Editing Seasonal human migration

{{Short description|Seasonal human migration that occurs cyclically in the course of the year}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2008}}
[[File:Saami Family 1900.jpg|thumb|A Sami family in 1896]]
[[Image:1940sAmericanMigratoryWorker.jpg|right|thumb|American female migratory worker in 1940.]]
'''Seasonal human migration''' is the movement of people from one place or another on a [[Season|seasonal]] basis. It occurs most commonly due to seasonal shifts in demand for [[labour (human activity)|labor]]. It includes [[Migration (ecology)|migration]]s such as moving [[sheep]] or [[cattle]] to higher elevations during summer to escape the heat and find more [[fodder|forage]]. Human labor often moves with [[fruit]] [[harvest]] or to other crops that require manual picking.

==Seasonal agricultural migration==
While the culture of many crops (especially "dry" crops) has become entirely mechanized, others, such as fruits and vegetables, still require [[manual labour|manual labor]], at least for harvest, and some, such as tobacco, still need manual labor for its culture. Much of the work was once provided by family members or boarding students, but they are less available now, and farms are larger. Now, [[migrant worker]]s provide much of the hand labor required in agriculture in the US and other countries. Labor contractors arrange with [[farmer]]s to provide the necessary help at the seasonal time, often with foreign nationals whose employment opportunities are more limited in their home areas.

A number of migratory [[contract]]ors, known as "[[custom harvester]]s", move with their [[combine harvester|combine]]s to follow the [[wheat]] harvest in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. as the season moves north. Some [[crop duster]]s are also migratory, following seasonal patterns of need. In the large citrus districts of [[Florida]] and [[California]] seasonal pickers arrive for collection periods and often move with the changing harvest.

Most commercial [[beekeeper]]s in the US are migratory, spending [[winter]] in warm climates and moving with the spring to follow the bloom, or [[pollination]] [[contract]]s for [[almond]]s, [[apple]]s, [[blueberry|blueberries]] and other fruits and vegetables that require [[bee]]s. Migratory beekeeping also is practiced, especially in [[France]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]] and [[Argentina]].

== Seasonal non-agricultural migration ==
Other activities besides agriculture depend on weather. Thus [[circuses]] in the United States formerly spent the winter in warm climates and worked their way north in spring and south in autumn. Boomer linemen similarly served the telephone industry, repairing winter storm damage.<ref>{{cite web|title=The "Boomer" Lineman {{!}} The Song of the Open Wire|url=https://the-electric-orphanage.com/wp-the-boomer-lineman-2/|access-date=2020-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Vice Regal Lodge (Rashtrapati Niwas) Shimla.jpg|thumb|The Vice-regal Lodge (Rashtrapati Niwas), Simla]]
Some researchers suggest that [[Snowbird (person)|snowbirds]], [[Canadians|Canadian]] and US citizens who move to warmer climates during the winter, exhibit patterns of seasonal migration. Although they are moving for non-agricultural reasons, they move with the seasons. For example, many residents of [[Ontario]], Canada move to [[Florida]], US during the winter. The practice actually dates back to colonial times, when [[Boston]]ians of means would often go (by sea) to [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] or [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] for winter. Later, the wealthy in the growing country maintained several seasonal residences and shifted residence with the seasons, to avail themselves of the best time to be at each location, and they named their time there "the season". In [[British India]], [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] and [[British Malaya|Malaya]], the cooler [[hill station]]s became the place of residence for Europeans during the hot summers, and [[Shimla|Simla]] became the summer capital of the [[British Raj]].

==See also==
*[[Transhumance]]
*[[Nomad]]
* [[Seasonal migration in Niger]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Pérez Murillo, M. D. ''Cartas de emigrantes escritas desde Cuba. Estudio de las mentalidades y valores del siglo XIX''. Sevilla: Aconcagua Libros y Universidad de Cádiz, 1999.
* Pérez Murillo, M. D. "Emigración de catalanes a Cuba a comienzos del siglo XIX", in: ''Revista Trocadero'', Universidad de Cádiz, 1992.

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[[Category:Human migration]]
[[Category:Transhumance]]