Editing Setthathirath

{{Short description|King of Lan Na and Lan Xang}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name            =Setthathirath<br>ເສດຖາທິຣາຊ
| title           =King of Lan Xang <br> King of Lan Na
| image           =Setthathirat.JPG
| caption         =Statue of King Setthathirath<br>[[Pha That Luang]], [[Vientiane]]
| succession      ={{hlist |[[List of kings of Laos|King of Lan Xang]]}}
| reign           =1548–1571
| predecessor     =[[Photisarath|Photisarath I]]
| successor       =[[Sen Soulintha]]
| coronation      =1550
| succession1      ={{hlist |[[list of rulers of Lan Na|King of Lan Na]]}}
| predecessor1     =[[Chiraprapha]]
| successor1       =[[Mekuti]]
| reign1           =1546–1551
| coronation1      =1546
| spouse          ={{unbulleted list}}
Ton Thip of Lan Na<br>Ton Kham of Lan Na<br>Thepkasattri of Ayutthaya<br>Kaew Pra Kham, daughter of [[Sen Soulintha]]
| issue           ={{unbulleted list}}
Prince [[Keo Koumane|Nokaeo Koumane]]<br>Princess Khau Pheng<br>Princess Kham Souk<br>Princess Kham Serm<br>Princess Kham Sai<br>Princess Kham Lee<br>Princess Eung Kham Luang<br>Other Princesses
| dynasty         =[[Khun Lo]]
| father          =[[Photisarath|Photisarath I]]
| mother          =Yotkhamthip of Lan Na
| religion        =[[Therevada Buddhism]]
| birth_name      =Setthavangso
| birth_date      =24 January 1534
| birth_place     =[[Muang Sua]], [[Lan Xang]]
| death_date      =1571
| death_place     =[[Attapeu Province|Attapeu]], [[Lan Xang]]
| date of burial  =
| place of burial =
| regnal name     = Samdach Brhat-Anya Chao Udaya Budhara Bhuwana Brhat Jaya Jettha Maharajadhiraja Bhuwanadya Adhipati Sri Sadhana Ganayudha
|}}
'''Setthathirath''' ({{langx|lo|ເສດຖາທິຣາດ}}; 24 January 1534 – 1571) or '''Xaysettha''' ({{langx|lo|ໄຊເສດຖາ}}; {{langx|th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราช}}, {{RTGS|Chaiyachetthathirat}}, {{langx|my|ဇယဇေဋ္ဌာဓိရာဇ်}} {{IAST|Jayajyeṣṭhādhirāja}}) is considered one of the great leaders in [[Lao people|Lao]] history. Throughout the 1560s until his death, he successfully defended his kingdom of [[Lan Xang]] against military campaigns of [[Burma|Burmese]] conqueror [[Bayinnaung]], who had already subdued Xieng Mai ([[Chiang Mai]]) in 1558 and [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]] in 1564. Setthathirath was a prolific builder and erected many [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monuments including [[Wat Xieng Thong]] in [[Luang Prabang]], [[Haw Phra Kaew]], [[Wat Ong Teu Mahawihan]] and the [[Pha That Luang]] in [[Vientiane]].

==King of Lanna==
Setthathirath also known as Chaiyachettha or Chaiyaset or Jayajestha, Son of the King [[Photisarath]] of Lan Xang, he was crowned King of [[Lanna]] after the death of his grandfather, [[Ketklao]] the previous King of Lanna, who died without a male heir to the [[throne]] and gave his daughter Princess Yotkhamtip in marriage to his father King Photisarath of Lan Xang.

When King Ketklao died, there was no other descendant available to succeed him. High-ranking officials and Buddhist monks therefore agreed unanimously to assign the Lanna throne to Prince Setthathirath in 1546. His name was lengthened to Chao Chaiyasetthathirath.

In 1548 King Setthathirath (as King of Lanna) had taken [[Chiang Saen]] as his capital. Chiang Mai still had powerful factions at court, and the threats from Burma and Ayutthaya were growing.

==King of Lan Xang==
After the death of King Photisararath, the nobles of Lan Xang were divided, a group supported Prince [[Voravongsa I|Tha Heua]], another group of nobles led by Phya Vieng, Saen Marong and Kwan Darmpa supported Prince Lanchang who was born from an Ayutthayan princess. Prince Tha Heua and Prince Lanchang began to split the Kingdom up between them, when Prince Settathathirath was still in Chiang Mai. Hearing of the news of his half brothers, King Settathathirath quickly returned to Lan Xang leaving the affairs of Chiang Mai under Queen [[Chiraprapha]]'s leadership, taking with him the [[Emerald Buddha|Phra Kaew]] (Emerald Buddha), the Saekkam and the [[Phra Phuttha Sihing]] images. He also claimed that taking the statue would allow his relatives the opportunity to venerate the image and make merit. The Nobles of Lanna felt that Setthathirath had stayed away too long, and sought another descendant of [[Mangrai]] dynasty to take the throne in 1551. They chose a distant relative of Setthathirath, the Shan Prince known as [[Mekuti]].{{sfnp|Wyatt|Wichienkeeo| 1995|p=120–122}}

