Editing Second EDSA Revolution

{{short description|2001 revolution that overthrew Joseph Estrada in the Philippines}}
{{about|EDSA II of January 2001|the EDSA Revolution in April 2001|EDSA III|the EDSA Revolution in February 1986|People Power Revolution}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Second EDSA Revolution<br>EDSA II
| partof = 
| image = Arroyo First Oath.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Vice President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] taking her oath as the 14th President of the Philippines.
| date = January 17–20, 2001<br/>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=2001|month1=01|day1=17|year2=2001|month2=01|day2=20}})
| place = [[Philippines]], primarily [[EDSA]], [[Metro Manila]]
| coordinates = 
| causes = Breakdown in negotiations during the [[impeachment trial]] of President [[Joseph Estrada]] that began in December 2000
| goals = Removal of Joseph Estrada as President
| methods = Protests
| status = 
| result = Opposition victory

*Estrada and his family leaves [[Malacañang Palace]]
*Resignation and ouster of President [[Joseph Estrada]]
*[[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] becomes [[President of the Philippines|President]]
| side1 = {{flagicon image|War Flag of the Philippines.svg}} '''[[First inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|Opposition]]'''<br />Military defectors:<ref name=greenwood>{{cite book|editor1-last=Baumgartner|editor1-first=Jody|editor2-last=Kada|editor2-first=Naoko|title=Checking Executive Power: Presidential Impeachment in Comparative Perspective|date=Jan 1, 2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275979263|edition=illustrated|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rtFINZszScC&pg=PA59 |chapter=Weak Institutions and Strong Movements: The Case of President Estrada's Impeachment and Removal in the Philippines|pages=45–63}}</ref>
*[[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]
*[[Philippine National Police]]
Others:
*Anti-Estrada civilian protesters
Religious groups:<ref name=greenwood />
*[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila|Archdiocese of Manila]]
*[[Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines|CBCP]]
*[[Couples for Christ]]
Militant groups:<ref name=greenwood />
*Estrada Resign Movement
*[[Sandigan ng Lakas at Demokrasya ng Sambayanan|SANLAKAS]]
*[[Akbayan Citizens Action Party]]
*[[Bagong Alyansang Makabayan]]
*Kongreso ng Mamayang Pilipino II
Individual groups:
*[[Makati Business Club]]<ref name=greenwood />
| side2 = {{flagdeco|Philippines}} '''[[Presidency of Joseph Estrada|Government]]'''<br />Government parties:
*[[Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino]]
*[[Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino|Lapian ng Masang Pilipino]]
Others:
*[[EDSA III|Pro-Estrada civilian supporters]]
Religious groups: 
*[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]
*[[El Shaddai (movement)|El Shaddai]]
Military loyalists:
*[[Presidential Security Group]]
| leadfigures1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines.svg}} '''[[Gloria Macapagal]]'''<br />([[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]])
{{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title   = Others:
|{{flagicon image|War Flag of the Philippines.svg}} [[Teofisto Guingona Jr.]]
|{{flagicon image|War Flag of the Philippines.svg}} [[Orly Mercado]]
|{{flagicon image|War Flag of the Philippines.svg}} [[Angelo Reyes]]
|{{flagicon image|War Flag of the Philippines.svg}} [[Panfilo Lacson]]
|{{flagicon image|War Flag of the Philippines.svg}} [[Corazon Aquino]]
|{{flagicon image|War Flag of the Philippines.svg}} [[Fidel Ramos]]
|{{flagicon image|War Flag of the Philippines.svg}} [[Jaime Sin]]
}}
| leadfigures2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the President of the Philippines.svg}} '''[[Joseph Estrada]]'''<br />([[President of the Philippines|President]])
{{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title   = Others:
|{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Loi Estrada]]
|{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Jinggoy Estrada]]
|{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Imelda Marcos]]
|{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Juan Ponce Enrile]]
|{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Miriam Defensor Santiago]]
|{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Eraño Manalo]]
}}
| leadfigures3 = 
| howmany1 = 100,000<ref name="tarnished" /> to 250,000<ref name="rally to oust" /> protesters
| howmany2 = 
| howmany3 = 
| casualties1 = 
| casualties2 = 
| casualties3 = 
| injuries = 
| fatalities = 
| arrests = 
| detentions = 
| charged = 
| fined = 
| casualties_label = 
| notes = 
}}
The '''Second EDSA Revolution''' ({{Langx|tl|Ikalawang Rebolusyon sa EDSA}}), also known as the '''Second People Power Revolution''', '''EDSA 2001''', or '''EDSA II''' (pronounced ''EDSA Two'' or ''EDSA Dos'', the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word for "two"), was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001 which peacefully overthrew the government of [[Joseph Estrada]], the [[List of presidents of the Philippines|thirteenth]] [[president of the Philippines]].<ref name="tarnished" >{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB980104460815218842|title=Estrada: A Tarnished Legacy|date=January 22, 2001|website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Following allegations of [[political corruption|corruption]] against Estrada and his subsequent investigation by [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]], [[Impeachment in the Philippines|impeachment]] proceedings against the president were opened on January 16. The decision by several [[Senate of the Philippines|senators]] not to examine a letter which would purportedly prove Estrada's guilt sparked large protests at the [[EDSA Shrine]] in [[Metro Manila]], and calls for Estrada's resignation intensified in the following days, with the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|Armed Forces]] withdrawing their support for the president on January 19. On January 20 Estrada resigned and fled [[Malacañang Palace]] with his family. He was succeeded by [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]] [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]], who had been sworn into the presidency by [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] [[Hilario Davide Jr.]] several hours earlier.

