Editing Seattle Liberation Front

{{Short description|Anti-Vietnam War movement, 1970 to 1971}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2008}}
{{ infobox war faction
| name             = Seattle Liberation Front
| native_name      =
| native_name_lang =
| war              = the [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War]]
| image            =
| caption          =
| active           = January 19, 1970–1971
| ideology         = [[Anti-authoritarian socialism]]<br>[[Anti-war]]<br>[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br>{{cn|date=May 2024}}
| leaders          = [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]]
| clans            = Seattle Seven
| headquarters     =
| area             = [[Seattle]]
| size             = ~15 militants
| partof           =
| predecessor      =
| successor        =
| allies           = [[Weather Underground]]
| split            =
| opponents        = United States
| battles          =
| url              =
}}
The '''Seattle Liberation Front''', or '''SLF''', was a radical anti-[[Vietnam War]] movement, based in [[Seattle]], Washington, in the United States. The group, founded by the [[University of Washington]] visiting philosophy professor and political activist [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]], carried out its protest activities from 1970 to 1971.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stern|first=Susan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76897663|title=With the Weathermen : the personal journal of a revolutionary woman|date=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|others=Laura Browder|isbn=978-0-8135-4092-4|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|oclc=76897663}}</ref>
The most famous members of the SLF were the "'''Seattle Seven'''," who were charged with "[[riot#United States|conspiracy to incite a riot]]" in the wake of a violent protest at a courthouse.  The members of the Seattle Seven were Lerner, Michael Abeles, [[Jeff Dowd]], [[Joe Kelly (protestor)|Joe Kelly]], [[Susan Stern]], [[Roger Lippman]] and [[Chip Marshall|Charles Marshall III]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hollingsworth|first=Josie|date=2017-02-17|title=How a protest spawned the Seattle Seven, a contentious court battle — and 'The Big Lebowski'|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/how-a-protest-spawned-the-seattle-seven-a-contentious-court-battle-and-the-big-lebowski/|access-date=2021-06-29|work=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref><ref>FBI Surveillance Files 212</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/seattle-liberation-front-slf|title=Seattle Liberation Front (SLF)|work=TRAC Terrorism|access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref>

==Formation==
After the nationwide organization [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) disintegrated in 1969, [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]], an instructor newly arrived in Seattle from [[Berkeley, California]], felt compelled to start up his own local group.  He kick-started his efforts by inviting [[Jerry Rubin]], a notable counterculture figure, to speak on the University of Washington campus on January 17, 1970 – two days later, the SLF was formed, largely composed of students and radicals coming out of organizations (like the SDS) that had recently disbanded.<ref name="Walt Crowley 1995">{{Cite book|last=Crowley|first=Walt|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45731115|title=Rites of passage : a memoir of the sixties in Seattle|date=1995|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=0-295-98056-7|location=Seattle, Wash.|oclc=45731115}}</ref> The exact impetus for Lerner seeking a new organization is somewhat vague.  The founding of SLF came less than a month after SDS [[Weather Underground|Weatherman]], which had staged violent street demonstrations during the latter half of 1969, announced that it was going underground to adopt a strategy of random acts of bombing, arson, and other sabotage.  It has not been explained whether or not Lerner was seeking a new organization prior to Weatherman's underground turn.  One of the SLF's first actions was to hold a demonstration in support of the [[Chicago Seven]], a group of radicals charged with inciting riots at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]].

==Affiliation with Weather Underground==
The relationship between the [[Weather Underground]] and the Seattle Liberation Front remains somewhat ambiguous. Both groups shared many of the same political viewpoints, where they participated in protests and demonstrations, and there was overlap in membership.<ref>[http://content.lib.washington.edu/protestsweb/index.html University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections- Vietnam War Era Ephemera] "Protest UW affiliation with BYU" and "Off BYU"</ref> The violent, confrontational style of protest at events sponsored by SLF was identical with that of the SDS Weatherman faction before the latter went underground at the end of 1969.  There were no official ties between the Seattle Liberation Front and the [[Weather Underground]]. [[Chip Marshall]] was one of the leading members of the Seattle Liberation Front. In an interview with Time magazine in 1980, Marshall commented on the takeover of the SDS by [[Weather Underground|Weatherman]], a violent radical left faction. He said Weatherman had established cultural standards to which members were to adhere. Marshall did not agree with destroying monogamy, cutting family ties, and devaluing personal relationships.<ref name="time.com">{{Cite magazine|last=Aikman|first=David|date=1980-04-14|title=In Seattle: Up from Revolution|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,923945,00.html|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> SLF founder [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]] was never known to be affiliated with the Weather Underground or to endorse its strategy of bombing and arson.

==Demonstrations==
SLF planned a demonstration to be held at the Federal Courthouse in downtown Seattle on February 17, 1970.  It is commonly referred to by former SLF members as "The Day After" or "TDA."  The roughly 2,000 protesters in attendance escalated their protests into violence, throwing rocks and paint bombs at both the courthouse and at police responding to the scene. Twenty were injured in the riot, and 76 were arrested. [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]] stated that it was a different sequence of events: "when it [the demonstration] was attacked by police, it turned into a riot." In March 1970, the Seattle Liberation Front, UW Black Student Union, and the Weathermen organized hundreds of protesters at the University of Washington's campus.<ref name="seattletimes.nwsource.com">{{Cite news|last1=Boswell|first1=Sharon|last2=McConaghy|first2=Lorraine|date=1996-10-06|title=Outrage and rebellion 'Boomers' bring battle of Vietnam to American Soil-and a counterculture is born.|work=[[Seattle Times]]}}</ref> The groups wanted the university to sever its athletic links with Brigham Young University, a Mormon school that was accused of racism.  Seattle Liberation Front and Black Student Union supporters initiated a riot that moved through eleven buildings at the University of Washington's Seattle campus.<ref name="time.com"/> Around 200 chanting demonstrators left a trail of damage throughout the campus.<ref name="seattletimes.nwsource.com"/>  Members of the SLF collective based at 814 South Weller Street spoke at a design hearing for the then-proposed I-90 freeway in June 1970, denouncing the project as "racist" and advocating revolution.

