Editing Shammar

{{Short description|Arabian tribal confederation}}
{{About|the Arabian tribe|other uses|Shammar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Shammar
| type = [[Qahtanite]]
| image = Flag of the Emirate of Ha'il.svg
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = The supposed flag of [[Emirate of Jabal Shammar|Jabal Shammar]], in contemporary use by members of the Shammar tribe.
| ethnicity = [[Arabs|Arab]]
| nisba = al-Shammari
| location = *[[Saudi Arabia]] 
*[[Kuwait]] 
*[[Iraq]] 
*[[Syria]] 
*[[Jordan]]
*[[Lebanon]]
*[[Algeria]]
| descended = 
| parent_tribe = [[Tayy]]
| branches = *Abdah
*Aslam
*Sinjarah
| religion = [[Islam]]
| language = [[Arabic]]
| surnames = Al-qhalba - Al-Tanaia -Al-Sanaeis- Al-Shummar
}}
The tribe of '''Shammar''' ({{langx|ar|شَمَّر|Šammar}}) is a tribal [[Arab]] [[Qahtanite]] confederation, descended from the [[Tayy]], which migrated into the northern [[Arabian Peninsula]] from Yemen in the second century. It is the largest branch of the Tayy, and one of the largest and most influential Arab tribes. The historical and traditional seat of the tribe's leadership is in the city of [[Ḥaʼil]]; where most of the people of the tribe of Shammar are found, in what was the [[Emirate of Jabal Shammar]] in what is now [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Statesman's Year Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the World|date=1917|publisher=John Paxton|page=xliv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egVg6QUChYcC|language=en|quote="... has its capital at Hail"}}</ref> In its "golden age", around the 1850s, the Shammar ruled much of central and northern Arabia from [[Riyadh]] to the frontiers of [[Syria]] and the vast area of [[Upper Mesopotamia]] ({{langx|ar|الجزيرة|al-Jazīra|the region}}).

One of the early famous figures from the tribe was the legendary [[Hatim Al-Ta'i]] (Hatim of Tayy; died 578), a [[Christian Arab]] renowned for generosity and hospitality who figured in the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''. The early Islamic historical sources report that his son, [[Adi ibn Hatim]], whom they sometimes refer to as the "king" of Tayy, converted to [[Islam]] before [[Muhammad]]'s death. Another figure from Tayy during this period was [[Zayd al-Khayr]], a prominent member of Tayy who is said to have led Tayy's delegation to Muhammad accepting Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1BiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA498|title=Zad Al-Ma'ad - Provisions Of The Afterlife Which Lie Within Prophetic Guidance: زاد المعاد [انكليزي] ترجمة|last=Al-Jawziyya|first=Ibn Qayyim|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745162144|pages=498|language=en}}</ref>

==Origins==
The Shammar are a tribal confederation made up of three main branches: Abdah, Al-Aslam, and Sinjarah. The earliest non-Arab sources refer to Arabs as Taits, thought of as referring to the Tayy, as [[Iyas ibn Qabisah al-Ta'i]], a governor of [[al-Hirah]] in [[Lower Mesopotamia]] in the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], had contact with both the [[Byzantine]] and [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] Empires. Since some sections of Tayy, and most of the [[Ghassanids]] and Lakhmids, were present in [[Mesopotamia]] and the [[Levant]] prior to Muhammad's preaching of Islam in the early [[7th century]]. In the [[Namara inscription]] (the second oldest [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic Arabic]] inscription, dating from 328 CE), the name "Shammar" is believed to refer to a city in Yemen, though it may refer to the city where the [[Himyarite]] King [[Shammar Yahri'sh]] lived, [[Radda District]] (located about {{convert|100|km}} from [[Dhamar, Yemen|Dhamar]], an ancient historic site). Since King Shammar Yahri'sh ruled during the last decade of the third century, it could be referring to the city he lived in or one named after him. It could also be referring to the city of Ha'il, although there is no evidence that [[Imru Al-Qays]] fought the Tayy.