==Name==
EDSA is an [[acronym]] derived from [[Epifanio de los Santos Avenue]], the major thoroughfare connecting six cities in [[Metro Manila]], namely [[Pasay]], [[Makati]], [[Mandaluyong]], [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]], [[Quezon City]] and [[Caloocan]]. The revolution's epicenter was the [[EDSA Shrine]] church at the northern tip of the [[Ortigas Center]] business district.

==Background==
On October 4, 2000, [[Ilocos Sur]] Governor [[Luis Singson|Luis "Chavit" Singson]], a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada and his friends and family had received millions of [[Philippine peso|pesos]] from operations of ''[[jueteng]]'', a [[numbers game]] which is illegal in the Philippines.<ref name="sc">{{cite web|date=March 2, 2001|title=Estrada vs Desierto: 146710-15 : March 2, 2001 : J. Puno : En Banc|url=http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2001/mar2001/146710_15.htm|access-date=February 18, 2013|publisher=[[Supreme Court of the Philippines]]}}</ref>

The exposé immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, [[Minority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate Minority Leader]] [[Teofisto Guingona, Jr.]] delivered a fiery [[Parliamentary immunity|privilege speech]] accusing Estrada of receiving ₱220 million in ''jueteng'' money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking ₱70 million-worth of [[excise tax|excise tax money]] from cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. He also allegedly received ₱130 million in kickbacks released by then budget secretary [[Benjamin Diokno]] for tobacco farmers,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Fast Facts: Estrada Impeachment Trial|language=en|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/128607/fast-facts-estrada-impeachment-trial|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> while his wife Loi Ejercito's foundation allegedly received ₱100 million "to the detriment of regular beneficiaries."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rufo|first=Aries|date=October 31, 2001|title=Everyone's Cash Cow|url=http://archives.newsbreak-knowledge.ph/2001/10/31/everyones-cash-cow/|access-date=April 27, 2018|website=Newsbreak|language=en-US}}</ref> Estrada was also accused of misusing 52 smuggled luxury vehicles,<ref name=":0" /> nepotism,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Danao|first=Efren|date=February 22, 2001|title=Probe of Estrada to continue|work=The Philippine Star|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/02/22/89813/probe-estrada-continue|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> and he allegedly hid assets and bought mansions for his mistresses.<ref name="Sturcke">{{Cite web|last=Sturcke|first=James|date=September 12, 2007|title=Estrada given life sentence for corruption|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/12/philippines|access-date=April 27, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The privilege speech was referred by [[Senate President]] [[Franklin Drilon]], to the [[Senate Blue Ribbon Committee]] and the [[Philippine House Committee on Justice]] for joint investigation. Another committee in the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] decided to investigate the exposé, while other House members spearheaded a move to impeach the president.<ref name="sc" /> On October 20, 2000, an early anti-Estrada rally was allegedly held in [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga City]], led by former mayor [[Jesse Robredo]], Mayor Sulpicio Roco Jr., and [[Ateneo de Naga]] president [[Joel Tabora]] who demanded the resignation of President Estrada.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olivares-Cunanan|first=Belinda|title=How could it have been 'mob rule'?|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I342AAAAIBAJ&sjid=hCUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1438%2C25205484|access-date=January 27, 2023|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|publisher=The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.|date=February 22, 2001|page=A9}}</ref>

