Editing Semikhah

{{Short description|Ordination of a rabbi or cantor in Judaism}}
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{{for|the act of ''semikhah'' in the Temple in Jerusalem|Semicha in sacrifices}}
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{{Judaism}}

'''''Semikhah'''''{{Efn|Also '''semichah''', '''smicha''', '''semicha''', '''smikha''', '''semikha'''}} ({{langx|he|סְמִיכָה}}) is the traditional [[Jews|Jewish]] name for [[Rabbi|rabbinic]] [[ordination]].

The original ''semikhah'' was the formal [[Oral Torah#Rabbinic thought|"transmission of authority"]] from [[Moses]] through the generations. This form of ''semikhah'' ceased between 360 and 425 CE. Since then ''semikhah'' has continued in a less formal way. Throughout history there have been several attempts to reestablish the classical ''semikhah''.

The title of "rabbi" has "proliferated greatly over the last century".<ref name="Shurpin" />
Nowadays ''semikha'' is also granted for a limited form of ordination, focused on the application of Halakha in specific settings as opposed to underlying Talmudic knowledge. 
Outside [[Orthodox Judaism]], in fact, the curriculum may emphasize "the other functions of a modern rabbi such as preaching, counselling, and pastoral work".<ref name="myjewishlearning" />

In recent times, relatedly, some institutions grant ordination for the role of ''[[hazzan]]'' (cantor), extending the "investiture" granted there from the 1950s. Less commonly, since the 1990s,{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} ordination is granted for the role of lay leader – sometimes titled ''[[Darshan (Judaism)|darshan]]''. Ordination may then also be specifically termed {{lang|he|סמיכה לרבנות}} ('rabbinical ordination'), {{lang|he|סמיכה לחזנות}} ('cantorial ordination'), or {{lang|he|הסמכת מגיד}} ('maggidic ordination').

==Etymology and related terminology==
The word ''semikhah'' derives from a Hebrew root סמכ (''smk'') that means to "rely on", in the sense of "lean on", or "to be authorized"; the literal meaning of ''{{lang|he-Latn|semikhah}}'' is "leaning [of the hands]".
''Semikhah'' may refer to the "conferring" of the ordination, or as a noun, to the certification itself, where the plural is ''Semakhot'' (or ''Semachot''); one with ordination may then be referred to as a ''Musmach''.
A precedent Biblical usage<ref>''[[Lekach Tov]]'' [https://www.sefaria.org/Midrash_Lekach_Tov%2C_Numbers.8.9.2?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en here], quotes a tradition that this entailed, also, ordination.</ref> is [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] [https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0408.htm 8:10], describing the preparation of the [[Levite]]s for service. 

A rabbi is also sometimes referred to as a ''Moreh Hora'ah'' (מורה הוראה) "one who teaches [Halakhic] decisions", while the ordination itself is called ''Heter Hora'ah'' (היתר הוראה) "permission to make Halakhic decisions", certifying that the holder has the facility<ref name="RAMA" /> [[Posek#Formulating_a_ruling_(psak_din)|to apply]] his "thorough knowledge of the [[Talmud]]"<ref name="JE">{{Cite web |title=HATTARAT HORA'AH |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7333-hattarat-hora-ah |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> to the facts of a given ''halakhic'' question, and (implicitly) certifies also that the candidate is suitable to function as a community rabbi.<ref name="Aruch HaShulchan" />
These terms derive from [[Leviticus]] [https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0310.htm 10:11], where the requirement is specified<ref name="semak">''[[Sefer Mitzvot Katan]]'' [https://www.sefaria.org/Sefer_Mitzvot_Katan.111?vhe=Sefer_Mitzvot_Katan,_Kopys,_1820&lang=bi 111] sees this verse as constituting a [[Mitzvah|positive commandment]]. See also ''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', [https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94_%D7%93 ''Talmud Torah'' 5:4]</ref> that ''halakhic'' decisions are to be made only by a qualified authority.