Led by Usma bin Luai, the Tayy invaded the mountains of Ajā and [[Salma Mountains|Salma]] from [[Banu Assad]] and [[Banu Tamim]] in northern Arabia in their exodus from Yemen in 115 CE. These mountains are now known as the [[Shammar Mountains|Shammar]]. The Tayy became nomadic camel-herders and horse-breeders in northern [[Najd]] for centuries. Because of their strength and blood relations with the Yemenite dynasties that came to rule Syria (The Ghassanids) and Iraq (The Lakhmids), the Tayy expanded north into Iraq all the way to the capital at the time, [[Al-Hirah]]. The area of the two mountains subsequently came to be known as "[[Jabal Shammar]]" ("Shammar's Mountain") from the 14th century, the first time that the Shammar as a tribe were noted in literature.

==History==
Led by Usma bin Luai, the Tayy invaded the mountains of Ajaa and Salma from Banu Assad and Banu Tamim in northern Arabia in their exodus from Yemen in 115 CE. These mountains were renamed to ''Jabal Tayy'' (Tayy's Mountain), and then again in the 14th century, after the tribe changed their name, to ''Jabal Shammar''. There, Tayy, later Shammar, became either city-dwellers in the city of [[Ha'il]], [[nomadic pastoralist]]s, camel-herders and horse-breeders in northern [[Najd]], or [[agriculturist]]s in the countryside outside Ha'il or in the surrounding desert [[oases]]. These divisions were based on profession, personal interest and skill, and not family or blood-line stratifications within the tribe. It is common for the same nuclear family to have members living each of the three different lifestyles. Because of their strength and blood relations with the Yemenite dynasties that came to rule Syria (Ghassanids) and Iraq (Muntherids), the Tayy expanded north into Iraq all the way to [[al-Hira]], the capital at the time. Oral tradition mentions that the first chiefs of the Shammar tribe, Arar and Omair, were of the 'Abda family of Dhaigham, who ruled Shammar from Jabal Shammar. In the 17th century, a large section of the Shammar left Jabal Shammar under the leadership of the Al Jarba and settled in Iraq, reaching as far as the northern city of [[Mosul]], their current stronghold. The Shammar are currently one of Iraq's largest tribes and are divided into two [[geographical]], as opposed to [[genealogical]], subsections. The northern branch, known as Shammar al-Jarba, is mainly [[Sunni]], while the southern branch, Shammar Toga, converted to [[Shia Islam]] around the 19th century<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=agMu0nfdFZ4C&q=The+Shi%27is+of+Iraq+By+Yitzhak+Nakash The Shi'is of Iraq].Yitzhak Nakash, p.27</ref><ref>Haydari, ‘Unwan al-Majd, pg. 110-15, 118</ref><ref>‘Abdallah Mahmud Shukri (al-Alusi), “Di’ayat al-Rafd wa al-Khurafat wa al-Tafriq Bayn al-Muslimin”, al-Manar 29 (1928): 440</ref> after settling in southern Iraq.

The Shammar that remained in Arabia had tribal territories extending from the city of [[Ha'il]] northwards to the frontiers of the [[Syrian Desert]]. The Shammar had a long traditional rivalry with the confederation of [['Anizzah]], who inhabited the same area.
The city of Ha'il became the heart of the Jabal Shammar region and was inhabited largely by settled members of Shammar and their clients. Two clans succeeded each other in ruling the city in the 19th century. The first clan, the [[Al-Ali (tribe)|Al Ali]], were replaced by the [[Rashidi dynasty|Al Rashid]].

