Editing Shadoof

{{short description|Irrigation tool}}
[[File:Well-Central Anatolia.JPG|thumb|Well pole in central [[Anatolia]], Turkey]]
A '''shadoof''' or '''shaduf''',<ref name="Fry">{{cite web |title=Performance Characteristics of the Shaduf: A Manual Water-Lifting Device |url=http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=5769&t=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711045938/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=5769&t=2 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2012-04-03 |publisher=Asae.frymulti.com}}</ref> '''well pole''', '''well sweep''', '''sweep''',<ref name="Knight">Knight, Edward Henry. ''Knight's American mechanical dictionary''. Vol. 3. New York, Hurd and Houghton: Riverside Press, 1877. 2,468. Print.</ref> '''swape''',<ref name="Webster">{{cite web |title=Definition of "Swape" |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/swape |access-date=2007-04-25 |work=Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=MICRA Inc.}}</ref> or simply a '''lift'''<ref name="Potts2"/> is a tool that is used to lift water from a [[well]] or another water source onto land or into another waterway or basin. It is highly efficient, and has been known since 3000 BCE.{{Ciation needed|reason=Contradicts rest of article|date=November 2024}}

The mechanism of a shadoof comprises a long counterbalanced pole on a [[Lever|pivot]], with a bucket attached to the end of it. It is generally used in a crop [[irrigation]] system using basins, dikes, ditches, walls, canals, and similar waterways.<ref name="Roberts">{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=John |title=The Penguin History of the World |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-1846144431 |editor=Allen Lane |author-link=John Roberts (historian)}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Up the Nile, and home again. A handbook for travellers and a travel-book for the library. (1862) (14577389808).jpg|thumb|Multi-level shadoof system in Egypt|alt=Multi-level shadoofs]]

One theory states that the shadoof was invented in prehistoric times in [[Mesopotamia]] as early as the time of [[Sargon of Akkad]] (around 24th and 23rd centuries BCE). The earliest evidence of this technology is a cylindrical seal with a depiction of a shadoof dating back to about 2200 BCE. Then, it is believed that the [[Minoan civilization|Minoans]] adopted this technology; evidence suggests the use of shadoofs as early as around 2100–1600 BCE. The shadoof appeared in [[Upper Egypt]] sometime after 2000 BC, most likely during the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yannopoulos |first1=Stavros I. |last2=Lyberatos |first2=Gerasimos |last3=Theodossiou |first3=Nicolaos |last4=Li |first4=Wang |last5=Valipour |first5=Mohammad |last6=Tamburrino |first6=Aldo |last7=Angelakis |first7=Andreas N. |date=September 2015 |title=Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide |journal=Water |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=5031–5060 |doi=10.3390/w7095031 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Water...7.5031Y }}</ref> Around the same time, the shadoof reached [[Ancient china|China]].

Some historians believe the Egyptians were the original inventors of the shadoof. The theory states that the shadoof originated along the [[Nile]], using tomb drawings illustrating shadoofs at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] dating from 1250 BCE as evidence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=T. H. Mirti |last2=W. W. Wallender |last3=W. J. Chancellor |last4=M. E. Grismer |date=1999 |title=Performance Characteristics of the Shaduf: A Manual Water-Lifting Device |url=https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.5769  |journal=Applied Engineering in Agriculture |doi=10.13031/2013.5769 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=225–231 |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=en-us|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

An alternative origin theory states that shadoof originated from India around the same time as in Mesopotamia. This theory owes to the fact that the shadoof was well spread in [[Ancient India|India]]; however, there is little to no other evidence that makes this theory any stronger.<ref name=":0" />

It is still used in many areas of Africa and Asia and is very common in rural areas of India and [[Pakistan]], such as the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpuri]] belt of the [[Ganges]] plain. In Europe, they remain common in countries like [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Poland]] and [[Germany]]. In the [[Great Hungarian Plain]] they are considered a symbol of the region. 