==Concept==
[[File:Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's Semicha from Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Finkel.jpg |thumb|
Example semikhah certificate, ''Yadin Yadin'', of Rabbi [[Aryeh Kaplan]] awarded by Rabbi [[Eliezer Yehuda Finkel (Poland and Jerusalem)|Eliezer Yehuda Finkel]]. 
The wording, as is typical, states that the holder is learned in ''Shas'' (ש״ס) – i.e. has wide knowledge of Talmud – as well as in ''Rishonim'' and ''Acharonim'' – i.e. has deep knowledge of ''Halakha''. 
The phrase "כל מן דין סמוכין לנא"<ref name="Sanhderin 14:a">Talmud [https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.14a.11?lang=bi Sanhderin 14:a]</ref> is often included, and translates "anyone of this [caliber] may be ordained for us";
similarly often included is the phrase "הגיע להוראה" (''"hegia leHora'ah"''), <ref name="RAMA" /> which describes the ''Musmach'' as having "arrived at [the level of] ''Hora'ah''".]]

In concept, ''semikhah'' represents a "bond"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of MASORA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Masora |website=<nowiki>[[Merriam-Webster]</nowiki>}}</ref> dating back to the time of [[Moses]] and [[Joshua]]. It is held that God taught the [[Torah]] to Moses on [[Mount Sinai (Bible)|Mount Sinai]] in 1312 BCE and that since that time, the knowledge of the Torah has been passed from generation to generation by the conferment of ''semikhah'', rabbinic ordination, or the unbroken transmission of authority dating back to that time. This unbroken chain of Torah teaching is thus said to have continued for over 3300 years and continues to this day.<ref name="pidyon.org" /><ref name="simpletoremember.com" />

The ancient formula for ''semikhah'' was ''"Yoreh Yoreh. Yadin Yadin"''. ("May he decide? He may decide! May he judge? He may judge!"); and in the early days of rabbinical Judaism any ordained teacher could ordain his students.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
Classical ''semikhah'' was granted by a court of three judges<ref>Mishnah Sanhedrin 1:3</ref> and it later required the participation of at least one who had attained this status, himself. According to [[Maimonides]] the other two need not be ''semukhim''.<ref>Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Sanhedrin 4:3</ref>

Today,<ref name ="JE" /><ref name="Shurpin" /> ''semikha'' is generally through an institution, a [[yeshiva]] or specialized [[kollel]], but is often granted by an individual.
The testing here<ref>[https://www.gov.il/he/departments/general/meida_rabanut מידע לנבחנים - רבנות ("Information re testing for ''Rabbanut'', the Chief Rabbinate of Israel Semikhah Certification")], www.gov.il</ref><ref name="Rabbinical College of America">[http://rca.edu/media/pdf/1120/NbJg11207139.pdf ''Catalog''], [[Rabbinical College of America]]</ref><ref name="RIETS">[https://www.yu.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/semikhah_requirements_final.pdf ''Semikhah Requirements''], [[Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary]]</ref><ref name="Bobov">[https://rabbinicalcollegeboboveryeshiva.edu/Catalog/catalog.pdf ''Catalog''], Rabbinical College [[Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)|Bobover]]</ref>
confirms one's ability to decide ("{{Lang|yi|[[posek|pasken]]}}") a question in ''[[halakha]]'' (Jewish law).<ref name ="JE" /> The examination has a dual concern: firstly it confirms knowledge of the law as presented in ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'', the [[Halakha#Codes of Jewish law|standard code of law]] (with more recent applications from relevant [[History of responsa in Judaism|''teshuvot'']], or responsa); secondly, it also confirms an understanding of the underlying ''principles'', by testing the relevant Talmudic ''[[sugya]]s'', together with their development by the [[Rishonim]] and [[Acharonim]], especially the ''[[Arba'ah Turim]]''; see {{slink|Yeshiva|Jewish law}}.