During the civil war that tore apart the [[Second Saudi State]] in the late 19th century, the emirs of Ha'il, from the house of Al Rashid, intervened and gradually took control of much of the Saudi realm, finally taking the Saudi capital Riyadh in 1895 and expelling the Saudi leaders to [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Kuwait]]. The [[Bedouin]] Shammari tribesmen provided the majority of the Al Rashid's military support. Later, in the first two decades of the 20th century, Al Rashid were defeated by [[Ibn Saud]] and his [[Wahhabi]] forces when his campaign to restore his family's rule in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] culminated in the [[Conquest of Ha'il]] in 1921.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pfullmann|first1=Uwe|title=Durch Wüste und Steppe: Entdeckerlexikon arabische Halbinsel : Biographien und Berichte|date=2001|publisher=Trafo|isbn=9783896263285|page=193|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHagAAAAMAAJ|language=de|quote=Am 2. November 1921 erlosch der letzte Widerstand der Schammar-Stämme. (On November 2, 1921, the last resistance of the Shammar tribes died out.)}}</ref> Following Al Rashid's defeat many Shammar fled to Syria and Iraq.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Suwaed|first1=Muhammad|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442254510|pages=19, 20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8yhCgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref> Eventually the clan of their uncles, [[Al Sabhan]] pledged allegiance to Ibn Saud in [[Riyadh]]. Ibn Saud also married a daughter of one of the Shammari chiefs, who bore him one Saudi King, [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]]. After the establishment of modern borders, most Bedouins gradually left their nomadic lifestyle. Today, most members of the Shammar live modern, [[urbanization|urbanized]] lifestyles in Saudi Arabia and Iraq, and some sections settled in [[Syria]] and [[Jordan]]. Despite this, the vast majority of Shammar continue to retain a strong tribal identity and loyalty to their tribe. Many also participate in Cultural Festivals to learn about their ancient lifestyles, and to take part in traditional activities such as [[folk dancing]].

==House of Rashid==
{{Main|Rashidi dynasty}}
The House of Rashid (Rasheed) were a historic Shammar dynasty on the Arabian Peninsula. They were the most formidable enemies of the [[House of Saud]] in Nejd. They were centered in Ha'il, a city in northern Nejd that derived its wealth from being on the route of the [[Hajj]]. The Al Rashid derived their name from the grandfather of [[Abdullah bin Ali Al Rashid|Abdullah]], the first Rashidi amir of Ha'il, who was named Ibn Rashid. The Rashidi [[emir]]s cooperated closely with the [[Ottoman Empire]]. However, this cooperation became problematic as the Ottomans lost popularity. As with many Arab dynasties, the lack of a generally accepted rule of succession was a recurrent problem with Rashidi rule. The internal dispute normally centered on whether succession should be horizontal (i.e. to a brother) or vertical (to a son). These divisions within the family led to bloody infighting. In the last years of the nineteenth century six Rashidi leaders died violently. Nevertheless, The Al Rashid family continued to rule and fight together against Ibn Saud.

Saudi Arabia- The first twenty years of the 20th century on the Arabian Peninsula featured a long-running series of wars as the Saudis and their allies sought to unite the peninsula. Some members of the Rasheed family left the country and went into voluntary exile, mostly to Kuwait. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

==Iraq==
The Shammar is [[Iraq]]'s largest Arab tribe, along with the [[Jubur]], with more than 1.5 million members.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqRgDU1kKi0C&pg=PA13|title=The Three Circles of War: Understanding the Dynamics of Conflict in Iraq|last1=Gregg|first1=Heather|last2=Rothstein|first2=Hy S.|last3=Arquilla|first3=John|date=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=9781597974998|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> Under the leadership of Banu Mohamad, known as Al Jarba, there was a massive exodus into Iraq. Most of the Shammar in Iraq gave up their nomadic lifestyles to settle in major cities, especially the [[Al Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazirah]] plain, the area between the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] from [[Baghdad]] to [[Mosul]]. Droughts triggered several migrations of Shammar into Iraq, which, according to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] census upon its annexation, had only 1.5 million inhabitants. The Shammar took over the Jazirah after displacing [[Al-Ubaid (tribe)|Al-Ubaid]] tribe. According to Sheikh Abdullah Humaid Alyawar, the son of the sheikh of Shammar, in Iraq the total population of Shammar is estimated to be more than 1.5 million. The Shammar Al-Sayeh, a tribal confederation of tribes from Shammar, is the branch of Shammar who were independent of Aljraba's authority. Shammar is composed of groups such as Al-Zuhairy and Al-Towej in [[Najaf]].

The Shammar became one of the most powerful Iraqi tribes, owning vast tracts of land and provided strong support of the [[Hashemite monarchy]]. Shammar power was threatened after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958 by [[Abdul-Karim Qassem]], and the Shammar welcomed [[Ba'athist]] rule. After the [[Operation Red Dawn|overthrow of Saddam Hussein]], [[Ghazi al-Yawar]], from the Al Jarbah clan, was unanimously chosen as interim president. Ghazi Al-Yawar's uncle is the current Sheikh of Sheikhs of Shammar.