More calls for resignation came from [[Manila]] [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Archbishop]] [[Jaime Sin]], the [[Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines]], former Presidents [[Corazon Aquino]] and [[Fidel Ramos]], and [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]] [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the [[Department of Social Welfare and Development]]). Cardinal Sin's statement read, "In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost the [[moral authority]] to govern."<ref>Amando Doronila, The Fall of Joseph Estrada, 2001, p. 83</ref> More resignations came from Estrada's cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party.<ref name="sc" />

On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker [[Manuel Villar]] transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to the Senate. This caused shakeups in the leadership of both houses of congress.<ref name="sc" /> The [[impeachment trial]] was formally opened on November 20, with twenty-one senators taking their oaths as judges, and [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court Chief Justice]] [[Hilario Davide, Jr.]] presiding. The trial began on December 7.<ref name="sc" />

The day-to-day trial was covered on live television and received the highest viewing rating, mostly by the broadcasting giant [[ABS-CBN]] at the time.<ref name="sc" /> Among the highlights of the trial was the testimony of Clarissa Ocampo, senior vice president of [[Equitable PCI Bank]], who testified that she was one foot away from Estrada when he signed the name "Jose Velarde" on documents involving a ₱500 million investment agreement with their bank in February 2000.<ref name="sc" />

==Timeline==
===Impeachment trial===
On January 16, 2001, the [[impeachment]] [[trial]] of President Estrada moved to the investigation of an envelope containing crucial [[evidence]] that would allegedly prove acts of [[political corruption]] by Estrada. [[Senate of the Philippines|Senators]] allied with Estrada moved to block the evidence. The conflict between the senator-judges and the [[prosecution]] became deeper, but then-Senate Majority Floor Leader [[Francisco Tatad]] requested that the impeachment court have a vote on opening the second envelope. The vote resulted in 10 senators in favor of examining the evidence, and 11 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the second envelope are as follows:

====Voted to examine====
#[[Rodolfo Biazon]]
#[[Renato Cayetano]]
#[[Franklin Drilon]]
#[[Juan Flavier]]
#[[Teofisto Guingona Jr.]]
#[[Loren Legarda]]
#[[Ramon Magsaysay Jr.]]
#[[Sergio Osmeña III]]
#[[Aquilino Pimentel Jr.]]
#[[Raul Roco]]

====Voted against examining====

#[[Tessie Aquino-Oreta]]
#[[Nikki Coseteng]]
#[[Miriam Defensor Santiago]]
#[[Juan Ponce Enrile]]
#[[Gregorio Honasan|Gringo Honasan]]
#[[Robert Jaworski]]
#[[Blas Ople]]
#[[John Henry Osmeña]]
#[[Ramon Revilla Sr.]]
#[[Tito Sotto]]
#[[Francisco Tatad]]

After the vote, Senator [[Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.|Nene Pimentel]] resigned as Senate President and walked out of the impeachment proceedings together with the nine opposition senators and 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial. The 11 administration senators who voted to block the opening of the second envelope remained in the Senate session hall together with members of the defense panel. The phrase "''Joe's Cohorts''" quickly surfaced as a [[mnemonic device]] for remembering their names (Joe's Cohorts: '''J'''aworski, '''O'''reta, '''E'''nrile, '''S'''antiago, '''C'''oseteng, '''O'''smeña, '''H'''onasan, '''O'''ple, '''R'''evilla, '''T'''atad, '''S'''otto).<ref>[http://www.apmforum.com/columns/orientseas26.htm Armageddon Averted: People Power 2001] (January 2001), [http://www.apmforum.com/ Asian Business Strategy and Street Intelligence Ezine].</ref> On February 14, 2001, at the initiative of Pimentel, the second envelope was opened before the local and foreign media. It contained the document that stated that businessman Jaime Dichaves and not Estrada owned the "Jose Velarde" account.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-29648010_ITM | work=Asia Africa Intelligence Wire | title=Dichavez owned bank account, says Pimentel | date=May 31, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/erapplundertrial/story/127550/BIR-wants-Erap-to-pay-P29B-tax-Estrada-cries-harassment |title=Erap Plunder Trial - BIR wants Erap to pay P2.9B tax; Estrada cries harassment |work=GMA News|date=2008-10-16 |access-date=August 24, 2013}}</ref>'