== Design, construction, and efficiency ==
The shadoof is easy to construct and is highly efficient in use.<ref name="Potts2">{{cite book |author=D. T. Potts |title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2012 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7lK6l7oF_ccC&pg=PA264 264]}}</ref> It consists of an upright frame on which is suspended a long pole or branch, at a distance of about one-fifth of its length from one end.<ref name="Potts2" /> At the long end of this pole hangs a bucket, [[Hide (skin)|skin]] bag, or [[bitumen]]-coated [[Phragmites|reed]] basket. The bucket can be made in many different styles, sometimes having an uneven base or a part at the top of the skin that can be untied. This allows the water to be immediately distributed rather than manually emptied. The short end carries a weight made of clay, stone, or a similar material, which serves as the counterpoise of a lever. The bucket can be lowered by the operator using their own weight to push it down; the counterweight then raises the full bucket without effort.<ref name="Potts2" /><ref name="Faiella">{{cite book |last1=Faiella |first1=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGMyBTS0-v0C&pg=PA27 |title=The Technology of Mesopotamia |date=2006 |publisher=[[The Rosen Publishing Group]] |isbn=9781404205604 |page=27}}</ref>

The implementations vary from region to region. The frame can consist of a single pole or a pair, and the buckets can be attached in multiple different ways, from being tied to a rope to being attached to a thinner stick.<ref name=":0" />

With an almost effortless swinging and lifting motion, the waterproof vessel can be used to scoop up and carry water from a body of water (typically, a [[river]] or [[pond]]) onto land or to another body of water. At the end of each movement, the water is emptied out into runnels that convey the water along irrigation ditches in the required direction.<ref name="Faiella" /> The device is capable of lowering the force levels required of operators to the extent that the performance tends to be limited by the energy processing capacity of the operator and not necessarily muscle fatigue.

The shadoof has a lifting range of 1 to 6 meters. A study of efficiency in various sites in [[Chad]] has shown that one man can lift 39 to 130 liters per minute over heights of 1.8 to 6.2 m,  resulting in water-lifting power levels of 26.7 to 60.1 W. Its efficiency has been calculated at 60%.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nwuba |first=E. I. U. |date=1989-05-01 |title=Ergonomic study of shadoof irrigation in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021863489800137 |journal=Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research |volume=43 |pages=137–147 |doi=10.1016/S0021-8634(89)80013-7 |issn=0021-8634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A study done in [[Nigeria]] also indirectly assessed energy usage through [[heart rate]], serving as the physiological metric. Through this approach, it was discovered that making suitable adjustments to the shadoof decreased energy consumption from approximately 109 to 71 watts (equivalent to 6.56 to 4.27 kilojoules per minute). This reduction enables a farmer to engage in prolonged work without necessitating frequent rest breaks.<ref name=":2" />

== Social effects ==
Across numerous cultures, shadoofs have symbolized collective effort.<ref name=":2" /> In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, for instance, the multi-tiered shadoof systems allowed the movement of water to higher levels through teamwork.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Nature, Technology & the Environment |url=http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~ENVS2/S2006/jthrope1/envs2/WaterSystems.html |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=fubini.swarthmore.edu}}</ref> Together with other [[Irrigation|irrigation technologies]], shadoofs not only helped establish reliable methods of [[agriculture]] for growing [[civilization]]s but also influenced cultural elements.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Crabben |first=Jan van der |title=Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/9/agriculture-in-the-fertile-crescent--mesopotamia/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Журавель у Байдівці.jpg|200px|thumb|Well pole in Baidivka, Ukraine (1950)]]
The accessibility and utilization of shadoofs have been linked to class. During the Egyptian Middle Empire and the New Kingdom, pleasure gardens featuring shadoof irrigation became a hallmark of luxury residences and consequently a status symbol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gardens in Ancient Egypt |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/gardens-ancient-egypt |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=National Museums Liverpool}}</ref> Although not directly, shadoofs contributed to creating a [[class system]], a barrier for some. At the same time, shadoofs have remained essential for those with limited resources to support their livelihoods on large-scale farms around the Nile. Even in the present day, many communities worldwide lack access to more sophisticated water technologies, making shadoofs an indicator of socio-economic standing and a certain measure of societal development. The technology's reliability, despite its antiquity, often gets overlooked.<ref name=":2" />

The geographic spread of shadoofs is impressive. In regions where irrigation is imperative, such as Egypt, India, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa, shadoofs have played a crucial role in enabling agriculture to thrive in water-scarce areas. Shadoofs have empowered [[marginalized]] communities by providing them with the means to secure their sustenance, breaking the barrier of [[Food security|food insecurity]] even in the modern age.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