Settathathirath subdued Prince Tarua in Louang Phrabang, and sent his general Phya Sisatthamatailoke to go fight Prince Lanchang in the town of Kengsah, Prince Lanchang was defeated and fled to [[Thakhek]], where the local Lord had him arrested and sent to Phya Sisatthama. The nobles that supported Prince Lanchang were executed, but Prince Setthatathirath pardoned Prince Lanchang and appointed him as governor of Seanmuang. Phya Sisatthama was thus made Lord of Viangchan, and given the title Phya Chantaburi, who built Wat Chan and Pia Wat that can be still found in Viangchan today.

In 1553 King Setthathirath sent an army to retake Lanna from Mekuti but was defeated. Again in 1555 King Setthathirath sent an army to retake Lanna at the command of Sen Soulintha, and managed to take Chiang Saen. For his success, Sen Soulintha was given the title ''Luxai'' (Victorious) and offered one of his daughters to King Setthathirath. In 1556 Burma, under King Bayinnaung invaded Lanna. King Mekuti of Lanna surrendered Chiang Mai without a fight, but was reinstated as a Burmese vassal under military occupation.{{sfnp|Simms| 1999|p=71–73}}{{sfnp|Stuart-Fox| 1998|p=78}}

In 1560, King Setthathirath formally moved the capital of Lan Xang from Luang Prabang to Viangchan, which would remain the capital over the next two hundred and fifty years.{{sfnp|Simms| 1999|p=73}} The formal movement of the capital followed an expansive building program which included strengthening city defenses, the construction of a massive formal palace and the [[Haw Phra Kaew]] to house the Emerald Buddha, and major renovations to [[That Luang]] in Viangchan. In Luang Prabang, Wat Xieng Thong was constructed perhaps in compensation for the loss of status as the former capital of Lan Xang, and in [[Nakhon Phanom]] major renovations were made to [[That Phanom]].{{sfnp|Stuart-Fox| 2006|p=61–72}}

==The Burmese invasions==
{{See also|Burmese–Siamese War (1563–1564)}}
[[File:Phra That Si Song Rak.jpg|thumb|200px|Stupa of [[Phra That Si Song Rak|Wat Phra That Si Song Rak]], Loei, Thailand, competed in 1563 by Setthathirath and King [[Maha Chakkraphat]] to cement the alliance between Lan Xang and Ayutthaya]]
In 1563, a treaty was signed between Lan Xang and Ayutthaya, which was sealed by the betrothal of Princess Thepkasattri (whose mother was Queen [[Suriyothai]] of [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]]). However, King [[Maha Chakkraphat|King Maha Chakkraphat]] instead tried to exchange Princess Kaeo Fa, which was immediately rejected.{{sfnp|Wyatt|2003|p=80}} In the midst of the disagreement, the [[Burmese–Siamese War (1563–1564)|Burmese invaded northern Ayutthaya]] with the assistance of [[Mahathammarachathirat (king of Ayutthaya)|Maha Thammaracha]] the royal viceroy and governor of [[Phitsanulok]]. It was only then in 1564 that King Chakkraphat sent Princess Thepkasattri to Lan Xang along with a massive dowry in an attempt to buy back the broken alliance.{{sfnp|Wyatt|2003|p=81}}

While the procession was en route, Maha Thammaracha ambushed the princess and sent her to his overlords in Burma; she committed suicide shortly thereafter or en route. Facing the threat of a superior Burmese force, King Chakkraphat had lost a potential alliance with Lan Xang, the northern territories of Ayutthaya and his daughter. To prevent further incursions, King Chakkraphat became a vassal of Burma and had to deliver both himself and his son [[Prince Ramesuan]] as hostages to King Bayinnaung leaving another son [[Mahinthrathirat|Prince Mahinthrathirat]] as a vassal in Ayutthaya.{{sfnp|Wyatt|2003|p=81}}

The Burmese then turned north to depose King Mekuti of Lanna, who had failed to support the Burmese invasion of Ayutthaya in 1563.<ref name=geh-167-168>Harvey 1925: 167–168</ref><ref name=my-2-266-268>Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 266–268</ref> When Chiang Mai fell to the Burmese, a number of refugees fled to Viangchan and stripped of supplies. When the Burmese took Viangchan they were forced into the countryside for supplies, where King Setthathirath had organized [[guerrilla]] attacks and small raids to harass the Burmese troops. Facing disease, malnutrition and demoralizing guerrilla warfare, King Bayinnaung was forced to retreat in 1565 leaving Lan Xang the only remaining independent [[Tai peoples|Tai]] kingdom.{{sfnp|Simms| 1999|p=73–75}}{{sfnp|Stuart-Fox| 1998|p=81–82}}

