Editing Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe

{{redirect|SHRIMP|the crustacean|shrimp|other uses|Shrimp (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:SHRIMP II.jpg|thumb|SHRIMP II at [https://earthsciences.anu.edu.au/ Research School of Earth Sciences], [[Australian National University]], Australia]]
The '''sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe''' (also '''sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe''' or '''SHRIMP''') is a large-diameter, double-focusing [[Secondary ion mass spectrometry|secondary ion mass spectrometer]] (SIMS) [[sector instrument]] that was produced by Australian Scientific Instruments in [[Canberra, Australia]] and now has been taken over by Chinese company Dunyi Technology Development Co. (DTDC) in Beijing.  Similar to the IMS 1270-1280-1300 large-geometry ion microprobes produced by [[CAMECA]], Gennevilliers, France and like other SIMS instruments, the SHRIMP [[microprobe]] bombards a sample under vacuum with a beam of primary [[ions]] that [[sputtering|sputters]] [[secondary ionization|secondary ions]] that are focused, filtered, and measured according to their energy and mass.

The SHRIMP is primarily used for geological and geochemical applications. It can measure the isotopic and elemental abundances in minerals at a 10 to 30 μm-diameter scale and with a depth resolution of 1–5 μm. Thus, SIMS method is well-suited for the analysis of complex minerals, as often found in [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] terrains, some [[igneous rock]]s, and for relatively rapid analysis of statistical valid sets of detrital minerals from sedimentary rocks. The most common application of the instrument is in [[uranium-lead dating|uranium-thorium-lead]] [[geochronology]], although the SHRIMP can be used to measure some other [[isotope]] ratio measurements (e.g., δ<sup>7</sup>Li or δ<sup>11</sup>B<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sievers|first1=Natalie E.|last2=Menold|first2=Carrie A.|last3=Grove|first3=Marty|last4=Coble|first4=Matthew A.|date=2017-04-26|title=White mica trace element and boron isotope evidence for distinctive infiltration events during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust|journal=International Geology Review|language=en|volume=59|issue=5–6|pages=621–638|doi=10.1080/00206814.2016.1219881|bibcode=2017IGRv...59..621S|s2cid=131780603|issn=0020-6814|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/3851361/files/6035178.pdf}}</ref>) and trace element abundances.

==History and scientific impact==
The SHRIMP originated in 1973 with a proposal by [[William Compston|Prof. Bill Compston]],<ref name="AAS2005"/> trying to build an ion microprobe at the Research School of Earth Sciences of the [[Australian National University]] that exceeded the sensitivity and resolution of ion probes available at the time in order to analyse individual mineral grains.<ref name="Foster2010"/> Optic designer Steve Clement based the prototype instrument (now referred to as 'SHRIMP-I') on a design by [[Sector instrument#Matsuda|Matsuda]]<ref name="Matsuda1974"/> which minimised aberrations in transmitting ions through the various sectors.<ref name="Clement1977"/> The instrument was built from 1975 and 1977 with testing and redesigning from 1978. The first successful geological applications occurred in 1980.<ref name="Foster2010"/>

The first major scientific impact was the discovery of [[Hadean]] (>4000 million year old) [[zircons|zircon]] grains at Mt. Narryer in Western Australia<ref name="Froude1983"/> and then later at the nearby [[Jack Hills]].<ref name = "Compston1986"/> These results and the SHRIMP analytical method itself were initially questioned<ref name = "Moorbath1983"/><ref name = "Schärer1985"/> but subsequent conventional analysis were partially confirmed.<ref name = "Fanning1990"/><ref name = "Amelin1998"/> SHRIMP-I also pioneered ion microprobe studies of [[titanium]],<ref name = "Ireland1985"/> [[hafnium]]<ref name="Kinny1991"/> and [[sulfur]]<ref name = "Eldridge1987"/> isotopic systems.