===Varieties of ordination===
The Talmud lists three classes of ''semikhah'' issued:<ref name="sanh5a" /> ''Yoreh Yoreh'', ''Yadin Yadin'', and ''Yatir Bechorot Yatir''; while the first two are still issued, the last is not.
Additional forms of ''semikhah'' issued in modern times are discussed below.
* ''Yoreh Yoreh'' (Hebrew: יורה יורה): The recipient of this ''semikhah'' demonstrated sufficient education and proper judgment to be able to render ''[[halakha|halakhic]]'' judgments on matters of religious law as it pertains to daily life, focusing on ''[[kosher|kashrut]]'', referred to as [[Milk and meat in Jewish law|''"Issur v'Hetter"'']], and ''[[niddah]]'' (both from Shulchan Aruch [[Yoreh De'ah]]), and permissible or forbidden activities on [[Shabbat]] and [[Jewish holiday|Yom Tov]] ([[Orach Chaim]]). The holder of this ''Semikha'', as above, is referred to also as a ''Moreh Hora'ah'' and the ordination itself is called ''Heter Hora'ah''.
* ''Yadin Yadin'' (Hebrew: ידין ידין, [[Ashkenazi]] pronunciation: ''Yoden Yoden''): The recipient of this ''semikhah'' demonstrated sufficient education and proper judgment to be able to render ''halakhic'' judgments on matters of religious law as it [[Nezikin|pertains to monetary and property disputes]]; the basis here is the ''[[Choshen Mishpat]]'' section, and will usually include parts of [[Even Haezer]] such as the laws of [[Get (divorce document)|Gittin]]; this ''semikhah'' is usually required for a rabbi to act as a [[dayan (rabbinic judge)]], and, typically, is granted only to those already holding ''Yoreh Yoreh'', even though the Talmud states that one can have be granted Yadin Yadin without Yoreh Yoreh.
* ''Yatir Bechorot Yatir'': The recipient of this ''semikhah'' demonstrated sufficient education and proper judgment to determine the ritual status of firstborn animals that have developed a blemish. This degree required extensive veterinary knowledge. See {{sectionlink|Burnt offering (Judaism)|Order and preparation}}.

Many ''Yoreh Yoreh'' programs, for example the Chief Rabbinate's and [[RIETS]], include testing in ''[[Avelut]]'' (Laws of mourning; ''Yoreh Deah'') and/or [[:Category:Jewish marital law|Jewish marital law]] (''[[Even Ha'ezer]]'' section). 
Traditionally – and on the other hand – ''Yoreh Yoreh'' covered ''kashrut'' only,<ref>[https://collive.com/drawbacks-of-smicha-programs/ Interview with Rabbi Yosef Barber], Head of the Smicha program at Yeshivas [[Tomchei Temimim]] Chovevei Torah</ref><ref name="Shurpin" /> and this is still often the case.<ref>[http://www.yucs.org/~jyuter/images/Smikha-Large.jpg Example ''Semicha'' certificate: "''Yoreh Yoreh BeIssur v'Hetter''"]</ref>
Although apparently limited,<ref>See Rambam ''Sanhedrin veha'Onashin haMesurin lahem'' [http://www.toratemetfreeware.com/online/f_02038.html#HtmpReportNum0003_L2 Ch4:8], discussing ''Semicha'' as limited to certain areas of ''Halakha''.</ref>
the basis here is that, as mentioned, ''semikha'' is in fact a confirmation of the ability - and right - of the holder to ''pasken'' in general,<ref name="RAMA">[[Moshe Isserles]], [https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91#%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%99%D7%93 Yoreh De'ah 242:14]</ref> and that, as required, the rabbi can correctly apply his Talmudic and ''Halakhic'' knowledge to other areas (and where necessary refer complex cases to a ''[[posek]]'', a more qualified authority; see {{sectionlink|Responsa |In Judaism}}). 
Similar, a '' semicha'' focusing on the laws of ''[[Shabbat]]'' is sometimes granted. Often, ''niddah'' will require a separate specialized certification, as – [[Niddah#Practices_during_niddah|given their intricate and sensitive nature]] – an element of ''shimush'', or "apprenticeship",<ref>See for illustration of apprenticeship in Halakhik areas, Rambam at [https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1524516/jewish/Tumat-Tsaraat-Chapter-9.htm#v2 Tzaraat 9:2]. Chabad.</ref> pertains particularly to these ''halakhot''. 
(In fact ''shimush'' more generally, is (implicitly) required before one serves as a Rabbi.<ref>''[https://www.sefaria.org/Berakhot.47b.6?lang=bi Berakhot 47b]'': "[ [[Rabbi Meir]] ] said: Even if someone studied and reviewed, but did not serve sages, that one is an ignoramus."</ref>) 
It is not uncommon for a rabbi to hold several certificates, with each ''semikha'' covering a specific area of ''halakha''.
Certification, with similar testing, is also required to qualify as a ''[[shochet]]'', ''[[mohel]]'', ''[[sofer]]'', or [[Nikkur|''menakker'']]; these inhere a major practical element and thus require significant ''shimush''.