==Covert plans==
{{See also|Burmese–Siamese War (1568–70)}}
In 1567, King Mahinthrathirat approached King Setthathirath with covert plans for Ayutthaya to rebel against Burma by launching a counterattack against Mahathammarachathirat in Phitsanulok. The plan would involve an overland invasion from Lan Xang with assistance from the royal navy in Ayutthaya passing up the [[Nan River]]. Mahathammarachathirat was in Burma at the time, and Maha Chakkraphat had been allowed to return to Ayutthaya as Burma was facing small rebellions in the [[Shan people|Shan]] areas.{{sfnp|Simms| 1999|p=78–79}}

The plan was discovered and reinforcements were sent to Phitsanulok. Realizing Phitsanulok was too fortified, Setthathirath withdrew his attack, but set up a devastating counter ambush on his retreat to Vientiane in which five pursuing Burmese generals were killed. Seizing on the weakness, King Chakkraphat ordered a second attack on Phitsanulok in which he successfully took the city, but could only briefly hold it having suffered repeated heavy losses.{{sfnp|Simms| 1999|p=78–79}}

King Bayinnaung sent a massive invasion in 1568 in response to the uprising. In early 1569, the city of Ayutthaya was directly under threat and Vientiane sent reinforcements. The Burmese had planned on the reinforcements however and Setthathirath fell into a trap.{{sfnp|Wyatt| 2003|p=82}} After a two-day struggle the Lan Xang forces prevailed at the Pa Sak Valley near [[Phetchabun Province|Phetchabun]], at which point one of the commanding generals from [[Nakhon Phanom]] broke south toward Ayutthaya. The Burmese rallied and were able to destroy the divided forces, and Setthathirath had to retreat toward Viangchan.{{sfnp|Simms| 1999|p=79–81}}

The Burmese then focused their attack on Ayutthaya and took the city. King Setthathirath upon reaching Vientiane ordered an immediate evacuation. The Burmese took several weeks to regroup and rest having taken Ayutthaya, which allowed Setthathirath to rally his forces and plan for prolonged guerrilla warfare. The Burmese arrived in Viangchan and were able to take the lightly defended city. Just as in 1565, Setthathirath began a guerrilla campaign from his base near the [[Nam Ngum River]], northeast of Vientiane. In 1570 Bayinnaung retreated, Setthathirath counterattacked and more than 30,000 were taken prisoner, along with 100 elephants, and 2,300 pieces of ivory from the retreating Burmese.{{sfnp|Simms| 1999|p=79–81}}

In 1571, the Ayutthaya Kingdom and Lan Na were Burmese vassals. Having twice defended Lan Xang from Burmese invasions, King Setthathirath moved south to conduct a campaign against the [[Khmer Empire]]. Defeating the Khmer would have greatly strengthened Lan Xang, giving it vital sea access, trade opportunities, and most importantly, European firearms which had been growing use since the early 1500s. The ''Khmer Chronicles'' record that armies from Lan Xang invaded in 1571 and 1572, during the second invasion King Barom Reacha I was slain in an [[elephant duel]]. The Khmer must have rallied and Lan Xang retreated.

==Death and aftermath==
In 1571, a conspiracy between Lord Phya Nakhon and the former abbot of Wat Maximavat, who held personal grudges against Setthathirath, led to the king's murder in the southern frontier of the country. He was 37 years of age.

Because Setthathirath left only a toddler as his heir, prince Noi Hno Muang Keo Koumane, the child's maternal grandfather, a military commander of common birth named [[Sen Soulintha]], declared himself king. This began a period of turbulence, with different kings ruling unsteadily for short periods, which saw the country finally conquered by King Bayinnaung in 1574, and the toddler son of Setthathirath taken to Burma. with a fratricide by a crown prince; with a rebellion led by someone claiming to be Setthathirath-resurrected; and with a nine-year period in which the country had no king. (The Burmese would rule Laos for eighteen years.) Quarrels and conflicts among the feudal nobility and their followings led to disruptions and unrest within the population.

With the country in chaos, Prince Noi Hno Muang Keo Koumane was always recognised as the rightful king by the people of Laos who campaigned for his return for many years. They finally succeeded when they sent a delegation to Burma after the prince had come of age in 1590. Released from captivity in [[Burma]] by King [[Nanda Bayin]], he returned to Vientiane where he was crowned in 1591. He declared independence from the Burmese in 1593, but suffered several attacks from them throughout his reign.