Growing interest from commercial companies and other academic research groups, notably [[John Robert de Laeter|Prof. John de Laeter]] of [[Curtin University]] (Perth, Western Australia), led to the project in 1989 to build a commercial version of the instrument, the SHRIMP-II, in association with ANUTECH, the Australian National University's commercial arm. Refined ion optic designs in the mid-1990s prompted development and construction of the SHRIMP-RG (Reverse Geometry) with improved mass resolution. Further advances in design have also led to multiple ion collection systems (already introduced in the market by a French company years before), negative-ion stable isotope measurements and on-going work in developing a dedicated instrument for light stable isotopes.<ref name = "Ireland2008"/>

Fifteen SHRIMP instruments have now been installed around the world<ref name="ASI2009"/><ref name="Stern2006"/> and SHRIMP results have been reported in more than 2000 peer reviewed scientific papers. SHRIMP is an important tool for understanding early Earth history having analysed some of the [[Oldest dated rocks|oldest terrestrial material]] including the [[Acasta Gneiss]]<ref name="Bowring1999"/><ref name="Stern1998"/> and further extending the age of zircons from the Jack Hills <ref name="Wilde2001"/> and the oldest impact crater on the planet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Erickson, T.M. |title=Precise radiometric age establishes Yarrabubba, Western Australia, as Earth's oldest recognised meteorite impact structure. |journal=Nature Communications |year=2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=300 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13985-7 |pmid=31964860 |pmc=6974607 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..300E |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13985-7}}</ref> Other significant milestones include the first U/Pb ages for lunar zircon<ref name = "Compston1984"/> and Martian [[apatite]]<ref name="Terada2003"/> dating. More recent uses include the determination of [[Ordovician]] [[sea surface temperature]],<ref name="Trotter2008"/> the timing of [[snowball Earth]] events<ref name = "Xu2009"/> and development of stable isotope techniques.<ref name="Ickert2008"/><ref name="Heiss2010"/>

==Design and operation==
{{Annotated image
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<imagemap>
Image:SHRIMP diagram.svg|400px
poly 0 299 170 417 363 315 336 183 168 62 [[Sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe#Magnetic sector|Magnetic sector]]
poly 71 515 71 620 158 619 192 573 345 569 345 527 156 513 [[Sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe#Detectors|Detector]]
poly 623 245 811 261 925 213 820 18 625 3 425 47 414 167 [[Sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe#Electrostatic analyzer|Electrostatic_Analyzer]]
poly 763 492 770 572 967 596 1052 560 1094 453 992 410 [[Sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe#Sample chamber|Sample chamber]]
poly 1066 144 1013 384 1022 426 1072 443 1103 423 1199 225 1199 155 [[Sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe#Primary column|Primary column]]
rect 428 389 658 443 [[metre]]
default [[Image:SHRIMP diagram.svg]]
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|caption=Schematic diagram of a SHRIMP instrument illustrating the ion beam path. After Figure 4, Williams, 1998.<ref name="Williams1998"/>
}}

===Primary column===
In a typical [[Uranium-lead dating|U-Pb]] geochronology analytical mode, a beam of (O<sub>2</sub>)<sup>1−</sup> primary ions are produced from a high-purity oxygen gas discharge in the hollow [[Nickel|Ni]] cathode of a [[duoplasmatron]]. The ions are extracted from the plasma and accelerated at 10 kV. The primary column uses [[Köhler illumination]] to produce a uniform ion density across the target spot. The spot diameter can vary from ~5&nbsp;μm to over 30&nbsp;μm as required. Typical ion beam density on the sample is ~10 pA/μm<sup>2</sup> and an analysis of 15–20 minutes creates an ablation pit of less than 1&nbsp;μm.<ref name = "Stern1997"/>

===Sample chamber===
The primary beam is 45° incident to the plane of the sample surface with secondary ions extracted at 90° and accelerated at 10 kV. Three quadrupole lenses focus the secondary ions onto a source slit and the design aims to maximise transmission of ions rather than preserving an ion image unlike other ion probe designs.<ref name="Ireland2008"/> A Schwarzschild objective lens provides reflected-light direct microscopic viewing of the sample during analysis.<ref name="Clement1977"/><ref name="Riedl2001"/>