===Modern ''semakhot''===
As outlined, additional forms of ''semikhah'' are issued in modern times<ref name="Shurpin">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Rabbi? - A Brief History of Rabbinic Ordination (Semicha) |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1933944/jewish/What-Is-a-Rabbi.htm |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[Chabad.org]] |language=en}}</ref> with their content departing from the above, to an extent reflecting<ref>[https://www.mercazusa.org/blog/training-the-rabbinate-case-study-five-conservative-masorti-rabbinical-schools/ Training the Rabbinate, Case Study: Five Conservative/Masorti Rabbinical Schools]. [[Mercaz USA]]</ref><ref name="myjewishlearning" /> the contemporary Rabbinic role. See {{slink|Yeshiva|Curriculum}} for further outline.

An Orthodox ''semikha'', "''Rav U'Manhig''", "(pulpit) Rabbi and (community) leader",<ref>[https://rbssemicha.com/about/ About Semicha], rbssemicha.com</ref> essentially testifies that the recipient has sufficient Torah knowledge to serve in a position of leadership<ref name="Aruch HaShulchan">See [[Aruch HaShulchan]] [https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91#%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91_%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%9B%D7%98 Yoreh Deah 242:29], where it is held that in recent times, additional to granting ''Heter Ho'ra'ah'', ''semicha'' certifies one's suitability for the role of Community Rabbi.</ref> (as "rabbi" essentially means "teacher", not necessarily "halakhic authority"). The testing here covers ''Orach Chaim'' extensively, usually with limited emphasis on the underlying Talmudic ''sugyas''. See the related discussion re "semicha-testing programs" and "online semicha" at {{slink|List of rabbinical schools|Orthodox}}.

[[Jewish religious movements#Trans- and post-denominational Judaism|Pluralistic and non-denominational movements]] grant an ordination titled "''Rav U-moreh/morah BeYisrael''", "Rabbi and Teacher in Israel". The curriculum here, as above, may emphasize "the other functions of a modern rabbi such as preaching, counselling, and pastoral work",<ref name="myjewishlearning">{{Cite web |title=What Does It Mean to Be a Rabbi? |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/rabbi-teacher-preacher-judge-but-not-priest/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[My Jewish Learning]] |language=en-US}}</ref> as opposed to ''Halakha''; further, often in these institutions less emphasis is placed on Talmud and Jewish law, "but rather on sociology, cultural studies, and modern Jewish philosophy".<ref name="Blane">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=Ordination and Semicha |url=https://jsli.net/apply-online/ordination-smicha/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[JSLI]] |language=en-US}}</ref> 
See {{slink|List of rabbinical schools|Non-denominational}}.

In contrast to these, the [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]] confers the further advanced ''semikhah'' of "''Rav Ir''", "[Chief] Rabbi of a City". This covers additional relevant topics from all sections of Shulchan Aruch - such as ''[[gerut]]'' - and, as for ''Dayanut'', has ''Yoreh Yoreh'' as a prerequisite; see {{section link|Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Semikhah}}.

===Ordination ceremony===
The ceremony where ordination is conferred is known as ''Hag HaSemikha'', the festival of ordination. Today, in most branches of Judaism, there is no laying on of hands; ordination is conferred as an academic degree with a diploma, signed by the officiating rabbis and often hand-written on parchment.
Receiving ordination has been a festive occasion accompanied by celebration since Talmudic times. According to the Talmud, when the rabbis ordained [[Rav Zeira|Rabbi Zeira]], they sang a bridal song in his honor: "Even though she painted not her eyes with [[antimony]], neither darkened her cheeks with [[Rouge (cosmetics)|rouge]], nor [[Braid (hairstyle)|plaited]] her hair, she is still a graceful doe [of exceptional beauty]!"<ref>''Ketubbot'' 17a</ref> the analogy and implication being: just as a bride is inherently beautiful, so for ordination, one's Torah knowledge must be immediately apparent.<ref>[[Adin Steinsaltz]], [[Babylonian Talmud]] ''Sanhedrin'' 14a, p. 143.</ref> 
They also sang at the ordination of [[Ammi b. Abba|Rabbi Ammi]] and [[Rav Assi|Rabbi Assi]]: "Just like these, just like these, ordain for us!"; epitomizing, as they did, the ideal candidate for ordination.<ref name="Sanhderin 14:a" /> This wording - כל מן דין סמוכו לנא - as per the certificate displayed, is still often included on ''semikhah'' diplomas.

