Editing Setos

{{Short description|Ethnic group in Estonia}}
{{for|the town of ancient Cilicia|Setos (Cilicia)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Setos<br>''setokõsõq''<br>''setukesed''<br>
| image            = File:Radaja Seto Festival (2016) - 115.jpg
| caption          = Seto woman during Radaja Seto Festival
| population       = 12,800
| regions          = [[Setomaa]]
| languages        = [[Seto language|Seto]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
| region2          = Russia
| pop2             = 234 (2020)
| ref2             = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
| region1          = Estonia
| pop1             = 12,500
| ref1             = 
| religions        = [[Eastern Orthodox]], Native Faith
| related          = Other [[Baltic Finns]]<br/>Especially [[Estonians]], [[Livonians]], [[Võros]], and [[Votians]]
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| flag             = Flag of Setomaa.svg
| flag_caption     = Flag of the Seto People
}}

'''Setos''' ({{langx|et-x-seto|setokõsõq}}, {{Lang|mis|setoq}}<!-- Seto -->, {{langx|et|setukesed}}, {{Lang|et|setud}}) are an indigenous [[Balto-Finnic peoples|Finnic]] peoples and linguistic minority that have historically lived in the borderlands between modern day [[Estonia]] and [[Russia]]. Setos have historically spoken the Seto language and been [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]].<ref name=":0">Kalkun, A., Kupari, H., & Vuola, E. (2018). ''Coping with Loss of Homeland through Orthodox Christian Processions: Contemporary Practices among Setos, Karelians, and Skolt Sámi in Estonia and Finland''. ''Practical matters'', ''11''. http://practicalmattersjournal.org/2018/06/11/coping-with-loss-of-homeland-2/</ref> The [[Seto language]] (like [[Estonian language|Estonian]] and [[Finnish language|Finnish]]) belongs to the [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] group of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic language]] family. Since the early 2000s, the Setos have sought greater recognition, rather than having their language considered a dialect of Estonian. Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with influences from local [[folk religion]]s is widely practiced by the Seto peoples.

The ancestral homes of many Setos can be found to the south of [[Lake Peipus]], in the [[Setomaa]] region. After 1991 however, this territory was divided between the newly independent [[Estonia]] ([[Põlva County|Põlva]] and [[Võrumaa|Võro]] counties) and the north-western sections of the [[Russian Federation]] ([[Pechorsky District]] of [[Pskov Oblast]]).

== Ethnic history ==
[[File:SUK127 126.jpg|thumb|A Seto wedding in [[Värska]] in 1912. The bride and groom are dressed in traditional period wedding attire.]]
[[File:Свадьба.jpg|thumb|Attendants of the 1912 Värska wedding in traditional Seto dress.]]

The definitive origin of the Seto people is unknown to researchers, only that they first emerged in Setomaa around the [[Piusa (river)|Piusa River]]. This was an area that was an intersection between the [[Baltic Finnic peoples|Finnic]] peoples and the [[Balts]].<ref name=":1">Laur, Kadri. ''Identity and Heritage on a Changing Border: The Estonian Seto Case.'' 2022. Uppsala University Campus Gotland, Master’s Thesis in Conservation. ''DiVA'', https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1670368&dswid=-6689</ref>

During the 13th century, the majority of Estonians along the coasts were converted to [[Catholicism]] during the [[Livonian Crusade]] led by the [[Teutonic Order]]. During this time, the majority of Setos lived under the [[Novgorod Republic]] and remained followers of their native [[Baltic Finnic paganism|Finnic religion]]. Over the next two hundred years, the Setos were converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] due to the influence from the neighboring Slavic states, but incorporated elements of their earlier pre-Christian religion. An early prevailing belief of the origin of the Seto community was that they were ethnic Estonians who had migrated east and adopted Orthodox Christianity under the influence of the [[Novgorod Republic]].<ref name=":1" />

The cultural development of the Setos blossomed in the early 20th century when many national societies were organized. In 1905, the number of Setos reached its peak. After the proclamation of independence of Estonia, the authorities adopted a policy of Estonification of its population, which eventually led to decline of the Setos as a distinctive community within Estonia. In Russia, due to the influence of Estonian language schools, high rates of inter-community marriages, and emigration to Estonia, the number of self-identifying Setos decreased as well.