===Electrostatic analyzer===
The secondary ions are filtered and focussed according to their kinetic energy by a 1272&nbsp;mm radius 90° [[Electrostatic analyzer|electrostatic sector]]. A mechanically-operated slit provides fine-tuning of the energy spectrum transmitted into the magnetic sector<ref name = "Stern1997"/> and an electrostatic quadrupole lens is used to reduce aberrations in transmitting the ions to the magnetic sector.<ref name="Matsuda1974"/>

===Magnetic sector===
The electromagnet has a 1000&nbsp;mm radius through 72.5° to focus the secondary ions according to their mass/charge ratio according to the principles of the [[Lorentz force]]. Essentially, the path of a less massive ion will have a greater curvature through the magnetic field than the path of a more massive ion. Thus, altering the current in the electromagnet focuses a particular mass species at the detector.
<!--
<math>r=\sqrt{2Vm \over zB^2}</math> <ref name="Pavia2009"/>

where ''r'' is the radius of curvature of the path, ''V'' is the ion-accelerating potential difference, ''m'' is the mass of the ion, ''z'' is the charge of ion and ''B'' is the strength of the magnetic field.
-->

===Detectors===
The ions pass through a collector slit in the focal plane of the magnetic sector and the collector assembly can be moved along an axis to optimise the focus of a given isotopic species. In typical U-Pb zircon analysis, a single secondary [[electron multiplier]] is used for ion counting.

===Vacuum system===
[[Turbomolecular pump]]s evacuate the entire beam path of the SHRIMP to maximise transmission and reduce contamination. The sample chamber also employs a [[cryopump]] to trap contaminants, especially water. Typical pressures inside the SHRIMP are between ~7 x 10<sup>−9</sup> mbar in the detector and ~1 x 10<sup>−6</sup> mbar in the primary column (with oxygen duoplasmatron source).<ref name="Stern1997"/>

===Mass resolution and sensitivity===
In normal operations, the SHRIMP achieves [[mass resolution]] of 5000 with sensitivity >20 counts/sec/ppm/nA for lead from zircon.<ref name = "Williams1998"/><ref name = "Stern1997"/>

==Applications==

===Isotope dating===
For U-Th-Pb geochronology a beam of primary ions (O<sub>2</sub>)<sup>1−</sup> are accelerated and [[collimated light|collimated]] towards the target where it sputters "secondary" ions from the sample. These secondary ions are accelerated along the instrument where the various isotopes of [[uranium]], [[lead]] and [[thorium]] are measured successively, along with reference peaks for Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, ThO<sup>+</sup> and UO<sup>+</sup>. Since the sputtering yield differs between ion species and relative sputtering yield increases or decreases with time depending on the ion species (due to increasing crater depth, charging effects and other factors), the measured relative isotopic abundances do not relate to the real relative isotopic abundances in the target. Corrections are determined by analysing unknowns and reference material (matrix-matched material of known isotopic composition), and determining an analytical-session specific calibration factor.<ref name="Claoué-Long1995"/><ref name="Black2003a"/><ref name="Black2004"/>