==Contemporary usage==
In the prevailing sense, "{{lang|he-Latn|smicha}}" generally refers to the [[ordination]] of a rabbi within all modern [[Jewish religious movements]] from [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] to [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]].<ref name="jta.org">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2012 |title=What's in a word? For 'ordained' rather than 'invested' cantors, a lot |url=https://www.jta.org/2012/05/01/lifestyle/whats-in-a-word-for-ordained-rather-than-invested-cantors-a-lot |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |publisher=}}</ref>

This "''{{lang|he-Latn|Smicha lerabbanut}}''" signifies the transmission of rabbinic authority to give advice or judgment in [[Halakha|Jewish law]], thus overlapping to some extent with the classical usage, per [[#Concept]] above; see also {{slink|Rabbi|Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Judaism}}.
In this context, ''"[[Rav Muvhak]]"'' is sometimes used to refer to a student's primary teacher.

{{lang|he-Latn|Smicha lehazzanut}}, ordination as a [[Hazzan|cantor]], similarly signifies the transmission of authoritative knowledge about Jewish musical and [[Jewish prayer|liturgical traditions]]. This is granted within some denominations.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Status of current rabbis===
Although presently most functioning [[synagogue]] (i.e. "[[pulpit]]") rabbis hold ''semikhah'', this was until quite recently not always required, and in fact many [[Haredi]] rabbis may possibly not be required to hold a "formal" ''semikhah'' even though they may occupy important rabbinical and leadership positions. The reasons being that what is prized in the communities they serve and lead is most of all a supreme mastery of the [[Talmud]] with a vast knowledge of the commentaries of the [[Rishonim]] and [[Acharonim]] and [[Responsa]], added to knowledge of the [[Shulchan Aruch]] and [[Halakha]] ("Jewish Law"). In the UK, a communal minister who does not have ''semikhah'' has the title "Reverend" rather than "rabbi".{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Many [[Hasidic]] [[rebbe]]s and [[Rosh yeshiva]]s of major Orthodox yeshivas are not required to "prove" to their flocks that they do or do not hold formal ''semikhah'' because their reputations as Torah-scholars and sages is unquestioned and esteemed based on the recommendations of trusted sages, and the experiences and interactions that many knowledgeable Torah-observant Jews have with them, which thus gives practical testimony based on experience that these great rabbis are indeed worthy to be called as such.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

For example, according to some reports Rabbi [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]] (known as the ''Chafetz Chayim'') did not officially receive ''semikhah'' until late in life, when a formal rabbinic qualification was necessary for him to call himself "rabbi" on an immigration application.<ref>Yissocher Frand, ''Listen To Your Messages'', p. 89; however see [https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3966859,00.html a contradictory report]</ref> Most current ''poskim'', however, do have ''semikhah''.

Just as a debate exists about who is a Jew, there is little consensus as to who is a rabbi. The Reform movement in a Responsum{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} states that for their Temples, pulpit rabbis need to attend and complete their academic program at the Reform movement's rabbinic schools. But they further state that this does not negate other sects of Judaism from accepting the time-honored ''semikhah'' of one-on-one. Nor do they deal with the issue of rabbis who are not pulpit rabbis but teach, study, and do research. They do say that the need for three rabbis is unneeded as the two additional rabbis are just witnesses and cannot attest to the new rabbi's knowledge.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Ordination of cantors===
Many cantorial institutions in the [[United States]] currently grant {{lang|he-Latn|smicha lehazzanut}} to their students. Some have historically used the term ''[[investiture]]'' to describe the conferral of cantorial authority onto their graduates.<ref name="jta.org" />