===Day 1: January 17, 2001===
Senator [[Tessie Aquino-Oreta]], one of eleven senators who voted against opening the envelope, was seen on national television as the opposition walked out; it was assumed that she was booing back and jigging at the crowd in the Senate gallery after the Ayala group jeered her and other pro-Erap senators.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paano nagsimula ang EDSA Dos noong Enero 2001 |url=https://web.facebook.com/dzmmteleradyo/videos/333762931951445/ |access-date=30 January 2022 |work=DZMM TeleRadyo |publisher=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tessie learns her lesson: Act senatorial at all times |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2002/01/20/147727/tessie-learns-her-lesson-act-senatorial-all-times |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.philstar.com |language=en-US}}</ref> This further fueled the growing anti-Erap sentiments of the crowd gathered at [[Our Lady of Peace Quasi-Parish|EDSA Shrine]], and she became the most vilified of the 11 senators. She was labeled a "prostitute" and a "concubine" of Estrada for her dancing act, while Senator Defensor-Santiago was also ridiculed by the crowd who branded her a "lunatic".

As he did in the EDSA I protest, Cardinal [[Jaime Sin]] called on the people to join the rally at the shrine. During the night, people began to gather in large numbers around the shrine, including protesters who received free transportation from nearby provinces such as Pampanga and Bulacan. Similar anti-Estrada rallies took place in regional centers nationwide, including Baguio, Naga, Iloilo City, and Davao.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2001 |title='Shameless' vote disgusts folks |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=83UE6yvegO4C&dat=20010118&printsec=frontpage&hl=en&google_abuse=GOOGLE_ABUSE_EXEMPTION%3DID%3D30b988a383f0bf4e:TM%3D1720329379:C%3Dr:IP%3D175.176.18.4-:S%3Dywp0X4wx-t1nwGiFinfUDMM%3B+path%3D/%3B+domain%3Dgoogle.com%3B+expires%3DSun,+07-Jul-2024+08:16:19+GMT |access-date=July 7, 2024 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |pages=4}}</ref>

===Day 2: January 18, 2001===
The crowd continued to grow, bolstered by students from private schools and left-wing organizations. Activists from [[Bayan Muna]] and [[Akbayan]] as well as lawyers of the [[Integrated Bar of the Philippines]] and other bar associations joined the thousands of protesters. A 10-kilometer human chain was formed from the Ninoy Aquino statue in Ayala Avenue, Makati to the EDSA Shrine as a demand for Estrada's resignation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=1M to march on Palace |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=83UE6yvegO4C&dat=20010119&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=July 7, 2024 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |pages=1, 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Araneta |first1=Sandy |last2=Crisostomo |first2=Sheila |date=January 19, 2001 |title=EDSA protesters form human chain |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/01/19/89477/edsa-protesters-form-human-chain |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> At the shrine area, just as in 1986, stars and icons from the music industry entertained the crowds.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024|reason=No explicit statement on such an event}}

===Day 3: January 19, 2001===
The [[Philippine National Police]] and the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] withdrew their support for Estrada, joining the crowds at the EDSA Shrine.<ref name="rally to oust" >{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/20/johnaglionby1|title=Filipinos rally to oust the president|date=January 19, 2001|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

At 2:00 PM, Joseph Estrada appeared on television for the first time since the beginning of the protests and maintained that he would not resign. He said he wanted the impeachment trial to continue, stressing that only a guilty verdict would remove him from office.

At 6:15 PM, Estrada again appeared on television, calling for a snap presidential election to be held concurrently with congressional and local elections on May 14, 2001. He added that he would not run in this election.

===Day 4: January 20, 2001===
[[File:2001 Oath Taking of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 14th President of the Republic of the Philippines - January 20.webm|thumb|thumbtime=00:05|280px|right|Oath Taking of then Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as 14th President of the Philippines]]

At 12:30 in the afternoon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo took her oath of office as president before [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] [[Hilario Davide Jr.]] in the presence of the crowd at EDSA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/21/philippines|title=Estrada to stand trial for plunder|date=January 20, 2001|website=The Guardian}}</ref> At the same time, however, a large anti-Estrada crowd had already gathered at the historic Mendiola Bridge, having left the shrine earlier in the day, only to face PNP personnel and the pro-Estrada supporters behind them, who had by now already attacked both the police and the anti-Estrada protesters and heckling them and even members of the press.