[[Gender role]]s have also undergone a transformation, with women frequently assuming shadoof operation.<ref name=":4">Fredriksson, Per G, and Satyendra Kumar Gupta. “Irrigation and Culture: Gender Roles and Women’s Rights.” ''Econstor.eu'', 7 Oct. 2020, www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/225005/1/GLO-DP-0681.pdf</ref> The ease of use of the shadoof empowered women to play a more active role in farming. It is fair to acknowledge that shadoofs contributed to normalizing women's increased independence and participation in less physically demanding, and therefore more “socially acceptable”, aspects of food production.<ref name=":4" />

The ease of use of the shadoof is perhaps its most important feature. Studies have shown that it is impressively efficient, given the simplicity of its design. Still, it is essential to recognize that shadoofs, while easing the physical demands of water retrieval, require manual labor, posing a barrier for individuals with certain physical disabilities.<ref name=":1" />

== Names ==

* '''Shadoof''' or '''shaduf''' comes from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|شادوف}}, šādūf.
* It is also called a lift,<ref name="Potts2"/> '''well pole''', '''well sweep''', or simply a '''sweep''' in the US.<ref name="Knight">Knight, Edward Henry. ''Knight's American mechanical dictionary''. Vol. 3. New York, Hurd and Houghton: Riverside Press, 1877. 2,468. Print.</ref> A less common English translation is '''swape'''.<ref name="Webster">{{cite web |title=Definition of "Swape" |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/swape |access-date=2007-04-25 |work=Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=MICRA Inc.}}</ref>
* Picotah (or picota) is a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] loan word.
* It is also called a jiégāo (桔槹) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]].
* The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name is thulla (துலா), while the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] name is ethaamu (ఏతాము) or ethamu (ఏతము).
* It was also known by the [[Ancient Greek]] name kēlōn ({{lang|el|κήλων}}) or kēlōneion ({{lang|el|κηλώνειον}}); this term (קילון) is also borrowed in [[Mishnaic Hebrew]].
* In [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], it is called krynychnyi zhuravel (криничний журавель, "[[well]] [[Crane (bird)|crane]]") for its shape; it is also known as zvid (звід).
* In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], it is known as gémeskút (literally, "[[heron]] wells").
* In [[Croatian language|Croatian]], it is known as đeram (from [[Turkish language|Turkish]], germe).

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Ipuy shaduf.jpg|Ancient wall painting in Egypt
File:Sterio Károly Pihenő a gémeskútnál a pusztán 1855.jpg|Painting by Károly Sterio, 1855
File:Возле-шинка.jpg|alt=I. Sokolov, 1864|Painting by Ivan Sokolov, 1864
File:Egypt.KomOmbo.Shaduf.01.jpg|Shadoof in Egypt
File:Museum of Folk Architecture and Ethnography in Pyrohiv - old water well - 2376-1.jpg|Well sweep in [[Pyrohiv|Pyrohiv Museum]], Ukraine
File:Białoruś Biały Lasek żuraw studzienny.jpg|Well sweep in Belarus
File:Well-Central Anatolia.JPG|Shadoof in Turkey
File:Draw well Wahlsdorf.JPG|Well sweep in Germany
File:Veevinnaja, Ernst Hermann Schlichting, ERM K 2107.jpg|Painting by Ernst Hermann Schlichting, 1852
File:Sassi Jaani.jpg|Reconstructed 19th century well sweep in the [[Estonian Open Air Museum]]
</gallery>

== In heraldry ==
The use of shadoofs in certain areas influenced heraldry.<ref name=":3" /> Below are some examples of heraldic elements of various subdivisions.
<gallery>
File:Dobropilskiy rayon gerb.png|[[Dobropillia Raion|Dobropilsky raion]], [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk oblast]]
File:Bornsen Wappen.png|[[Bornsen|Börnsen]], Germany
File:DE-ST 15-0-83-557 Born COA.png|Born, Germany
File:Znak města Holice.jpg|[[Holice]], Czechia
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shadoofs}}
*[https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/509110/reporting The Shaduf Project: A European Commission Report on Mediterranean Shaduf Use and History]
[[Category:3rd-millennium BC introductions]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Water wells]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian technology]]
[[Category:Sargon of Akkad]]
[[Category:Tools]]