The term ''investiture'' was originally intended to make a distinction between the ordination of rabbis and that of cantors. However, in response to the increased responsibility of the cantor in contemporary American synagogues, some institutions such as [[Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion|Hebrew Union College]] ([[Reform Judaism|Reform]]) have recently begun to use the term "ordination" instead of "investiture".<ref name="jta.org" /> Other institutions that ordain cantors include [[Hebrew College]] (pluralistic),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Become a Cantor |url=https://hebrewcollege.edu/graduate-leadership-programs/become-a-cantor/ |website=[[Hebrew College]] |publisher=}}</ref> the [[Academy for Jewish Religion (New York)|Academy for Jewish Religion]] (pluralistic),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cantorial Program |url=https://ajr.edu/programs/cantreqmnts/ |website=[[Academy for Jewish Religion (New York)|Academy for Jewish Religion]] |publisher=}}</ref> and [[Jewish Renewal#Ordination training|Aleph]] ([[Jewish Renewal|Renewal]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aleph.org/cantorial-program|title=Cantorial Program |publisher=ALEPH}}</ref>

As of 2021, the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|Jewish Theological Seminary]] ([[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]]) will begin ordaining its cantors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jtsa.edu/graduating-cantors-will-be-ordained-not-invested |title=Graduating Cantors Will Be Ordained, Not Invested |publisher=Jewish Theological Seminary |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref>

===Modern lay leader ordination===
Beginning in the mid to late 1990s, the Reform, Renewal and Conservative Jewish movements have ordained lay leaders to positions such as spiritual director, [[Maggid|darshan]] (chaplain), and [[pastor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aleph.org/ordinations |title=Jewish Renewal Lay Ordination Official Site|publisher=ALEPH (Renewal Judaism)}}</ref>
Lay leaders within Judaism serve both in formal spaces like synagogues, independent [[minyan]], in Jewish and non-Jewish organizations, hospitals and community centers.

Several yeshivas and other academies now train and certify lay leaders, such as [[Darshanim ordination|Darshan Yeshiva]], [[Jewish Renewal#Ordination training|ALEPH Pastor Program]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aleph.org |title=Alliance for Jewish Renewal Official Site|publisher=ALEPH (Renewal Judaism)}}</ref> the [[Union for Reform Judaism]],<ref>{{cite news |title=URJ Lay Leader Information |url=https://urj.org/what-we-do/congregational-life/developing-leaders |work=[[Union for Reform Judaism]] |publisher=}}</ref>
and [[Academy for Jewish Religion (California)|AJRCA]]'s chaplaincy school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional Schools |url=https://ajrca.edu/programs/professional-schools-2/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[Academy for Jewish Religion (California)|AJRCA]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Classical ''semikhah''==
Classical ''semikhah'' refers to a specific type of ordination that, according to traditional Jewish teaching, traces a line of authority back to [[Moses]], the [[Great Assembly]], and the [[Sanhedrin]]. The line of classical ''semikhah'' is generally believed to have died out in the 4th or 5th century CE, but it is widely held that a line of Torah conferment remains unbroken.<ref name="pidyon.org">{{cite web |title=Shalshelet HaKabalah: The Chain of Torah |url=http://www.pidyon.org/docs/shalshelet.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004013857/http://www.pidyon.org/docs/shalshelet.php |archive-date=2009-10-04 |access-date=2009-10-14 |website=pidyon.org}}</ref><ref name="simpletoremember.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/mesora|title=Jewish Lineage &#124; Unbroken Chain of Torah Transmission &#124; genealogy heritage &#124; Mesora|website=simpletoremember.com}}</ref>

===Hebrew Bible===
According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], [[Moses]] was the greatest prophet,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Numbers|12:6-7|HE}}, {{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|34:10|HE}}</ref> and the one individual who received the [[Torah]] from God.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Exodus|24:12|HE}}, {{Bibleverse|Leviticus|7:38|HE}}, {{Bibleverse|Leviticus|25:1|HE}}, {{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|4:14|HE}}, etc.</ref> Traditionally, Moses is also assumed to be the "first rabbi" of the [[Israelites]]. He is still known to most Jews as ''Moshe Rabbeinu'' ("Moses our rabbi").

