Editing Seven-string guitar

{{Short description|Fretted string instrument}}
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{{original research|date=February 2013}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2012}}
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[[File:Seven-string-guitar.jpg|thumb|A Brazilian seven-string guitar]]
[[File:Soulezza 7 String Guitar.jpg|thumb|Soulezza 7 String Guitar]]
The '''seven-string guitar''' adds one additional string to the more common [[six-string guitar]], commonly used to extend the bass range (usually a low B) or also to extend the treble range.

The additional string is added in one of two different ways: by increasing the width of the fingerboard such that the additional string may be fretted by the left hand; or, by leaving the fingerboard unchanged and adding a "floating" bass string.  In the latter case, the extra bass string lies next to the existing bass strings, but free of the fingerboard in similar fashion as the [[archlute]] and [[theorbo]]. Such unfrettable bass strings were historically known as diapasons or bourdons.

Some types of seven-string guitars are specific to certain cultures such as the [[Russian guitar|Russian]], [[Guitarra séptima|Mexican]], and Brazilian guitars.

==History==
The history of the seven-string guitar stretches back more than 230 years.  During the [[Renaissance]] period ({{circa|1400–1600}}), the European guitar generally had four [[course (music)|courses]], each strung with two [[Catgut|gut strings]], and the pair of strings within each course tuned in [[unison]]. By the mid-[[Baroque]] period ({{circa|1600–1750}}), it more commonly had five courses (still double-strung) and used a variety of tunings, some of them [[Reentrant tuning|re-entrant]]. By the early 18th century, six double-strung courses had become common.

Up to this point, most stringed instruments were strung with gut strings. At around 1800, quality metal-wire strings became widely available. These new strings were more durable, remained in tune longer and, most importantly, produced a louder sound than the traditional gut strings. As use of metal strings became more widely adopted, their greater volume output impelled luthiers to experiment more with single-strung courses on their instruments and, in a relatively short time, the modern practice of using six single strings became first common, and then standard.
  
The changing number of courses in these early guitars may also illustrate an ongoing desire on behalf of players to increase the range of the instrument, a development similar to that gone through by the lute in earlier days. It is likely that all of these factors contributed to the development of the seven-string guitar, which has been around ever since. The seven-string guitar never became as widely accepted in Europe as the six-string instrument, but a number of composers did produce a significant body of work for the seven string. French guitarist [[Napoleon Coste]] (1805–1883) composed works with a seven-string guitar specifically in mind. The Italian guitarist Mario Maccaferri (1899–1993) was a celebrated advocate of bass strings (diapasons or bourdons) and also composed for the instrument.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luth.org/memoriams/mem_mario-maccaferri.html |title=In Memoriam: Mario Maccaferri |first=John |last=Monteleone |website=Guild of American Luthiers |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

By contrast, in Russia the seven-string guitar became widely popular, and entire schools of playing were developed around its use. Despite some brief setbacks in the mid-20th century, during which six-string instruments rose in prominence, the seven-string Russian guitar has remained popular in Russia to this day.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Gerald Stanton |date=1984 |title=Songs to Seven Strings: Russian guitar poetry and Soviet "mass song" |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-25335-391-7}}</ref>

In the New World, a {{lang|es|[[guitarra séptima]]}} or {{lang|es|guitarra sétima}}—with fourteen strings, strung in seven double courses—has been known in Mexico since at least 1776 (Antonio Vargas).<ref>{{cite book |last=Contreras Arias |first=Juan Guillermo  |date=1988 |title=Atlas Cultural de México: Música |language=es |location=México |publisher=[[Secretaría de Educación Pública]] |isbn=968-406-121-8}}</ref> These instruments may still be found in use in Mexico, although the modern six-string instrument has become far more common. Seven-string instruments retain current popularity in parts of South America, notably Brazil, where they became an important instrument in the ''[[choro]]'' [es] music of the 19th century, which is currently experiencing a revival.<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/39850/313249_Adam+May+The+Brazilian+seven-string+guitar+Traditions,+techniques+and+innovations.pdf |title=The Seven String Guitar in Brazil: Traditions, techniques and innovations |last=May |first=Adam John |type=[[M.Mus]] |date=September 2013 |publisher=[[Melbourne Conservatorium of Music]] |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

==Acoustic designs==

===Russian ===
{{Main|Russian guitar}}
[[Image:Tropinin gitarist.jpg|thumb|200px|"The Guitar Player" by V.A. Tropinin (1823)]]
The '''Russian guitar''' or '''gypsy guitar''' is a seven-string acoustic guitar tuned to the [[open G tuning]] (DGBDGBD),<ref>{{harvtxt|Casey|2003}}</ref> which arrived or was developed early in the 19th century in [[Russia]], possibly as a development of the [[cittern]], the [[kobza]] and the [[torban]]. It is known in Russia as the semistrunnaya gitara ({{lang|ru|семиструнная гитара}}) or affectionately as the semistrunka ({{lang|ru|семиструнка}}).