==Syria==
The Shammar tribe have been present in Syria since at least the 1920s when rivalry between Syrian and Iraqi Shammar culminated in violence reported by the [[League of Nations]] in 1926. Syrian Shammar Sheikh Diham al Hadi, the paramount Shammar sheikh in Syria,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stirling|first1=Walter Francis|title=Safety last|date=1953|publisher=Hollis and Carter|page=225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVU0AQAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref> conducted an attack at the end of March 1926 upon 'Ajil al Yawar, a Sheikh of the Iraqi Shammar.<ref name="IraqReport1926">{{cite book|title=Iraq, Report on Iraq Administration|date=1926|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Je5QAQAAMAAJ|language=en |quote=... the quarrel between Shaikh 'Ajil al Yawar of the 'Iraq Shammar and Diham al Hadi of the Syrian Shammar. These two shaikhs are rivals with many old scores between them, but the issue of the time was the aftermath of Diham's attack on 'Ajil at the end of March, 1926...}}</ref> In April 1959 however, the [[CIA]]'s [[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]] reported that the Iraqi and Syrian branches of the Shammar were able to bury their differences, both joining an alliance with the [[Syrian Baath Party]] against a common enemy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Service|first1=United States Foreign Broadcast Information|title=Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts|date=1959|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzAjAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=Apr. 8, 1959 The alliance between the leaders of the Syrian Bath Party with Ahmad Ujayl, the Shaykh of Shammar in Iraq, and Daharn al-Hadi, the Shaykh of Shammar in Syria, shows how principles could be sacrificed to plot against Iraq....}}</ref>

The current leader of the Syrian Shammar is Sheikh [[Humaydi Daham al-Hadi]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gupta|first1=Rahila|title=Rojava's commitment to Jineolojî: the science of women|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/rahila-gupta/rojava-s-commitment-to-jineoloj-science-of-women|website=openDemocracy|language=en|date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Janes360"/><ref name=Gutman/> His son Bandar al-Humaydi is military leader of [[al-Sanadid Forces]], a Shammar militia formed in 2013 nominally to protect the tribe's interests from [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]].<ref name="Janes360">{{cite web|title=SDF plays central role in Syrian civil war|url=http://www.janes360.com/images/assets/333/57333/SDF_plays_central_role_in_Syrian_civil_war__1_.pdf|website=IHS Jane's 360|publisher=[[IHS Markit|IHS]]|access-date=28 February 2017|pages=3–4|date=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="france">{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20160314-focus-syria-sanadid-sunni-force-islamic-state-group|title=Syria: Sunni force takes up arms against IS group|publisher=France24|date=14 March 2016|access-date=22 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=Gutman>{{cite news |title=Syrian Arab militias dispute they received U.S. airdrop of ammunition |first=Roy |last=Gutman |url= http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/middle-east/article40532349.html |newspaper=McClatchyDC |date=20 October 2015 |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022144245/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/middle-east/article40532349.html |archive-date=22 October 2015}}</ref>