There was little peace in Laos until King [[Sourigna Vongsa]] ascended the throne in 1637 (possibly in 1638).

==Family==
*Father: [[Photisarath]] - King of Lan Xang (r. 1520–1548)
*Mother: Queen Yudhi Karma Devi (Yot Kam Tip), Nang Nhot-Kham - (m. 1533) daughter of Brhat Muang Ket Klao Setharaja, King of Lanna
*Consorts and their Respective Issue:
# Princess Dharmadevi (Ton Tip) - (m. 1546) daughter of his maternal grandfather, Brhat Muang Ket Klao Setharaja, King of Lanna
##
##
# Princess Dharmakami (Ton Kam) - (m. 1546) daughter of his maternal grandfather, Brhat Muang Ket Klao Setharaja, King of Lanna.
##
##
# Princess Devisra Kshatriyi (Tepsakatri) - (m. 1563), younger daughter of [[Maha Chakkraphat]] King of Ayudhya (r. 1548-1564; 1568-1569) by Queen [[Suriyothai]]
# Princess keo fa daughter of [[Maha Chakkraphat]] and Concubine.<ref name="ล้านช้าง">"พงศาวดารล้านช้าง".

''ประชุมพงศาวดารเล่ม 44''. พระนคร : ครุสภา, 2512, หน้า 161-164</ref>
# Princess Kiao Prakham, a daughter of [[Sen Soulintha|Phragna Sen Soulinthara Lusai]] - King of Lan Xang (r. 1546-1551)
## [[Keo Koumane|Prince Nu Muang Kaeva Kumara (Phragna Nakorn-Noi No Muang Keo Koumane)]] - King of Lan Xang (r. 1571–1572(?); 1591-1598)
# ''a three lady from [[Longvek|Indapatha-negara]] '' a daughter of [[Ang Chan I|Chan Reachea]]
# ''by unknown women''
## Princess Khau Pheng - (married in 1560 with Prince Kham Khon (Kham Done) Prince of Xieng Xouang (d. 1567), younger son of Prince Su Bun Lan Thai, Prince of S’ieng Wong S’ieng Wang

==See also==
* [[List of monarchs of Laos]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Wyatt|editor-first1=David K.|editor-first2=Aroonrut|editor-last2=Wichienkeeo|title=The Chiang Mai Chronicle|year=1995|publisher=Silkworm Books|isbn=974-7100-62-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Simms|first=Peter and Sanda|title=The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|isbn=0-7007-1531-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Stuart-Fox|first=Martin|title=The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline|year=1998|publisher=White Lotus Press|isbn=974-8434-33-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Stuart-Fox|first=Martin|title=Naga Cities of the Mekong: A Guide to the Temples, Legends, and History of Laos|year=2006|publisher=Media Masters|isbn=978-981-05-5923-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Wyatt|first=David K.|title=Thailand: A Short History|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-08475-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Kala | first=U | title=Maha Yazawin Gyi | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon | year=1720 | edition=2006, 4th printing | language=Burmese | volume=2}}
* {{cite book | last=Harvey | first= G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | year = 1925| location = London}}
* Lorrillard, Michel (1999) "La Succession de Setthathirat : réappréciation d'une période de l'histoire du Lan Xang," Aseanie 4 December 1999, pp.&nbsp;44–64.
* Phothisane, Souneth. (1996). ''The Nidan Khun Borom: Annotated Translation and Analysis'',
* Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland. [This is a translation of a Lan Chang chronicle]
* Wyatt, David K. and Aroonrut Wichienkeeo (1995). ''The Chiangmai Chronicle''. Chiangmai:
* Silkworm Books, pp.&nbsp;118–127 [This source records the history of Setthathirath as a ruler of both Lan Chang and Chiang Mai]
* Wyatt, David K., ''Thailand: A Short History'', New Haven (Yale University Press), 2003. [Concise description of his reign]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Khun Lo]]|24 January|1534||1571}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Chiraprapha]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Lan Na Kingdom|King of Lan Na]]
| years = 1546–1547
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Mekuti]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Photisarath]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[King of Lan Xang]]
| years = 1548–1571
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Sen Soulintha]]
}}
{{S-end}}{{Monarchs of Laos}}
{{Kings of Lan Na}}
{{Monarchs of Thailand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kings of Lan Xang]]
[[Category:Laotian military leaders]]
[[Category:1534 births]]
[[Category:1571 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Laotian people]]
[[Category:16th-century military personnel]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Laotian Theravada Buddhists]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Laos]]
[[Category:16th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:1540s in Asia]]
[[Category:1560s in Asia]]
[[Category:1570s in Asia]]
[[Category:1571 murders]]