Its invention was popularized by [[Andrei Sychra]], who also wrote a method for the guitar, as well as over one thousand compositions, seventy-five of which were republished in the 1840s by [[Stellovsky]], and then again in the 1880s by [[Gutheil]]. Some of these were published again in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1926. Andrei Sychra in his notation, marks with a number between 1 and 4 where to fret the 7th string with the thumb. Another way that Andrei Sychra took advantage of this guitar's innovation was through natural harmonics. Because of the three strings tuned to D, harmonics could be played in synchronization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guitarandluteissues.com/rmcg/sychra.htm |title=Andrei Sychra: Variations on the Russian folk song: "Of all the Flowers, I loved the Rose the Best" for the Russian seven-string guitar |date=22 February 2008 |website=Guitar and Lute Issues.com |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

Early instruments used gut, and later silk strings; rarely wire. In the 20th century these instruments commonly used nylon strings, like western classical guitars, though by the last third of the century both nylon-strung "classical" and metal-strung "gypsy" versions of the instrument were both plentiful. Whatever material was used for stringing, the Russian guitar is traditionally played without a pick, using fingers for either strumming or picking. The origins of the 7 string most likely came from the English "guittar" popular in the late 18th century. The added string created an extra dimension for bass notes as well as opening up chord possibilities. The seventh string is also likely to have been influenced by the [[harp]] as it is meant to played [[Arpeggio|arpeggiated]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lutheriefg-reparations.blogspot.com//2016/02/scriptie-7-string-russian-guitar-or.htm |title=Lutherie guitare François Gregoire - Réparations |website=lutheriefg-reparations.blogspot.com}} {{Dead link|date=April 2018}}</ref> It also happens that the open D tuning was a perfect fourth lower than the six string tuning.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justclassicalguitar.com/pen&nail/7strings.php |title=The Seven-String Guitar in 19th-Century Russian Culture |first1=O. |last1=Timofeyev |first2=M. |last2=Bazzotti |website=Just Classical Guitar |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> The open D string tuning of this guitar was convenient for many Russian folk songs and dances that were typically within the major key. Along with the added interval possibilities came new techniques not previously seen with 6th string guitars.

The Russian version of the seven-string guitar has been used by professionals, because of its great flexibility and its sound, but has also been popular with amateurs for accompaniment (especially [[Bard (Soviet Union)|Russian bards]]) due to the relative simplicity of some basic chords and the ease of playing [[alternating bass]] lines. While greatly popular in Russia and Ukraine, this type of guitar has only recently been generating some interest outside of its traditional homeland.

<gallery>
Image:RussianSevenStringTuning.jpg|Tuning of the Russian guitar
Image:FSmajorRussianGuitar.jpg|An F{{music|#}} major chord
Image:BminorchordRussianGuitar.jpg|A B minor chord
</gallery>

The earliest music published for a seven-string guitar was in St. Petersburg, Russia, on 15 December 1798. The school was owned by [[Ignác František Held]] (1766, [[Třebechovice pod Orebem]], [[Bohemia]] – 1816, [[Brest-Litovsk]], [[Russia]]).