==Timeline==
*328 Namar inscription on the tombstone of "Imru Alqais bin Amru King of the Arabs" mentions the "city of Shammar." 
*1171–1172: Abda of Shammar tribe joins [[Saladin]] against the [[crusaders]].
*1301: First mention of the tribe Shammar, as a separate tribe in the book ''Masalik Alabsar'' by Ibn Fadhl.
*1417: The city of [[Al Majma'ah]] is built by Abdullah ibn Saif Alwibari Alshammari.
*1455: IBN Ali Emirate is formed under Ali Alkabeer bin Attya Bin Jaffar after the defeat and exile of former ruler of Jabal Tayy Bhaij Bin Theeban Alzubaidi 
*1446: The first known battle between Shammar and [[Anazah]] is fought by Bin Baqar of Alaslam and Altayyar of Anazah.
*1489 Husain Al ali is dubbed Prince of the desert Shamar's Dominion is established in Najd
*1517 The Ottoman Empire is established.
*c. 1521: the name Shammar becomes prominent.
*1522: Shammar backs [[Bani Khalid]] against Aluyonien.
*1609: Shammar unites with Bani Khalid against the [[Sharifate of Mecca|sharif of Makkah]].
*1690: First Exodus into Iraq.<ref name=jfw>{{cite book |last= Williamson |first=John Frederich |title=The History of Shmmar |language=Arabic |year=1974}}</ref>{{rp|43}}
*1696: Shammar raids Baghdad.<ref name=jfw/> {{rp|43}}
*1744: The [[Emirate of Diriyah]], the first Saudi Kingdom, established.
*1749–1762: Shammar raids reach northern Baghdad despite the strong ruler [[Sulaiman Abu Layla Pasha]].
*1750–1760: [[Wahhabism|Wahabi movement]] emerges.
*1764: Migration of individuals of Alzagareet of Abdah to Southern Iraq under the leadership of Yousef bin Nasr.
*1765: ''alaslam'' and ''zaghareet'' between [[Hīt]] and Karabla.<ref name=jfw/> {{rp|44}}
*1776: Sheikh Mutlag bin Thanian invades Alhafeer area.
*1779: Jabal Shammar falls to Saudi domination.
*1781 (or 1791): Battle of Aladwa between Aljarba and Ibn Saud.
*1780: Shammar joins Bani Khalid and [[Al-Muntafiq|Muntafig]] and the [[Sharifate of Mecca]] to conquer Alsaud.
*1790: Wahabis raid southern Iraq early in the year.<ref name=jfw/> {{rp|46}}
*1790: Shammar is allied with the Sherif of Mecca against Alasaud.
*1791: Al Saud launches a surprise attack on Shammar and wins two battles 70 miles south-east of Hayel.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=John Frederick Williamson|title=A political history of the Shammar Jarba tribe of al-Jazīrah, 1800-1958|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/302745090|location=[[Indiana University]]|id={{ProQuest|302745090}}|page=31|oclc=4481937|degree=PhD|isbn=9798659836040
|year=1974|quote=The source calls him Ibn Saud}}</ref>
*1791: Late in the year some Shamaris join other Bedouins in an attack against Alsaud; Muslit bin Mutlag is killed.
*1791: Mutlag Aljarba takes Shammar to safer places in southern Iraq.
*1792: Sheikh [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] dies; Wahabi forces raid southern Iraq, defeating Bani Khalid.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|46}}
*1792: Mohamad Bin Abdul mohsin Bin Ali (also believed to be Alsamn Alurabi) becomes Emir of Hail.
*1795: Saudi forces attack Shammar near Samawa and Mutlag is killed.<ref name=pao35>Al Rasheed, p. 35.</ref> (Some say this occurred in 1797 in the Battle of Alabyadh, and that Mutlag died and Shammar entered [[Upper Mesopotamia|Aljazeera]] in the same year.)
*1797: Alsaud attacks north of Soug Alshiokh; Faris Bin Mohammad Aljarba takes over; Wahabis are turned back.<ref name=jfw/>
*1798: A large coalition including Shammar, Alubaid and Ottoman armies – more than 500 strong – goes to Basra; Mutlag dies.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|47}}
*1799: Ali Basha leaves Zuabir with new allies from Almuntafig, [[Al-Dhafeer|Althufair]] and Bani Khalid; they fight for a year.<ref name=jfw/>