Setos are an officially protected ethnic minority in the Russian [[Pskov Oblast]], and a linguistic minority within Estonia. In 2002, at the sixth Seto Congress the Setos declared their intent to identify as a separate people group. In a 2011 census, it was discovered that nearly two-thirds of the nearly 12,500 Seto speaking population in Estonia lived outside the historically Seto regions.<ref name=":0" /> This resulted in two distinct communities of Setos to emerge according to research conducted by Pille Runnel, the first being the Seto who had migrated away from Setomaa and had to recreate a communal and religious identity. The second group being the Seto people who continued to live in older communities in Setomaa.<ref name=":1" />

== The border issue ==
In 1920, with the [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|peace treaty of Tartu]], the area Setomaa (Setoland) was ceded to the newly created [[Republic of Estonia]] and it was included into [[Petseri County]]. As a result of [[World War II]], the Republic of Estonia was forcibly annexed by the [[Soviet Union]]. And on August 15, 1944, the border between the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]] and the [[Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic]] was revised by Moscow authorities to what it is now. The issue became topical as the Republic of Estonia was restored in the borders of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, and a national border was established soon afterwards.

[[File:Radaja Seto Festival (2016) - 025.jpg|thumb|Setos in Radaja Seto Festival in 2016]]

== Seto {{Lang|vro|leelo}}<!-- Seto --> ==
{{Main|Seto leelo}}
In 2009, the Setos' [[polyphonic]] style of folk singing, called {{Lang|vro|leelo}}<!-- Seto -->, was added to the [[UNESCO]] list of [[intangible cultural heritage]].<ref name="Leelo">{{cite web|title=Seto Leelo, Seto polyphonic singing tradition|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00173|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> Seto {{Lang|mis|leelo}}<!-- Seto --> is usually performed by women,<ref name="Leelo"/> dressed in traditional clothing.<ref name="O'Connor">{{cite book|author=Kevin O'Connor|title=Culture And Customs of the Baltic States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Dl2i1Fkd_cC&pg=PA178|access-date=5 November 2012|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33125-1|page=178}}</ref> During the Seto Kingdom Day celebration, the winning lead singer of a {{Lang|vro|leelo}}<!-- Seto --> group is awarded the title Mother of Song.<ref name="Leelo"/>

== Representative organizations ==
The Seto Congress, a body comprising representatives of Seto villages and organizations, is regularly convened every three years and elects a permanent Council of Elders.

The Society for Seto Congress was a member of the [[European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages]]. The Setomaa federation of municipalities in Estonia<ref>{{Cite web|title=Setomaa|url=http://www.setomaa.ee/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.setomaa.ee}}</ref> ({{Lang|mis|Setomaa Valdade Liit}}<!-- Seto -->, comprising the communes of [[Mikitamäe Parish|Mikitämäe]], [[Värska Parish|Värska]], [[Meremäe Parish|Meremäe]] and [[Misso Parish|Misso]]) publishes the newspaper ''Setomaa'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-12-11|title=Setomaa Valdade Liit|url=http://www.setomaa.ee/index.php?id=98f13708210194c475687be6106a3b84|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211220115/http://www.setomaa.ee/index.php?id=98f13708210194c475687be6106a3b84|archive-date=2006-12-11}}</ref> partly in the [[Seto language]], partly in [[Estonian language|Estonian]].

Also, every year, the Seto choose a steward of [[King Peko]] ({{Lang|mis|sootska}}<!-- Seto --> or {{Lang|mis|ülebtsootska}}<!-- Seto -->) for the so-called [[Kingdom of Setomaa]] at the annual celebration of the Day of the Kingdom ({{Lang|mis|Seto Kuningriigi päiv}}<!-- Seto -->), a local festival that rotates among the bigger Seto villages.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/in_pictures_the_seto_people/html/7.stm BBC News, ''In Pictures: The Seto People'']</ref> The office is largely ceremonial and has been held by local activists, politicians, entrepreneurs and scholars. The tradition was initiated by {{interlanguage link|Paul Hagu|qid=Q12372050}}, an ethnic Seto and a researcher of Seto folk songs and traditional vocal polyphony ({{Lang|mis|leelo}}<!-- Seto -->) at the [[University of Tartu]].