Standard tuning for the Russian guitar is: D2 G2 B2 D3 G3 B3 D4
with a very common "classical" variant being C2 G2 B2 D3 G3 B3 D4

Other tunings include:
* G-C-E-G-C-E-G ("Big guitar") ([[Open C]])
* F-B{{music|b}}-D-F-B{{music|b}}-D-F (1/3rd guitar) ([[Open Bb]])
* E-A-B-D-G-B-D
* E-G-B-D-G-B-D
* D-G-C-D-G-B{{music|b}}-D
* B-F{{music|#}}-B-E-A-D-F{{music|#}}
* A-E-A-D-G-B-E
* A-D-G-C-F-A-D

===Brazilian ===
<!-- This section is linked from [[Samba]] -->
{{Listen|filename=Sofres porque queres - Pixinguinha 1919.ogg|title=Sofres porque queres|description=Example of seven-string guitar "baixaria" in the choro "Sofres porque queres" (Pixinguinha) recorded in 1919.}}

The Brazilian seven-string guitar ({{langx|pt|violão de sete cordas}}) is an acoustic guitar used primarily in [[choro]] and [[samba]]. It was introduced to Brazil in the late 19th century as a steel string guitar. The style of "baixaria" counterpoint and accompaniment technique was developed throughout the 20th century, especially by [[Dino 7 Cordas]] and [[Raphael Rabello]]. In the early 1980s, guitarist [[Luiz Otavio Braga]] had a nylon string version made, and this has become the norm for most contemporary solo musicians such as [[Yamandu Costa]].

The Brazilian seven-string guitar is typically tuned like a classical guitar, but with an additional C below the low E as follows: C2 E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4; although some musicians tune the C down to a B resulting in: B1 E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4.

===Classical ===
Seven-string guitarists are utilized in playing traditional and contemporary "classical" repertoire. These instruments are essentially nylon-strung classical guitars with one extra (usually) bass string, and the tuning is most commonly: B1 E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4. Aficionados of the instrument have produced many new arrangements, traditionally six-string classical guitar pieces, and the seventh string may be retuned—to C or D, for example—to accommodate these arrangements. The use of this instrument in the classical world, along with other extended range instruments having 8, 9, 10, 11, or more strings, has become common enough that several noted string manufacturers now produce and mark string sets specifically for seven-string classical guitars (La Bella; Pyramid; d'Aquisto; etc.). For example, [[Napoléon Coste|Napoleon Coste]] arranged one of [[Franz Schubert]]'s pieces for guitar and vocal accompaniment, despite guitars being typically for solo performance at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naxos.com/person/Napoleon_Coste_27134/27134.htm |title=Napoléon Coste (1805-1883) |website=[[Naxos Records]] |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

===Mexican ({{lang|es|guitarra séptima}})===
There is a guitar of seven pairs of strings, totaling 14 strings, known as {{lang|es|[[guitarra séptima]]}} aka '''14 String Guitar'''. The instrument is still played in Mexico and the USA by popular bands, most notably [[Korn]].

==Electric designs==
===Semi-hollow and hollow body electric guitars===
In the [[United States]], the jazz guitarist [[George Van Eps]] had a seven-string guitar built for him by [[Epiphone Guitars]] in the late 1930s and a signature [[Gretsch]] seven-string in the late 60s and early 70s. The Van Eps signature guitar may be the first regular-production seven-string electric guitar. Van Eps tuned his 7th string to A.

