythed chariots. This is universally regarded as false.

Late in the Imperial period, the Romans might have experimented with an unusual variant of the idea that called for [[cataphract]]-style lancers to sit on a pair or a single horse drawing a "chariot" reduced to a bare axle with wheels, where the blades were only lowered into the fighting position at the last moment. This would have facilitated manoeuvring before battle. This at least is a reasonable interpretation of the rather enigmatic "''[[De rebus bellicis]]''" section 12-14.

===Saharan tribes===
In the northern Sahara nomadic tribes called Pharusii and Nigrites used scythed chariots c. 22 AD, as Strabo reports:
"They have chariots also, armed with scythes."<ref>Strabo, ''Geography'', XVII.iii.</ref>

===Celtic Britain and Ireland===
Regarding the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], contemporary Roman geographer [[Pomponius Mela]] mentions: 
<blockquote>
They make war not only on horseback but also from 2 horse chariots and cars armed in the Gallic fashion – they call them covinni – on which they use axles equipped with scythes.<ref>Pomponius Mela, 3,52  (c. 44 AD).</ref>
</blockquote>

There is no accepted archaeological evidence concerning scythed chariots. There are some large heavy scythe blades from late Roman Britain which are too unwieldy for a man to use.
[[File:Scythed chariot by da Vinci.jpg|thumb|Da Vinci's Scythed Chariot]]
However, a scythed chariot appears in The Cattle-Raid of Cooley ([[Táin Bó Cúailnge]]), the central epic of the Ulster cycle of [[Early Irish literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://adminstaff.vassar.edu/sttaylor/Cooley/ScythedChariot.html|title=The Scythed Chariot|website=adminstaff.vassar.edu|accessdate=Mar 15, 2023}}</ref>

===Leonardo da Vinci===

One of [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ideas was a scythed chariot.<ref name="BR">{{Citation|url=http://www.universalleonardo.org/work.php?id=516|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015080206/http://www.universalleonardo.org/work.php?id=516|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 15, 2006|title=Scythed chariots |year=1485|work=Biblioteca Reale|publisher=University of the Arts |location=London |accessdate=2009-08-14}}</ref>

<gallery>
Carro falciante - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 09903 02.jpg|Detail of the model of the scythed chariot by Leonardo exhibited at [[Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci]], Milan
Carro falciante - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 09903 04.jpg|Detail of the rotating scythes
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{Citation
 | last = Nefiodkin
 | first = Alexander K.
 | title = On the Origin of the Scythed Chariots
 | journal = Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
 | volume = 53
 | issue = 3
 | year = 2004
 | pages = 369–378
}}
*{{Citation|last=Rivet|first=A.L.F.|year=1979|title=A note on scythed chariots|journal=Antiquity|publisher=University of York|location=York, UK|volume=53|issue=208|pages=130–132 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00042344| s2cid=163269832 |issn=0003-598X |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/|url-access=subscription}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scythed Chariot}}
[[Category:Chariots]]
[[Category:Edged and bladed weapons]]