*1800: Truce is broken and an indecisive battle with the Wahabis takes place near [[Karbala]].<ref name=jfw/>
*1800: Incident{{Clarify|date=March 2012}} between Faris al Jarba and Shiekh Alamoud Fayez Ibn Huthayl.
*1801: Wahabi pressure on southern Iraq subsides; Shammar migrates to reach Jabal Sinjar in northern Iraq.<ref name=jfw/> The Shiite holy city of Karbala is raided by 10,000 men on 6,000 camels; the plunder Hussien's tomb.
*1802: Late that year, a campaign against the [[Yezedi]] is launched by the Ottomans, Shammar, and Alubaid.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|50}}
*1803: Ottoman seeks Shammar's help in a campaign against the Al Ubaid mutiny, but the campaign fails.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|50}}
*1805: Faris Aljarba decisively defeats Alubaid.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|50}}
*1808–1812: Baghdad comes under Saudi threats.
*1809: Anti-Thufair rebellion; Ottoman campaign under Faris Aljarba and Sulaimna Basha Alsaghir, Althufair and Rola Triomph.
*1814: Shammar Aljarba raids several Iraqi cities.
*1815: Khazaal, Zuabair, and Shammar rebel against Said Basha. Uniza, Alubaid, and Thufair tribes put down the rebellion; Shiekh Banaia is killed in battle.
*1818: Shiekh Sfoug bin Faris Aljarba takes over.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|61}} Mohamad Bin Abdul mohsin Bin Ali is beheaded by [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] and sent to his father [[Mohamad Ali Pasha]] in Egypt.<ref>Hail online Arabic reference. {{full citation needed|date=March 2012}}</ref> The Saudi capital of [[Siege of Diriyah|Dirayiya is besieged]] by 2,000 cavalry and 56,000 infantry with 12 guns and falls to the Ottomans.
*1820s: Mohamad bin Ali is killed and his brother Saleh becomes ruler of Hail.{{Which|date=March 2012}}<ref name=pao>Al Rasheed.</ref>
*1820 opposition to Bin Ali formed by Abdulla Bin Rasheed against Ali bin Abdul Mohsen. Attempts to his arrest sends Abdullah Bin Rasheed to Iraq fleeing. 
*1822 Shk. Sfoug aljarba defeats a 40,000-strong Persian army meant for Baghdad.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|70}}
*1822: [[Alawajya wars]] begins.
*1823: Village of Anna is bequeathed to Sfoug by the Ottoman Pasha of Baghdad for his role in defeating the Persian invasion.
*1824: Uniza raids Shammar and loots their prized Arabian horses.
*1830: Adwan bin Twala Shk alaslam and Oqab alawaji Shk of Inn Sulayman of Anazah who lives South of Hail. There had been a long standing conflict between them. They met to stop the [[Siege of Ras]]. Ogab challenges the outnumbered Adwan. Adwan captures Ogab during battle and wins. He pardons Ogab and releases him. (كتاب من شيم العرب د فهد المالك)
*1831: Shammar aids the Ottoman siege of Baghdad to remove its rebellious Dawood Pasha.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|73}}
*1832: Shammar retaliates against [[Mohamad Ali Pasha|Ali Pasha]] and declares rebellion.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|77}}
*1832: The [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33)|Egyptian invasion of Syria]] forces Uniza to leave the Syrian desert and enter Aljazera with 35,000 men.
*1833: Two Pashas join the rebellion and attack the Yazidis in [[Sinjar]] to stop their looting.
*July 1833: Shammar besieges Baghdad and intercepts all Ottoman correspondence {{nowrap|20–30}} miles north.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|78}} Abdullah bin Rashid, the future founder of the emirate of [[Ha'il]] is said to have taken part.
*1833: Five thousand Ottomans under Mohamed Pasha leave a rebellion near Hilla and attack Shammar; the siege remains active.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|79}}
*1833: Late in the year, Shammar moves north to help Mosul's Pasha; the siege is broken and Ottomans launch a successful surprise attack.