Several others began using seven-string guitars after Van Eps, including [[Bucky Pizzarelli]], [[Howard Alden]], [[Ron Escheté]], Chance Russell,  and [[John Pizzarelli]], son of Bucky Pizzarelli.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnpizzarelli.com/bio.html |title=Biography |website=John Pizzarelli Official Website |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> [[Lenny Breau]] also used seven string instruments, but whereas the other players all used instruments with an added bass string, Breau had at least one instrument in which the seventh string was an added ''treble'' string, tuned to the 'A' above the high 'E' string (A4).  At the time he began using the high A string, no commercially manufactured string could withstand being tuned that high, so Breau substituted a piece of [[monofilament fishing line]] of appropriate gauge. A year later, advances in materials science allowed the La Bella company to begin manufacturing a custom string for Breau's high A.<ref name="lennybreau">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lennybreau.com/lbart2.html |last1=Ferguson |first1=Jim |title=Lenny Breau Remembered |magazine=[[Guitar Player]] |date=November 1984 |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703180304/http://www.lennybreau.com/lbart2.html |archive-date=2008-07-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Seven-string [[semi-acoustic guitar|semi-acoustic]] [[archtop guitar]]s were used by jazz-guitarist [[Ralph Patt]] after he began exploring [[major-thirds tuning]] in 1964.<ref name="Griewank1" >{{harvtxt|Griewank|2010|p=1}}</ref><ref name="Kirkeby">{{cite web |first=Ole |last=Kirkeby |date=1 March 2012 |title=Major&nbsp;thirds tuning |access-date=10 June 2012 |url=http://v3p0.m3guitar.com/ |website=M3guitar.com |id=cited by {{harvtxt|Sethares|2011}} and {{harv|Griewank|2010|p=1}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411064851/http://v3p0.m3guitar.com/ |archive-date=11 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Patt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ralphpatt.com/Tune.html |first=Ralph |last=Patt |website=RalphPatt.com |title=The major&nbsp;3rd tuning |date=14 April 2008 |access-date=10 June 2012 |id=cited by {{harvtxt|Sethares|2011}} and {{harvtxt|Griewank|2010|p=1}}}}</ref> Patt's tuning is a [[regular tunings|regular tuning]], in the sense that all of the [[interval (music)|interval]]s between its successive [[open string (music)|open string]]s are [[major third]]s; in contrast, the [[standard guitar-tuning]] has one major-third amid four [[perfect fourth|fourth]]s.<ref name="Sethares2001">{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001|pp=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf 52–67]}} and {{harvtxt|Sethares|2011}}</ref> Major-thirds tuning has a smaller scope than standard guitar-tuning,<ref name="Sethares2001"/><ref name="Peterson37">{{harvtxt|Peterson|2002|p=37}}</ref> and so Patt started using seven-string guitars, which enabled major-thirds tuning to have the E-e' range of the standard tuning. He first experimented with a wide-neck Mango guitar from the 1920s, which he modified to have seven strings in 1963.<ref name="Peterson36">{{harvtxt|Peterson|2002|p=36}}</ref> In 1967 he purchased a seven-string by José Rubio.<ref name="Peterson37"/>

The first seven-string electric guitars were built in the "hollowbody" or "semi-hollow" archtop styles, where the guitar has a central resonating chamber, or a central block with resonant chambers on the sides. This gave the guitar the dark woodiness, breath, and richness that is associated with traditional "jazz" tone, but also made prone to feedback at high volumes, making it problematic for rock guitar playing.

===Solid body electric guitars===
[[File:Seven-string guitar ibanez rg7321bk.jpg|thumb|120px|Seven-string electric guitar ''Ibanez RG7321BK'']]
In the early thirties the [[National String Instrument Corporation]] offered seven-string versions of their solid-body lap-steel guitars.

A [[solid body]] seven-string electric guitar was conceived by guitarist [[Lenny Breau]] and built by luthier Kirk Sand,<ref name="lennybreau"/> debuting at the 1983 [[NAMM Show]], featuring a high A-string (rather than the low A-string of Eps).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierguitar.com/Magazine/Issue/2010/Sep/Builder_Profile_Kirk_Sand_Guitars.aspx?Page=2 |title=Builder Profile: Kirk Sand Guitars |first=Gayla |last=Drake |date=17 August 2010 |website=Premier Guitar |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> In 1987, [[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation|Fender]] signed an agreement with Alex Gregory to produce a [[Stratocaster]]-style guitar that featured a high A-string. A small number of prototypes were made. However the unit was never put into production. He has made numerous false claims in regards to the 7 string guitar and is not considered a reliable source of information, even regarding his own 7 string signature series which was produced in limited numbers by Fender. He frequently embellishes the events that took place in all facets of its production. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Duchossoir |first=A.R. |title=The Fender Stratocaster |edition=Revised |location=Milwaukee |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |year=1995 |page=34 |isbn=978-0-79354-735-7}}</ref>

The first mass-produced seven-string was the [[Ibanez]] UV7, a signature model for [[Steve Vai]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bienstock|first=Richard|title=Steve Vai Discusses Designing Ibanez Universe Seven-String|url=https://www.guitarworld.com/news/steve-vai-discusses-designing-ibanez-universe-seven-string|website=Guitar World|date=26 November 2018|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref> It was also used by [[John Petrucci]], [[Reb Beach]], and [[Korn]] guitarists [[Brian Welch]] and [[James Shaffer]], amongst others.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sullivan |first=L. |year=1990 |title=What's hot in guitars |magazine=Guitar School |location=New York City |page=15}}</ref> Vai was drawn to the idea for much of the same reasons seven-string classical and jazz players were—the extended range the additional string offered. After initial experimentation with a high A, a low B was added as the high A proved to be too prone to breaking. (Kirk Sand and Lenny Breau solved the breaking high A string problem by shortening the [[Scale length (string instruments)|scale length]] to 22.75", Vai's Ibanez is 25.5".) Vai began touring with [[Whitesnake]] with a seven-string prototype, and then used the guitars for his 1990 release ''[[Passion and Warfare]]''.