==SHRIMP instruments around the world==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Instrument number
! Institution
! Location
! SHRIMP model
! Year of commissioning
|-
|	1
|	[[Australian National University]]
|	Canberra
|	I
|	1980 (retired 2011)
|-
|	2
|	Australian National University
|	Canberra
|	II/mc
|	1992
|-
|	3
|	[[Curtin University of Technology]]
|	Perth
|	II
|	1993 (moved to Uni Queensland 2022)
|-
|	4
|	[[Geological Survey of Canada]]
|	Ottawa
|	II
|	1995
|-
|	5
|	[[Hiroshima University]]
|	Hiroshima
|	IIe
|	1996
|-
|       6
|	[[Australian National University]]
|	Canberra
|	RG
|	1998
|-	
|	7
|	[[USGS]] and [[Stanford University]]
|	Stanford
|	RG
|	1998
|-
|	8
|	[[National Institute of Polar Research]]
|	Tokyo
|	II
|	1999
|-
|	9
|	[[Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences]]
|	Beijing
|	II
|	2001
|-
|	10
|	[[All Russian Geological Research Institute]]
|	St. Petersburg
|	II/mc
|	2003
|-
|	11
|	Curtin University of Technology
|	Perth
|	II/mc
|	2003
|-
|	12
|	[[Geoscience Australia]]
|	Canberra
|	IIe
|	2008
|-
|	13
|	[[Korea Basic Science Institute]]
|	Ochang
|	IIe/mc
|	2009
|-
|	14
|	[[University of São Paulo]]
|	São Paulo
|	II/mc
|	2010
|-
|	15
|	[[University of Granada]]
|	Granada
|	IIe/mc
|	2011
|-
|	16
|	Australian National University
|	Canberra
|	SI/mc
|	2012
|-
|	17
|	Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
|	Beijing
|	IIe/mc
|	2013
|-
|	18
|	[[National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology]]
|	Tsukuba
|	IIe/amc
|	2013
|-
|	19
|	[[Polish Geological Institute]] - National Research Institute
|	Warsaw
|	IIe/mc
|	2014
|-
|	20
|	National Institute of Polar Research
|	Tokyo
|	IIe/amc
|	2014
|-
|21
|Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences
|Jinan
|V
|2023
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
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<ref name = "Compston1984">{{Citation | last1 = Compston | first1 = W. | last2 = Williams | first2 = I.S. | last3 = Meyer | first3 = C. | title = U-Pb geochronology of zircons form lunar Breccia 73217 using a sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 89 |issue=Supplement | pages = B525–B534  |date=Feb 1984 | doi=10.1029/jb089is02p0b525 | bibcode=1984JGR....89..525C}}</ref>

<ref name = "Terada2003">{{Citation | last1 = Terada | first1 = K. | last2 = Monde | first2 = T. | last3 = Sano | first3 = Y. | title = Ion microprobe U-Th-Pb dating of phosphates in martian meteorite ALH 84001 | journal = Meteoritics & Planetary Science | volume = 38 | issue = 11 | pages = 1697–1703  |date=Nov 2003 | doi = 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2003.tb00009.x| bibcode = 2003M&PS...38.1697T | s2cid = 128680750 }}</ref>

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<ref name = "Xu2009">{{Citation | last1 = Xu | first1 = Bei | last2 = Xiao | first2 = Shuhai | last3 = Zou | first3 = Haibo | last4 = Chen | first4 = Yan | last5 = Li | first5 = Zheng-Xiang | last6 = Song | first6 = Biao | last7 = Liu | first7 = Dunyi | first8 = Zhou | last8 = Chuanming | first9 = Yuan | last9 = Xunlai  | title = SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age constraints on Neoproterozoic Quruqtagh diamictites in NW China | journal = Precambrian Research | volume = 168 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 247–258  | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1016/j.precamres.2008.10.008| bibcode = 2009PreR..168..247X | s2cid = 15201304 | url = https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00360087/file/Xu-PrecambrianResearch-2009.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="ASI2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.asi-pl.com/site/files/ul/data_text30/1034564.pdf |title=SHRIMP User Locations |access-date=2010-08-13 |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219121132/http://www.asi-pl.com/site/files/ul/data_text30/1034564.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="Stern2006">{{Citation|last1=Stern |first1=R. |title=A time machine for Geoscience Australia |journal=AusGeo News |volume=81 |pages=15–17 |year=2006 |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/ausgeonews/ausgeonews200603/shrimp.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906231545/http://www.ga.gov.au/ausgeonews/ausgeonews200603/shrimp.jsp |archive-date=6 September 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Williams1998">{{Citation | last1 = Williams | first1 = I.S. | chapter = U-Th-Pb geochronology by ion microprobe  | editor-last1 = McKibben | editor-first1 = M.A. | editor-last2 = Shanks III | editor-first2 = W.C. | editor-last3 = Ridley | editor-first3 = W.I. | title = Applications of microanalytical techniques to understanding mineralizing processes | series= Reviews in Economic Geology | volume = 7 | pages = 1–35 | year = 1998 |doi=10.5382/Rev.07.01| isbn = 1887483519 | chapter-url = http://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/367 | url = https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/download/367/263 }}</ref>