At 2:00 PM, Estrada released a letter saying he had "strong and serious doubts about the legality and constitutionality of her proclamation as president".<ref>{{cite book |author=Dirk J. Barreveld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-vfMSL4h-kC |title=Philippine President Estrada Impeached!: How the President of the World's 13th Most Populous Country Stumbles Over His Mistresses, a Chinese Conspiracy and the Garbage of His Capital |publisher=iUniverse |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-595-18437-8 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K-vfMSL4h-kC&pg=PA476 476]}}</ref> In that same letter, however, he said he would give up his office to allow for national reconciliation.

Later, Estrada and his family evacuated [[Malacañang Palace]] on a boat along the [[Pasig River]]. They were smiling and waving to reporters and shaking hands with the remaining Cabinet members and palace employees. He was initially placed under [[house arrest]] in [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]] but was later transferred to his rest home in Sampaloc, a small village in [[Tanay, Rizal]].

==Aftermath==
{{See also|EDSA III}}
On the last day of protests on EDSA on January 20, 2001, Estrada resigned as president and his successor [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] was sworn into office by [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] Chief Justice [[Hilario Davide Jr.|Hilario G. Davide Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/92289/sc-arroyo-takeover-constitutional|title=SC: Arroyo takeover constitutional|last=Panganiban|first=Artemio V.|date=January 24, 2016|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=April 27, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/01/27/1417225/erap-resigned-president-cant-run-again-lawyer|title=Erap resigned as president, can't run again — lawyer|last=Diaz|first=Jess|date=January 27, 2015|work=The Philippine Star|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref>

On March 2, 2001, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Estrada's resignation in a unanimous 13-0 decision in Estrada vs. Desierto.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Panganiban|first=Artemio V.|date=January 17, 2016|title=Constitutionality of Edsa 1 and Edsa 2|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/92100/constitutionality-of-edsa-1-and-edsa-2|access-date=February 27, 2022|website=Inquirer|language=en}}</ref>

On September 12, 2007, [[Trial of Joseph Estrada|Estrada was found guilty of plunder]] beyond reasonable doubt by the [[Sandiganbayan|Philippine anti-graft court]] and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/84269/estradas-plunder-conviction-remembered|title=Estrada's plunder conviction remembered|last=Rodis|first=Rodel|date=August 28, 2013|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=April 27, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/60117/erap-guilty-of-plunder-sentenced-to-reclusion-perpetua/story/|title=Erap guilty of plunder, sentenced to reclusion perpetua|date=September 12, 2007|work=GMA News|access-date=April 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Sturcke"/> He was pardoned by Macapagal-Arroyo on October 25, 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-philippines-estrada-idUKMNB0007120071025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201026035351/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-philippines-estrada-idUKMNB0007120071025|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 26, 2020|title=Former Philippine president Estrada pardoned|last=Mogato|first=Manny|date=October 25, 2007|work=Reuters|access-date=April 27, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Reactions==
===International===
International reaction to the administration change was mixed. While some foreign nations, including the United States, immediately recognized the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, foreign commentators described the revolt as "a defeat for [[due process of law]]", "mob rule", and a "''de facto'' coup".<ref name="nytimes.com">Mydans, Seth. [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/05/world/people-power-ii-doesn-t-give-filipinos-the-same-glow.html 'People Power II' Doesn't Give Filipinos the Same Glow]. February 5, 2001. ''The New York Times''.</ref> The only means of [[political legitimacy|legitimizing]] the event was the last-minute Supreme Court ruling that "the welfare of the people is the supreme law."<ref>{{cite news|date=January 21, 2001|title=SC: People's welfare is the supreme law|work=The Philippine Star|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/89502/sc-people%C3%A3%C2%A2%C3%A2%E2%80%9A%C2%AC%C3%A2%E2%80%9E%C2%A2s-welfare-supreme-law|access-date=February 18, 2013}}</ref> But by then, the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] had already withdrawn support for the president, which some analysts called unconstitutional, a view shared by many foreign political analysts. William Overholt, a [[Hong Kong]]-based political economist, said that "It is either being called [[Ochlocracy|mob rule]] or mob rule as a cover for a well-planned coup, but either way, it's not democracy."<ref name="nytimes.com" />

