Editing Setpoint (control system)

{{short description|Target value for the process variable of a control system}} 
{{About|setpoints in control theory||Set point (disambiguation){{!}}Set point}}
[[File:Set-point control.png|thumb|300px|[[Block diagram]] of a [[Negative feedback|negative feedback system]] used to maintain a setpoint in the face of a disturbance using error-controlled regulation. Positive error means feedback is too small (controller calls for an increase), and negative error means feedback is too large (controller calls for a decrease).]]

In [[cybernetics]] and [[control theory]], a '''setpoint''' ('''SP''';<ref name= Bequette/> also '''set point''') is the desired or target value for an essential variable, or [[Process variable|process value]] (PV) of a [[control system]],<ref name=Achterbergh/> which may differ from the actual measured value of the variable.  Departure of such a variable from its setpoint is one basis for error-controlled regulation using [[negative feedback]] for automatic control.<ref name=Ashby/> A setpoint can be any physical quantity or parameter that a control system seeks to regulate, such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, position, speed, or any other measurable attribute.

In the context of [[Proportional–integral–derivative controller|PID controller]], the setpoint represents the reference or goal for the controlled process variable. It serves as the benchmark against which the actual [[process variable]] (PV) is continuously compared. The [[Proportional–integral–derivative controller|PID controller]] calculates an error signal by taking the difference between the setpoint and the current value of the [[process variable]]. Mathematically, this error is expressed as:
:<math>e(t) = SP - PV(t),</math>
where <math>e(t)</math> is the error at a given time <math>t</math>, <math>SP</math> is the setpoint, <math>PV(t)</math> is the [[process variable]] at time <math>t</math>.

The PID controller uses this error signal to determine how to adjust the control output to bring the [[process variable]] as close as possible to the setpoint while maintaining stability and minimizing [[Overshoot (signal)|overshoot]].

==Examples==

'''Cruise control'''

The <math>SP-PV</math> error can be used to return a system to its norm. An everyday example is the [[cruise control]] on a road vehicle; where external influences such as gradients cause speed changes (PV), and the driver also alters the desired set speed (SP). The automatic control algorithm restores the actual speed to the desired speed in the optimum way, without delay or overshoot, by altering the power output of the vehicle's engine.  In this way the <math>SP-PV</math> error is used to control the PV so that it equals the SP. A widespread of <math>SP-PV</math> error is classically used in the [[PID controller]].

'''Industrial applications'''

Special consideration must be given for engineering applications. In industrial systems, physical or process restraints may limit the determined set point. For example, a reactor which operates more efficiently at higher temperatures may be rated to withstand 500°C. However, for safety reasons, the set point for the reactor temperature control loop would be well below this limit, even if this means the reactor is running less efficiently.

==See also==
* [[Process control]]
* [[Proportional–integral–derivative controller]]
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Achterbergh>
An 'essential variable' is defined as "a variable that has to be kept within assigned limits to achieve a particular goal": {{cite book |title=Organizations: Social Systems Conducting Experiment |author=Jan Achterbergh, Dirk Vriens |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hsbxMzi7w0C&q=%22a+variable+that+has+to+be+kept+within+assigned+limits+to+achieve+a+particular+goal%22&pg=PA47 |page=47  |isbn=9783642143168 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |chapter=§2.3 Cybernetics: Effective methods for the control of complex systems}}
</ref>

<ref name=Ashby>
{{cite book |title=Introduction to cybernetics |chapter=Chapter 12: The error-controlled regulator |author=W. Ross Ashby |url=http://pcp.vub.ac.be/books/IntroCyb.pdf |pages=219–243 |year=1957 |publisher=Chapman & Hall Ltd.; Internet (1999)}} 
</ref>

<ref name=Bequette>
{{cite book |author=B. Wayne Bequette | title = Process Control: Modeling, Design, and Simulation  | publisher =Prentice Hall Professional | year= 2003 | page = 5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdjHYm5e9d4C&pg=PA5 |isbn = 9780133536409 }}
</ref>

}}

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[[Category:Classical control theory]]
[[Category:Control devices]]
[[Category:Control engineering]]
[[Category:Control loop theory]]
[[Category:Cybernetics]]
[[Category:Process engineering]]

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