<ref name="Black2003a">{{Citation | title = TEMORA 1; a new zircon standard for Phanerozoic U-Pb geochronology | journal = Chemical Geology | last1 = Black | first1 = Lance P. | last2 = Kamo | first2 = Sandra L. | last3 = Allen | first3 = Charlotte M. | last4 = Aleinikoff | first4 = John N. | last5 = Davis | first5 = Donald W. | last6 = Korsch | first6 = Russell J. | last7 = Foudoulis | first7 = Chris  | volume = 200 | issue = 1–2 | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00165-7 | pages=155–170| bibcode = 2003ChGeo.200..155B }}</ref>

<ref name="Black2004">{{Citation| title = Improved <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>238</sup>U microprobe geochronology by the monitoring of a trace-element-related matrix effect; SHRIMP, ID-TIMS, ELA-ICP-MS and oxygen isotope documentation for a series of zircon standards| journal = Chemical Geology| last1 = Black | first1 = Lance P.| last2 = Kamo | first2 = Sandra L.| last3 = Allen | first3 = Charlotte M.| last4 = Davis | first4 = Donald W.| last5 = Aleinikoff | first5 = John N.| last6 = Valley | first6 = John W.| last7 = Mundil | first7 = Roland| last8 = Campbell | first8 = Ian H.| last9 = Korsch | first9 = Russell J.| last10 = Williams | first10 = Ian S.| last11 = Foudoulis | first11 = Chris| volume = 205 | issue = 1–2 | year = 2004| doi = 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.003 | pages=115–140| bibcode = 2004ChGeo.205..115B}}</ref>

<ref name="Clement1977">{{Cite conference | first1 = S.W.J. | last1 = Clement | first2 = W. | last2 = Compston | first3 = G. | last3 = Newstead | title = Design of a large, high resolution ion microprobe | book-title = Proceedings of the International Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Conference | pages = 12 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | date = 1977 | url = http://shrimp.anu.edu.au/SHRIMP/documents/Clement.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Ireland1985">{{Citation | title = Titanium isotopic anomalies in hibonites from the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite | journal = Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta | last1 = Ireland | first1 = T.R. | last2 = Compston | first2 = W. | last3 = Heydegger | first3 = H.R. | volume = 49 | issue = 9 | pages= 1989–1993| year = 1983 | doi = 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90092-4| bibcode = 1985GeCoA..49.1989I }}</ref>

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<ref name="Eldridge1987">{{Citation | title = In-situ microanalysis for <sup>34</sup>S/<sup>32</sup>S ratios using the ion microprobe SHRIMP | journal = International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes | last1 = Eldridge | first1 = C.S. | last2 = Compston | first2 = W. | last3 = Williams | first3 = I.S. | last4 = Walshe | first4 = J.L. | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages= 65–83| year = 1987 | doi = 10.1016/0168-1176(87)85011-5| bibcode = 1987IJMSI..76...65E }}</ref>

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<ref name="Schärer1985">{{Citation | title = Determination of the age of the Australian continent by single-grain zircon analysis of Mt Narryer metaquartzite | journal = Nature | last1 = Schärer | first1 = U. | last2 = Allègre | first2 = C.J. | volume = 315 | pages= 52–55 | year = 1985 | doi = 10.1038/315052a0 | issue=6014| bibcode = 1985Natur.315...52S | s2cid = 4261728 }}</ref>