===Domestic===
Opinion was divided during EDSA II about whether [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] as the incumbent vice president should be president if Joseph Estrada was ousted; many groups who participated in EDSA II expressly stated that they did not want Arroyo for president either, and some of these groups would later participate in [[EDSA III]]. The prevailing Constitution of the Philippines calls for the Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo at the time, to act as interim president only when the sitting president dies, resigns, or becomes incapacitated. Estrada had resigned from office and the constitutionality of his resignation was upheld by the Supreme Court on March 2, 2001.<ref name=":1" />

After Estrada's plunder conviction and subsequent pardon, on January 18, 2008, Estrada's [[Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino]] (PMP) bought full-page advertisements in [[Metro Manila]] newspapers, blaming EDSA 2 for having "inflicted a dent on Philippine democracy". It featured clippings that questioned the constitutionality of the revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Straits Times]]'', ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''[[Asia Times Online]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', and ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''. Former Supreme Court justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2 violated the [[1987 Constitution]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/76974/Eraps-PMP-questions-EDSA-2-constitutionality |title=GMA NEWS.TV, Erap's PMP questions EDSA 2 constitutionality |work=GMA News|date=January 18, 2008 |access-date=August 24, 2013}}</ref>

In February 2008, several parts of the Catholic Church, which played a vital role during EDSA II, issued an apology of sorts. The sitting [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines]] (CBCP) president, Iloilo Archbishop [[Angel Lagdameo]], expressed disappointment in Arroyo's presidency and called EDSA II a mistake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribune.net.ph/headlines/20080220hed1.html|title=Edsa II a mistake, says CBCP head|author=Ayen Infante|date=February 20, 2008|newspaper=The Daily Tribune|location=Philippines|access-date=June 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423112807/http://www.tribune.net.ph/headlines/20080220hed1.html|archive-date=April 23, 2008}}</ref>

===By Estrada===
On March 13, 2008, Estrada named [[Lucio Tan]], [[Jaime Sin]], [[Fidel Ramos]], [[Chavit Singson]], and the [[Zóbel de Ayala family|Ayala]] and [[López family of Iloilo|Lopez]] clans (who were both involved in water businesses) as [[Bourgeois revolution|co-conspirators]] of the EDSA Revolution of 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/84514/7-years-after-ouster-Erap-bares-5-conspirators|title=GMA NEWS.TV, 7 years after ouster, Erap bares 5 conspirators |work=GMA News|date=2008-03-12 |access-date=August 24, 2013}}</ref>

In October 2016, Estrada claimed without evidence that it was the U.S. that [[United States involvement in regime change|ousted him]] from office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/-main-stories/top-stories/219537/duterte-is-right-estrada-insists.html|title=Manila Standard, Duterte is right, Estrada insists |work=Manila Standard }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[People Power Revolution]] - a similar event in the Philippines that ousted dictator [[Ferdinand Marcos]]
*[[2001 Philippine general election]]
*[[People Power Coalition]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author1=Greg Hutchinson|author2=Ellen Tordesillas|title=Hot money, warm bodies: the downfall of President Joseph Estrada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLEMAQAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Anvil Publishing|isbn=978-971-27-1104-6}}

==External links==
*[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ASIANOW/southeast/01/20/philippines.estrada.02/ CNN.com - Arroyo sworn in as president of Philippines - January 21, 2001]
*[http://members.tripod.com/twist14/edsa2/thestory.html The Story of EDSA II: Why Erap Failed]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027085722/http://geocities.com/benign0/agr-disagr/12-3-nyt.html The New York Times - Expecting Praise, Filipinos are Criticized for Ouster]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027085736/http://geocities.com/benign0/agr-disagr/12-erap.html The Success of People Power II and what it really means]

{{Philippine coups}}
{{Philippines topics}}
{{Joseph Estrada}}
{{Gloria Macapagal Arroyo}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:EDSA II}}
[[Category:2000s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:2001 in the Philippines]]
[[Category:21st-century revolutions]]
[[Category:History of the Philippines (1986–present)]]
[[Category:History of Metro Manila]]
[[Category:Nonviolent revolutions]]
[[Category:Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]
[[Category:Presidency of Joseph Estrada]]
[[Category:Protests in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Rebellions in the Philippines]]
[[Category:January 2001 in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Coups d'état and coup attempts in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Malacañang Palace]]