Editing Serial Copy Management System

{{Short description|Copy protection scheme}}
The '''Serial Copy Management System''' ('''SCMS''') is a [[copy protection]] scheme that was created in response to the [[digital audio tape]] (DAT) invention, in order to prevent DAT recorders from making second-generation or [[wikt:serial|serial]] copies.  SCMS sets a "copy" [[bit]] in all copies, which prevents anyone from making further copies of those first copies.  It does not, however, limit the number of first-generation copies made from a [[Master recording|master]].

SCMS was also included in consumer [[CD-R]], [[MiniDisc]] and [[Digital Compact Cassette]] (DCC) players and recorders.  With the demise of these formats, SCMS is not in widespread use.  However, the concept of SCMS was resurrected in the [[broadcast flag]], a measure formerly mandated by the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) to limit the copying of digital TV signals.<ref>{{cite web|last=Techopedia|title=Serial Copy Management System|date=4 September 2011 |url=http://www.techopedia.com/definition/10865/serial-copy-management-system-scms|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> SCMS flags are also included in the [[MP3]] specifications,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://svn.code.sf.net/p/lame/svn/trunk/lame/USAGE|title=Guide to Command Line Options|last=|first=|date=|website=LAME|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=September 29, 2018}}</ref> though no known decoder or player honors them. Personal Computers were not required to include SCMS in the US.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knopper|first=Steve|title=Appetite for Self-Destruction|url=https://archive.org/details/appetiteforselfd00knop_0|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster: Free Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/appetiteforselfd00knop_0/page/78 78–9]|isbn=9781416552154 }}</ref>

==History==
SCMS was created as a compromise between electronics manufacturers, mainly [[Sony]] and [[Philips]], who wanted to make DAT machines available in the United States, and the [[RIAA]], which had previously hampered the availability of DAT machines in the US with the threat of lawsuits.  The RIAA did not want low-cost digital recorders readily available, since it felt that such technology would result in widespread piracy.  These lawsuit threats resulted in a [[Chilling effect (term)|chilling effect]], which prevented DAT decks from becoming readily affordable.

In 1987, a member of the RIAA <!-- It was a particular record company, but I forget its  name right now --> proposed a system where DAT recorders would have copy protection in them.  The copy protection would look for the presence of frequencies in a particular high-frequency <!-- Somewhere around 4800 kHz as I recall --> band; if there was no audio present in this band, the recorder would assume that the music in question was copy protected, and would not allow recording of the music.  The record companies would then release all music with this particular frequency band filtered out.  It would be illegal to manufacture a DAT machine with the presence of audio in this frequency band; the RIAA was lobbying Congress to make this the law of the land.

The reaction to this proposed scheme was very negative.  The [[Home Recording Rights Coalition]] orchestrated a letter writing campaign opposing this scheme.  Editorials in musician's and home stereo magazines attacked this scheme.  The proposed law never made it out of committee.

Even after this law was shot down, the RIAA still threatened to sue anyone who released an affordable consumer DAT recorder in the US.  No one made such a recorder available.

In 1992, Congress passed the [[Audio Home Recording Act]]. In this law, blank digital media (including DAT tapes and music CD-Rs) [[Private copying levy|would be taxed]], with the money going to the RIAA, and a new copy protection scheme, SCMS, would be enforced.  Blank analog media, such as cassette tapes, were not subject to the tax.  SCMS was compulsory in digital media because there is zero deterioration of quality from copy to copy.  SCMS was universally disliked by home musicians who used DAT decks to record their own music; the acronym was pronounced as a derogatory term, "scums".<ref name=axford>{{cite book|last=Axford|first=Elizabeth C.|title=Song sheets to software : a guide to print music, software, and web sites for musicians|year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=0810850273|edition=2.}}</ref>

==Technical details==
SCMS copy protection looks for bits written in the subcode data in a digital link.<ref>{{cite web |title=IS/IEC 60958-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.iec.60958.3.2003/page/n3 |website=Archive.org |publisher=Bureau of Indian Standards |accessdate=26 March 2019}}</ref> There are two bits which are relevant:
* Bit 2 in the Channel Status subchannel is the "Cp" bit indicating whether the source signal is copyrighted or not: 0 means copyrighted, 1 means not copyrighted
* Bit 15 in the Channel Status subchannel is the "L" bit indicating whether the source signal is an original medium (such as an audio CD<ref>{{cite web |title=What is SCMS |url=https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/scms/ |website=Sweetwater |access-date=8 December 2021 |date=1997}}</ref> or a prerecorded DCC tape) or "not determined". For audio CDs and laser optical media, 0 means original and 1 means "not determined"; for other digital sources the values of this bit are reversed.

Copying is only allowed if the source signal for the recording is not copyrighted, or is copyrighted and is an original. If the source signal is a copyrighted recording, the recorder must set the "L" bit to "not determined" when it plays the copy, so that the copy cannot be copied digitally again.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Source Cp !! Source L !! Copying allowed !! Copy L || Copyable Copy
|-
| "Copyrighted" || "Original" || Yes || "Not Determined" || No
|-
| "Copyrighted" || "Undetermined" || No || N/A || N/A
|-
| "Not Copyrighted" || (any) || Yes || (same as source) || Yes
|}

==Circumvention==
Software and design defects in certain models of consumer Minidisc player allow SCMS to be defeated. Professional-grade Minidisc systems costing several thousand US dollars may have SCMS disabled as standard. Professional [[CD recorder]]s, including all computer drives, have SCMS disabled and can also record audio onto data CD-R discs.

European electronic hobby magazine ''[[Elektor]]'' published a construction project in the 1990s.  The device, once completed, was designed to be inserted in the digital link between SCMS enabled devices (the article was designed around the optical [[TOSLINK]] interface, but it would have been easy to adapt it to the [[S/PDIF]] coaxial link).  The circuit intercepted the SCMS control bits, and changed the "Cp" bit to the "not copyrighted" state.

Similar functionality is often also included in commercially available bitrate-converters, like the [[Behringer]] Ultramatch.

There is another way that SCMS can be defeated, but it requires copying the Table of Contents from a blank disc that already allows copying, to a recorded 'copy disallowed' disc.  The method is laborious, and suffers the disadvantage that the track marks and titles are lost in the process.

Minidiscs can be created from computer audio files using a freeware application called Web Minidisc Pro and this indeed offers far greater functionality than Sonicstage.<ref>[https://www.minidisc.wiki/guides/webminidisc/start]</ref> This application features an option to change the SCMS bits in selected tracks to 'unprotected' allowing unlimited copies. The menu option even states an option to remove the SCMS completely, but the operation of this is unclear as the SCMS bits will always be present in the data format.

==See also==
* [[Broadcast flag]]
* [[Copy Control Information]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
*{{cite book |last1= Petitcolas|last2= Anderson|last3= Kuhn|first1= Fabien A.P.|first2=Ross J.|first3=Markus G.|title= Information Hiding|chapter= Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems|series= Lecture Notes in Computer Science|date=14–17 April 1998 |volume=1525 |pages= 218–238|place= Portland, Oregon, USA|editor= David Aucsmith|isbn= 3-540-65386-4|citeseerx = 10.1.1.21.4517|doi=10.1007/3-540-49380-8_16}}
*{{Citation |last1=Bahlmann|last2=Martz|first1=Bruce|first2=Christine|title=SCMS - Serial Copy Management System|url=http://www.birds-eye.net/definition/acronym/?id=1154207915|accessdate=26 October 2011}}

[[Category:Digital media]]
[[Category:Digital rights management systems]]
[[Category:Digital rights management standards]]