<ref name="Compston1986">{{Citation | title = Jack Hills, evidence of more very old detrital zircons in Western Australia | journal = Nature | last1 = Compston | first1 = W. | last2 = Pidgeon | first2 = R.T. | volume = 321 | pages= 766–769 | year = 1986 | doi = 10.1038/321766a0 | issue=6072| bibcode = 1986Natur.321..766C | s2cid = 4243085 }}</ref>

<ref name="Amelin1998">{{Citation | title = Geochronology of the Jack Hills detrital zircons by precise U–Pb isotope dilution analysis of crystal fragments | journal = Chemical Geology | last1 = Amelin | first1 = Y.V. | volume = 146 | issue = 1–2 | pages= 25–38 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00162-9| bibcode = 1998ChGeo.146...25A }}</ref>

<ref name="Bowring1999">{{Citation | title = Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada | journal = Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology | last1 = Bowring | first1 = S.A. | last2 = Williams | first2 = I.S. | volume = 134 | issue = 1 | pages= 3–16 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1007/s004100050465 | bibcode=1999CoMP..134....3B
| s2cid = 128376754 }}</ref>

<ref name="Stern1998">{{Citation | title = Age of the world's oldest rocks refined using Canada's SHRIMP. the Acasta gneiss complex, Northwest Territories, Canada | journal = Geoscience Canada | last1 = Stern | first1 = R.A. | last2 = Bleeker | first2 = W. | volume = 25 | pages= 27–31 | year = 1998 | url = http://etc.hil.unb.ca/ojs/index.php/GC/article/viewArticle/3966}}{{Dead link|date=January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Stern1997">{{Citation | title = The GSC Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP): analytical techniques of zircon U-Th-Pb age determinations and performance evaluation | journal = Radiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies: Report | last1 = Stern | first1 = R.A. | volume = 10 |issue = F | pages= 1–31 | year = 1997 | url=http://geoscan.ess.nrcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/starfinder/0?path=geoscan.fl&id=fastlink&pass=&search=R%3D209089&format=FLFULL }}</ref>

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<ref name="Fanning1990">{{Cite conference | first1 = C.M. | last1 = Fanning | first2 = M.T. | last2 = McCulloch | title = A comparison of U–Pb isotopic systematics in early Archean zircons using isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry and the ion microprobe | book-title = Third International Archean Symposium, Perth. Extended abstracts volume | pages = 15–17 | date = 1990 }}</ref>

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}}

==External links==
* [http://shrimp.anu.edu.au/ Founding SHRIMP Lab at Australian National University]
* [http://www.asi-pl.com/ Australian Scientific Instruments]
<!--
===Research groups and facilities===
====Americas====
* [http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/labs/geochron/shrimp/index_e.php Geological Survey of Canada (Ottawa)]
* [http://shrimprg.stanford.edu/ U.S. Geological Survey & Stanford University (Stanford)]
* [http://www.igc.usp.br/index.php?id=259 University of Sao Paulo]

====Asia====
* [http://www.geol.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~geochem/index-e.html Hiroshima University]
* [http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/research-education03.html National Institute of Polar Research (Tokyo)]
* [http://www.bjshrimp.cn/ Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (Beijing)]
* [http://isotope.kbsi.re.kr/SHRIMP.html/ Korea Basic Science Institute (Ochang)]

====Australasia====
* [http://shrimp.anu.edu.au/ The Australian National University, Research School of Earth Sciences (Canberra)]
* [http://www.jdlcms.org/ John de Laeter Centre (Perth)]
* [http://www.ga.gov.au/about-us/facilities/laboratories/geochron-facilities.jsp/ Geoscience Australia (Canberra)]

====Europe====
* [http://www.vsegei.ru/en/structure/cir/ Russian Geological Research Institution (St. Petersburg)]

===Instrument Manufacturers===
* [http://www.asi-pl.com/ Australian Scientific Instruments]
-->

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe}}
[[Category:Geochronological dating methods]]
[[Category:Mass spectrometry]]