*1834: Rogue Sheikh Shlash of Shammar attacks Uniza in support of the Ottomans; Sfoug supports Shlash with 2,000 men; Uniza wins.
*1835: Uniza crosses the [[Euphrates]] and leaves Aljazeera.
*1835: Shammar is at the peak of its power in Aljazeera and Sfoug Aljarba is Soultan Albar.
*1835: Rasheed Pasha ambushes Sfoug and his son Farhan and exile both to the Istana.
*1835: Shammar retaliates by raiding and destroying the fields of [[Tikrit]].
*1836: Battles ensue between Shammar and Uniza; Sfoug's brother Faris bin Mohamad rules over 12,000 families; Mohamad Ali Pasha's forces reach Yanbo for a second invasion of Arabia.
*1836: Alrashid establishes the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, centered at Ha'il.
*1837: Shammar's unity fragments in Iraq.
*1838: Abdullah bin Rasheed goes to Iraq.
*1840: Shammar Jarba attacks the Egyptians at Orfa.
*1841: Anna is taken away from Sfoug.
*1842: Shammar jarba retaliates by raiding near Alkhabor; there is some internal splintering.
*1842 [[Baqaa battle]] at Baqaa 100&nbsp;km North of Hail. Shk: N'ais Bin Twala joined the commander Sh. Abdullah Bin Rasheed commanding 2000 men against Quseem Coalition Abdul Aziz albrayyan emir of Braida, Qaid bin Mijlad Shk if Dahamsha clan of Unaiza tribe, under the command of yahay bin Sulaim aka. Su'oot almajaneen, he is killed in battle.
*1843: Sfoug is reappointed as Shammar's Shiekh.
*1844: Shammar Jarba raids Uniza near Harran; it is a famine year.
*1844: In summer Uniza brings 20,000 men and raids the area between Baghdad and Mosul.
*1844: Shammar, with only 1000 men, allies with the Kurdish cavalry to expel Uniza; Fighting continues in the fall.
*1845: Uniza seeks a truce, giving 15,000 sheep, 3,000 camels and 8 horses.
*1845: Shammar Jarba defeats Uniza. War spoils were 7,000 sheep; famine strikes Shammar.
*1845: The Emirate of Hail is declared.
*1846: Farhan becomes the Sheikh of Sheikhs; of the other six brothers, the runner-up is Abdulkareem.
*1846?: Abdulkarim declares a revolution against the Ottomans; Naser Alsadoun delivers him to the Ottomans and he is hanged.
*1847: Internal fighting between rebellious Shammaris; Sfoug is assassinated and beheaded by Najeeb Pasha (some say 1857).
*December 1847: Shammar raids Aljazeera; Najeeb Pasha appoints Oda as Sheikh.
*1848: In spring Uniza raids Shammar under Daham Ibn Gaishish and Ibn Hath-thal.
*1850–1851: Abdi Pasha stops his Shammar rations: Shammar raids southern Baghdad.<ref name=jfw/>{{rp|108}}
1852: Shammar defeat Anazah and Alqusaim in the Battle of Baqa.
*1853-1856: Ottoman control outside of big cities plummets.
*1855: Ibn Sulaim raids Hail and kills wild Alaslamya in Ramdhan.
*1856: Ibn Rashid kills Ibn Sulaim in Ramdhan as vengeance.
*1859: The feast for a wolf by Mukazi Ibn Sayed.
*1871: Ubaid Al Rashid dies of old age (according to oral tradition).
*1876: [[Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid|Mohammed bin Abdullah Al Rashid]] capitalizes on internal disputes between Abdullah and [[Saud bin Faisal bin Turki|Saud bin Faisal]] and enters [[Al-Qassim Region|Alqaseem]].
*1882: [[siege]] of Aridh ended by Mohamad Ibn adullah bin Rashid. Abdullah ibn Faisal retreats (1299 Hijri)
*1887: Mohammed Al Rashid is asked in a poem by Mohammed bin Jasem of [[Qatar]] to help against a coalition of other emirates. The coalition is defeated and Barzan Tower is built in Qatar to commemorate the occasion.
*1882: Mohammed bin Abdullah Al Rashid and Hassan bin Muhana defend the town of Almujama against Abdulla bin Faisal.
*1883: Arwa Battle between [[Otaibah|Utaiba]] and Shammar, Utaiba is defeated. Utaiba's leaders were Hendi bin Humaid, Terky bin Rubaian and Ghazi bin Mohaya.
*1891: [[Battle of Mulayda]] and the end of the [[Emirate of Nejd|second Saudi state]]