Moses, before his death, ordained [[Joshua]] as his successor by resting his hands on Joshua:

{{quote|Moses spoke to [[יהוה]], saying, "Let יהוה, Source of the breath of all flesh, appoint someone over the community who shall go out before them and come in before them, and who shall take them out and bring them in, so that יהוה’s community may not be like sheep that have no shepherd." And יהוה answered Moses, "Single out Joshua son of Nun, an inspired man, and lay your hand upon him. Have him stand before Eleazar the priest and before the whole community, and commission him in their sight. Invest him with some of your authority, so that the whole Israelite community may obey. But he shall present himself to Eleazar the priest, who shall on his behalf seek the decision of the Urim before יהוה. By such instruction they shall go out and by such instruction they shall come in, he and all the Israelite [militia], and the whole community." Moses did as יהוה commanded him. He took Joshua and had him stand before Eleazar the priest and before the whole community. He laid his hands upon him and commissioned him—as יהוה had spoken through Moses. <ref>{{Bibleverse|Numbers||27:15–23|HE}}</ref>}}

This procedure caused the "spirit" in Moses to enter Joshua as well: "Now Joshua son of Nun was filled with the spirit of wisdom because Moses had laid his hands upon him; and the Israelites heeded him, doing as יהוה had commanded Moses."<ref>{{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|34:9|HE}}</ref> Similarly, when Moses found the task of leadership too difficult, God caused the "spirit" in Moses to enter seventy additional elders (though no resting of hands is mentioned here).<ref>{{Bibleverse|Numbers||11:16–25|HE}}</ref>

According to later tradition, the elders ordained their successors in the same way, and their successors ordained others. This chain of hands-on ''semichah'' continued through the time of the [[Second Temple]] to an undetermined time.<ref>See [[Pirkei Avot]] 1:1</ref>

===Mishnah and Talmud===
Despite the name, the classical ''semikhah'' did not require a literal laying on of hands; the operative part of the ceremony consisted of a court of three, at least one of whom himself had ''semikhah'', conferring the authority on the recipient.<ref>Talmud, [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Sanhedrin13b.jpg Sanhedrin 13b]</ref> Both the givers and the recipient had to be in the Land of Israel, but they did not have to be in the same place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mechon-mamre.org/i/e104.htm|title=משנה תורה - ספר שופטים - הלכות סנהדרין פרק ד|website=mechon-mamre.org}}</ref> In the Mishnaic era it became the law that only someone who had ''semikhah'' could give religious and legal decisions.<ref name="sanh5a">{{Cite web |title=Talmud Sanhedrin 5b |url=http://images.e-daf.com/DafImg.asp?ID=3620&size=1 |website=images.e-daf.com}}</ref>

The title ''ribbi'' (or "rabbi") was reserved for those with ''semikhah''. The sages of the Babylonian Jewish community had a similar religious education, but without the ''semikhah'' ceremony they were called ''rav''. The Talmud also relates that one can obtain the title of rabbi by those to whom he teaches or counsels.

After the failed [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] in 132–135 CE, the Romans put down the revolt, and the emperor [[Hadrian]] tried to put a permanent end to the Sanhedrin. According to the Talmud, Hadrian decreed that anyone who gave or accepted ''semikhah'' would be killed, any city in which the ceremony took place would be razed, and all crops within a mile of the ceremony's site would be destroyed. The line of succession was saved by [[Judah ben Bava]], who took five students of the recently martyred [[Rabbi Akiva]] to a mountain pass far from any settlement or farm, and ordained all five students. When the Romans attacked them, Judah ben Bava blocked the pass with his body, allowing the others to escape, and became one of Judaism's ten Rabbinic Martyrs himself by being speared 300 times. The five new rabbis – [[Rabbi Meir]], Shimon, [[Judah bar Ilai]], [[Jose ben Halafta]] and [[Eleazar ben Shammua]] – escaped and became the next generation of Torah leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanhedrin 14a:1 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.14a.1 |website=[[Sefaria]]}}</ref>