The seven-string guitar became prominent when the band [[Korn]] featured Ibanez Universe guitars on their 1994 [[Korn (album)|debut album]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Stoner|first=Brandon|title=A Brief History of Ibanez Guitars|url=https://guitar.com/features/history-of-ibanez/|website=Guitar.com|date=5 December 2022|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref> During the 1990s, manufacturers of 7-strings included [[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation|Fender]]'s subsidiary [[Squier]] and [[Gibson Guitar Corporation|Gibson]]'s subsidiary [[Epiphone]].

In this time many guitarists were introduced to the extended range offered by a seven-string guitar. This was somewhat offset by a growing stigma that a seven-string guitar was a "[[nu metal]]" instrument, fit only for heavy riffing. This was ironic as Korn guitarists [[James Shaffer|Munky]] and [[Brian Phillip Welch|Head]] remember being told in their early days that the seven-string guitar could not be used for riffing, as it was a guitar for technical guitar players.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKsGpl6lgbk  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/oKsGpl6lgbk |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Munky & Head on Ibanez 7th Heaven |author=kornfan02 |date=7 January 2007 |website=YouTube |access-date=20 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In the 1990s, several other heavy metal guitarists began using seven-string instruments (notably [[John Petrucci]], [[Trey Azagthoth]], and [[Erik Rutan]]), seeing the possibility for detuned riffing while preserving the full upper range of the guitar for solos. However, the seven-string guitar failed to really catch on at this phase in its development, and the Universe model was discontinued briefly in 1995. Historically, [[Matt Bellamy]] from [[Muse (band)|Muse]] had used a custom red Manson seven-string to play just one song, "Citizen Erased", with a AADDGBE tuning (the song was originally recorded on a detuned six-string). However, he later started using new Manson custom seven-strings to play new songs "Supremacy", "Survival" and "Liquid State" on Muse's 2012 ''[[The 2nd Law]]'' album tour. [[Dino Cazares]] uses custom seven-string Ibanez guitars; [[Christian Olde Wolbers]] has his own signature [[Jackson Guitars|Jackson]] seven-string guitar, [[Jeff Loomis]] has a signature model made by [[Schecter Guitar Research|Schecter]] and [[Stephen Carpenter]] has several of his own models released by [[ESP Guitars|ESP]].

== Hybrid designs ==
In the early 2000s, [[Roger McGuinn]] (renowned for his skills on the [[twelve-string guitar]] and for his long association with [[The Byrds]]) worked with [[C. F. Martin & Company]] to develop a seven-string [[folk guitar]]. McGuinn's guitar (currently being marketed by Martin) is tuned the same as a standard folk guitar with steel strings, but the third (G) string is augmented with a high octave string. Many of McGuinn's notable guitar solos utilize the G string of the twelve-string guitar to perform the main melody, and therefore the Martin seven-string guitar was designed to achieve this extended range playing without the need for doubling all six of the guitar's strings.

In 2010, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160906091808/http://www.inoxguitars.com/ Inox Guitars] has created a mix of the Brazilian [[Viola caipira]] and the Russian [[Russian guitar|semistrunka (семиструнка)]]. This instrument has 2 bass strings (as the 6th and 7th strings of the semistrunka) and five treble courses (as the Viola caipira) and it is used in open tuning (GDGDGBD) as a [http://soundcloud.com/inox-guitars slide guitar].

==Tuning==
[[File:Ernie Ball 7 strings regular Slinky pack.jpg|thumb|150px|A pack of [[Ernie Ball]] electric guitar strings for 7-string guitars]]
The 7-string guitar of today is frequently tuned with a lower B on the added seventh string (B1–E2–A2–D3–G3–B3–E4). Modern metal bands such as [[Trivium (band)|Trivium]] (on ''[[The Crusade (album)|The Crusade]]'' and ''[[Shogun (Trivium album)|Shogun]]''), [[Dream Theater]] and [[Haken_(band)|Haken]] commonly use this tuning. 