== Religion ==
The [[Pskov-Caves Monastery|Pskovo-Pechersky Monastery]] in [[Pechory|Petseri]] has been an important religious and communal center for the Seto peoples. Since medieval times the monastery has owned much of the land and the Seto Churches in the region leading many Seto peasants to view the monastery as the economic and theological center of their community.<ref name=":0" />

In 1920 with the independence of the Republic of Estonia from [[Soviet-Russia|Soviet Russia]], the border was drawn to include the monastery on the Estonia side. This prevented it from being desecrated or demolished by the Soviet forces during the [[USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)|anti-religious campaign]] from 1921-1928. Following the occupation by the German and Soviet forces from 1940-1991, the restoration of Estonian independence led the border to be moved, dividing the ancestral Seto lands and placing the monastery on side of the Russian Federation.<ref name=":0" />

With the revival of Seto culture following the fall of the Soviet Union, elements of the pre-Christian religion that were preserved in private during the periods of [[Christianization]] and [[Sovietization]] began to reemerge. Since 2007, Jumalamägi, God's Hill, an ancient sacred grove that was dedicated to the God-King [[Peko]], who would carry spirits to the afterlife in his horse wagon, has again become a center of communal activity. Recently, a sculpture by local sculptor R. Veeber was erected on the hill and has become an important location for offers to Peko by the local community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=God's Hill {{!}} Setomaa Attractions {{!}} Visit Setomaa |url=https://visitsetomaa.ee/en/attractions/63/god%27s-hill |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=visitsetomaa.ee |language=en}}</ref>

== Genetics ==
Based on 56 samples, the most common [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mtDNA haplogroup]] for Setos is [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]], as 42.9 percent of them belong to it. 33.9 percent of Setos have the haplogroup [[Haplogroup U|U]], and its most frequently found subclade is [[Haplogroup U#Haplogroup U5|U5]]. Less common mtDNA haplogroups include [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]] and [[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lappalainen |first1=T. |last2=Laitinen |first2=V. |last3=Salmela |first3=E. |last4=Andersen |first4=P. |last5=Huoponen |first5=K. |last6=Savontaus |first6=M.-L. |last7=Lahermo |first7=P. |date=2008 |title=Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=337–348 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x |pmid=18294359 |issn=0003-4800|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Seto language]]
* [[Võro language]]
* [[Karelians]]
* [[Skolts|Skolt Sámi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Eichenbaum, K.; Pajusalu, K. (2001): Setode ja võrokeste keelehoiakutest ja identiteedist. - Keel ja Kirjandus nr 7, lk. 483-489.
* Eller, K. (1999): ''Võro-Seto language''. Võro Instituut. Võro.

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Setu lauludega muinasjutud |first1=Kristi |last1=Salve |first2=Vaike |last2=Sarv |publisher=Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut |date=1987 |pages=198–200 (analysis of the Seto folktale corpus) |language=ET |url=http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:615238}}

== External links ==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/in_pictures_the_seto_people/html/1.stm Photo essay by BBC News] - "In pictures: The Seto people, a border people"
* [http://www.visitestonia.com/en/holiday-destinations/cultural-treasures/setomaa "Seto Culture in Setumaa" on visitestonia.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161112144853/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/setomaa-culture-estonia-russia-photographs/ Picture Stories on National Geographic - A Fairytale Kingdom Faces Real-Life Troubles] by Jérémie Jung and Eve Conant

{{Estonia topics|state=autocollapse}}
{{Uralic peoples}}
{{Ethnic groups of Russia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Seto]]
[[Category:Baltic Finns]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Estonia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Pskov Oblast]]
[[Category:Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Europe]]