==Indictments and trial==
Two months later, on April 16, a federal [[grand jury]] indicted members of the SLF on charges of inciting the February 17 riot – Lerner was charged with "using the facilities of interstate commerce [a telephone] with the intent of inciting to riot," but he was not charged with "inciting to riot." (One of the eight, [[Michael Justesen]], disappeared but was later arrested in California by the FBI<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912056-1,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930102633/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912056-1,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 30, 2007 | magazine=Time | title=Nation: Infiltrating the Underground | date=January 9, 1978 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> in an infiltration of the [[Weather Underground|Weathermen]]).  Federal District Judge [[George Hugo Boldt|George Boldt]] was assigned the case, which began in his [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] courtroom on November 23, 1970.<ref>{{cite news |last= Hannula |first=Don |title=Judge Ousts Two at Conspiracy Trial |page=D6 |newspaper=Seattle Times |location=Seattle |date=November 23, 1970}}</ref> The trial was quickly derailed by the defendants' vocal disruptions including catcalls directed at the judge, a protest walkout, and their eventual refusal to enter the courtroom.<ref name="Time">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114094512/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944273,00.html Anarchy in Tacoma] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, December 28, 1970</ref> Boldt declared a [[mistrial (law)|mistrial]] on December 10, citing all defendants for [[contempt of court]].<ref name="Time"/> He summarily found them guilty of contempt, sentenced them to six months in prison, and refused to grant bail.<ref name="Time"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/05/archives/denial-of-bail-to-seattle-7-assailed-here-by-attorneys.html Denial of Bail to Seattle 7 Assailed Here by Attorneys] ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 5, 1971</ref> The defendants eventually served three months in prison.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/02/archives/susan-stern-a-radical-activist-and-writer-dies-at-33-on-coast.html Susan Stern, a Radical Activist And Writer, Dies at 33 on Coast] ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 2, 1976</ref>

The original charges of inciting a riot, or of intent to incite to riot, and conspiracy to damage the Seattle Federal Building, were unsuccessfully prosecuted. Lerner stated the reason for the failure to win a conviction was "because it was revealed that the FBI agents who were infiltrating the anti-war organization were themselves the people who had precipitated the violence." Most observers agreed that the prosecution's case was floundering (aided by the admission of government witnesses on the stand that they would "go to any length" to combat the radicals).{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} It is believed by some that the Seattle Seven would have been freed if they had not provoked the judge during the proceedings.<ref name="time.com"/>

==Aftermath and recent activities==
Due to the publicity of the trial, the Seattle Liberation Front faced ideological dissension, personality conflicts, and charges of "male chauvinism." In the fall of 1970 SLF sponsored a short-lived weekly underground newspaper, ''[[Sabot (newspaper)|Sabot]]'', which folded in December after a three-month run amid political infighting among the staff.<ref name="Walt Crowley 1995" /> In late 1971, the SLF was disbanded.  Many of the individual SLF members continued to promote diverse social movements, such as Capitol Hill's Country Doctor Clinic.<ref name="Walt Crowley 1995" /> Lerner, the founder of SLF, eventually became the editor of ''[[Tikkun (magazine)|Tikkun]]'' and an advisor to President [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Hillary Clinton]].  [[Jeff Dowd]] went to Hollywood to become a screenwriter and producer. [[Chip Marshall]] remained active in Washington politics, running for [[Seattle City Council]] in 1975 and working as a neighborhood activist in [[Issaquah]].

==Cultural references==
In the movie ''[[The Big Lebowski]]'', the main character Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski says, "Did you ever hear of the Seattle Seven? That was me ... and six other guys." This refers to [[Jeff Dowd]]'s involvement in the Seattle Seven. He was a friend of the [[Coen brothers]] and the inspiration for the character "The Dude."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-01-10|title=The Dude, The Port Huron Statement, and The Seattle Seven|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/26831/dude-port-huron-statement-and-seattle-seven|access-date=2021-06-29|website=www.mentalfloss.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Additional Reading==
* Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Weather Underground Organization (Weatherman)", (Illinois: Chicago Field Office 1976).
* Biographical Notes on Rabbi Lerner (Tikkun Magazine, 2342 Shattuck Avenue, #1200, Berkeley, CA 94704) 2012.

==External links==
* [http://www.historylink.org HistoryLink.org] Seattle Liberation Front
* [http://content.lib.washington.edu/protestsweb/index.html University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Vietnam War Era Ephemera] This collection contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. Includes ephemera from the Seattle Liberation Front.
* [http://www.tikkun.org/nextgen/biographical-notes-on-rabbi-lerner Biographical Notes on Rabbi Lerner – Tikkun Magazine].

[[Category:Left-wing militant groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Weather Underground]]
[[Category:Anti–Vietnam War groups]]
[[Category:History of Seattle]]
[[Category:Quantified groups of defendants]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:1970s in Seattle]]