Many jazz<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pureguitar.com/interviews/2013/06/13/bob-benedetto-pioneer-of-the-modern-7-string-jazz-guitar/ |title=Bob Benedetto: Pioneer of the modern 7-string jazz guitar |date=13 June 2013 |website=Pure Guitar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020161615/http://pureguitar.com/interviews/2013/06/13/bob-benedetto-pioneer-of-the-modern-7-string-jazz-guitar/ |archive-date=20 October 2013 }} </ref> musicians tune in [[dropped A tuning]] (A1–E2–A2–D3–G3–B3–E4) for improved bass lines and easier power chords. Choro players usually tune the seventh string up a half-step, to C: C2-E2-A2-D3-G3-B3-E4. The common Russian guitar tunings given above are still in widespread use.  And players who prefer an added ''treble'' string (instead of an added bass string) usually tune: E2–A2–D3–G3–B3–E4–A4.

==Uses==
Seven-string guitars are used in a variety of musical styles including classical, jazz, rock, progressive rock, and heavy metal. The seven-string works well in a band setting, as its lowest note, B1 lines up well with the B0 commonly used for the lowest note of a 5+ string bass. Both the guitar and bass could drop tune as well using a lowest note of A1 and A0 respectively (with the bass this extends the range to the lowest note on a standard piano). 

The guitar is main contributor to giving the nu metal band [[Korn]] its “signature sound”.{{Fact|date=January 2022}}

There's also the '''14-string guitar''', which can be thought of as either a [[12 String Guitar|12-string guitar]] w/ a Low B octave course added to it, or as a seven-string guitar with seven pairs of strings giving it a really nice shimmer.{{Fact|date=January 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Russian guitar]]
* [[Eight-string guitar]]
* [[Nine-string guitar]]
* [[Ten-string guitar]]
* [[Extended-range bass]]
* [[Harp guitar]]
* [[Chapman stick]]
* [[:Category:Seven-string guitarists|List of artists who use seven-string guitars]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|title=From Russia, with strings attached|first=Fred|last=Casey|location=Tacoma WA|url=http://www.luth.org/back_issue/al073-076/al075.html|journal=American Lutherie: The Quarterly Journal of the Guild of American Luthiers|publisher=The Guild of American Luthiers|issn=1041-7176|volume='''Number''' 75|issue=Fall|year=2003|access-date=9 October 2012|id=[http://www.luth.org/plans/instrument_plans.html#gut Plan number 48, Russian 7-string Guitar. Drawn by Fred Casey and Guild staff. One sheet 24 x 42 inches]}}
* {{citation|last=Griewank|first=Andreas|author-link=Andreas Griewank|title=Tuning guitars and reading music in major thirds|date=1 January 2010|url=http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/frontdoor/index/index/docId/675|id=[[URN]] urn:nbn:de:0296-matheon-6755. MSC-Classification 97M80 Arts. Music. Language. Architecture. [http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/files/675/7047_mathtune.ps Postscript file] and [http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/files/675/7046_mathtune.pdf Pdf file]|series=Matheon preprints|volume=695|publisher=DFG research center "MATHEON, Mathematics for key technologies" Berlin|location=Berlin|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108070453/http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/frontdoor/index/index/docId/675|archive-date=8 November 2012}}
*{{cite journal|title=Tuning in thirds: A new approach to playing leads to a new kind of guitar|first=Jonathon|last=Peterson<!-- Peterson is listed as Associate Editor on page 66 -->|location=Tacoma, WA|url=http://www.luth.org/backissues/al69-72/al72.htm|journal=American Lutherie: The Quarterly Journal of the Guild of American Luthiers|publisher=The Guild of American Luthiers|issn=1041-7176|volume='''Number''' 72|issue=Winter|year=2002|access-date=9 October 2012|pages=36–43|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021185726/http://www.luth.org/backissues/al69-72/al72.htm|archive-date=21 October 2011}}
*{{cite book|year=2001|chapter=Regular&nbsp;tunings|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=Bill|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|pages=52–67|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=19 May 2012}}
<!-- *{{cite book|year=2009|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=Bill|last=Sethares|authorlink=William Sethares|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf|format=pdf|origyear=2001|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=19 May 2012}} -->
*{{cite web|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=William A.|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|year=2011|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alternatetunings.html|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=19 May 2012}}

{{Guitars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seven-String Guitar}}
[[Category:Acoustic guitars]]
[[Category:Electric guitars]]