The exact date the original ''semikhah'' succession ended is not certain. Many medieval authorities believed that this occurred during the reign of Hillel II, around the year 360 CE.<ref>Nachmanides, ''Sefer Hazekhut'', Gittin ch 4; Rabbenu Nissim, ibid; ''Sefer Haterumot'', Gate 45; R Levi ibn Haviv, ''Kuntras Hasemikhah''.</ref> However, [[Theodosius I]] forbade the Sanhedrin to assemble and declared ordination illegal. (Roman law prescribed capital punishment for any rabbi who received ordination and complete destruction of the town where the ordination occurred).<ref>''A History of the Jewish People'', by Hayim Ben-Sasson, Harvard University Press (October 15, 1985), {{ISBN|978-0-674-39731-6}}</ref> It seems to have continued until at least 425, when [[Theodosius II]] executed [[Gamaliel VI]] and suppressed the [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Patriarchate]] and Sanhedrin.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}

===Post-Talmudic: The decline of classical ''semikhah''===
The original line of succession seems to have died out in the 4th or 5th centuries. The [[Geonim]], early medieval Jewish sages of Babylon, did not possess ''semikhah'', and did not use the title "rabbi". They were formally known as "rav" and were entrusted with authority to make legal and religious decisions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Some believe that classical ''semikhah'' may have even survived until the 12th century when semuchim from Lebanon and Syria were traveling to Israel in order to pass on semicha to their students.<ref name="daat.ac.il">{{Cite web|url=https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/hatkufa/mishpat-4.htm|title=משפט הסמיכה וקורותיה / ח. י. בורנשטיין|website=daat.ac.il}}</ref> Others, such as [[Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov]] (1770–1839), believed ''semikhah'' may not have been broken at all but that it continued outside of the land of Israel.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Since the end of classical ordination, other forms of ordination have developed which use much of the same terminology, but have a lesser significance in Jewish law (see [[Rabbi#Middle Ages]]).

===Attempts to revive classical ''semikhah''===<!-- This section is linked from [[Sanhedrin]] -->
{{Main|Modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin}}
[[Maimonides]] ruled that "if all the sages In Israel would unanimously agree to appoint and ordain judges, then these new ordinants would possess the full authority of the original ordained judges".<ref>[[Mishneh Torah]], Hilchot Sanhedrin 4:11</ref> Based on this ruling, in 1538 [[Jacob Berab]] attempted to reestablish ''semikhah'' in [[Safed]]. This attempt attracted some prominent supporters, including [[Joseph Karo]] (author of the ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]''), who himself received ''semikhah'' from Berab, and then gave ''semikhah'' to others. However, other rabbis ruled that Berab's ''semikhah'' was invalid. In any case, Berab's chain of ''semikhah'' died out again after several generations.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Berab's attempt was the model for several other attempts to revive ''semikhah'' and reestablish the Sanhedrin, including [[2004 attempt to revive the Sanhedrin|one attempt in Israel in 2004]].

== See also ==
*{{slink|Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Semikhah}}
*[[List of rabbinical schools]]
*[[Master of Rabbinic Studies]]
*{{slink|Rabbi|Ordination}}
*[[Rabbinic Judaism]]
*{{slink|Posek|Formulating a ruling (psak din)}}
*{{slink|Yeshiva|Jewish law}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Albeck, H. (1943). "Semikha and Minnui and Beth Din", in: ''[[Zion (journal)|Zion]]'' 8, pp. 85–93 (in Hebrew)
* {{cite EJ|author1=Levitas, Isaac |author2=[[Aaron Rothkoff]] |author3=[[Pamela Nadell]]|title=Semikhah|volume=18|pages=274-279}}
* Julius Newman: ''Semikhah (ordination). A study of its origin, history, and function in Rabbinic literature''. Manchester University Press. Manchester 1950.

== External links ==
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://thesanhedrin.org/en/main/rabbibeirav.html Rabbi Yaakov Beirav's attempt to re-establish a Sanhedrin in 1538]
* [http://rabbi.bendory.com/docs/shalshelet.php 130 "Documented" "Generations" of Semicha], from Mt. Sinai to the present
* [http://blog.rabbilarrybach.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Hiddush-HaSanhedrin-Complete-copy.pdf Rabbi Judah Leib Maimon, "Renewing the Sanhedrin in our New State"] (English translation)
* [http://www.virtualgeula.com/semicha/semicha500.pdf Curriculum for the Semikhah Tests of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel]

[[Category:Jewish law and rituals]]
[[Category:Jewish courts and civil law]]
[[Category:Rabbis]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law]]