*1895: Almulaida battles against Alquseem.
*1897: Battle of Binban; all of [[Najd]] is under Mohammed bin Rasheed.
*March 1901: [[Battle of Alsarif]]: 1200 Shammaris lost 400 men under [[Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid|Abdul Aziz Almutab Alrashid]] to defeat an invasion of Hail that is attempted Emir of [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Mubarak Al-Sabah|Muabarak Alkabeer]], who lost 9000 men of the 64,000 men he commanded. The coalition included many some which  Alsadoun of [[Al-Muntafiq]], Aldeweesh, Bedoor, abalkhail of Qaseem, Bin Mehana Bin hathleen of [[Ajman (tribe)|Ajman]], Shafi of [[Bani Hajer|Hawajer]], [[Subay'|Alsubaie]] tribe, [[Qahtan (tribe)|Qahtan]] under Hashr bin wraik، [[Al-Awazem|awazem]] tribe under Mubarak Bin Durai', [[Rashaida people|alrashaida]] tribe under Mohammed bin Qurainees.
*1887-1888 Mohammed Almehhad Emir of Jabal Shammar Emirate, leads an army to respond to Bin Thani's plea for help to face his enemies reprisal for their defeat in Khanour. 
*1903–07: [[Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)|Saudi–Rashidi War]], also known as the battles over [[Al-Qassim Region|Qasim]]
*1907: Aljanazah is assassinated and Hail is ruled by the sons of Sheikh Humoud bin Ubaid Alrasheed.
*1910: [[Battel of Ajumaima]]: Saud Abdulaziz bin Rasheed Shammar defeats Alruoula and Anazah. Hail is ruled by Aljanazah under the guardianship of Alsabhan.
*March 1910: [[Battle of Hadya]]: 500 Shammari horsemen join Alsadoun's forces of 4000 in a battle again Sabah backed by Abdulaziz Alsaud and defeat them.
*1914: [[Zamel Alsabhan]] is killed.
*1915: [[Battle of Jarrab]]: Ibn Rasheed is victorious against Ibn Saud; death of a British intelligence officer called Shakespeare.
*1916: [[Battle of Abu Ajaj]]: Shammar defeats Alshfair and Albudoor.
*1917 battle of Yateb: Faisal Bin abdulaziz and his brother Saud defeat Shammar. 
* 1919: Alshuaibah battle : Faisal Bin abdulaziz and his brother Saud defeat Shammar. 
*1920: Zuba participates in Iraq's 1920 revolution against the British.
*1921: [[Conquest of Ha'il]] by the Saudis and surrender of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar by its Al Rashid ruler [[Muhammad bin Talal Al Rashid|Mohammed Bin Tallal]].
*1921 Barzan Palace is leveled after Faisal bin Abdulaziz and Saud Bin Abdulaziz lay Siege to Hail for three months.  
*1926: Syrian Shammar Sheikh Diham al Hadi attack upon 'Ajil al Yawar, a Sheikh of the Iraqi Shammar.<ref name="IraqReport1926"/>
*1932: population of Hail is estimated at 20,000; Badu Shammar at 150,000–200,000 of which 30% are Alaslam, 37% Abde, 25% Sinjara, 7.5% Tuman.
*1948: Shammar is driven out of the [[Negev]] south of Palestine by Israeli forces;
* 16 February 1948: [[Battle of Zaraa]].
* 10 April 1948: Almanara.
* 2004: [[Ghazi_Mashal_Ajil_al-Yawer|Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawar]] becomes the first president of Iraq after the fall of Baghdad

==Main sections==

===Al Aslam===
Clans:
*Al Manee' -Twalah, Albu Fradi (Twalah), Fayid, Masud, and Kamel
*Wahab - Qder, Muhammed, Jathel
*Al Sultah - Al Jarba the Sheikhs of Shammar come from this clan
*[[Aladhadh]]
*Al Khashman
*Al Wajaan

===Abdah===
Clans:
*Al Jaafar - rulers of Jabal Shammar come from this clan.
*Al Awad - clan that is from iraq and has large influence and vast history in the south of iraq
*Al Rubaeya - sub clan of Rubeya Al Webbar, Al Ata, Zagareet, Al Jadi, Al Mohissen
*Al Yihya - one of its famous Families are: Al Sleet Albu Salih, Al Nasrallah, Al Mufadal and Al Jundah

===Zoba'===
Clans:
*AlWetaid, leaders of Al Faddaghah.
*Zoba' Al Mathlothah.
*Al Khrusah, Some Leaders of Shammar [[]] come from this clan.
*Sinjarah:
*#Al Thabit
*#Al Ghafilah
*#Al Zameel, sometimes referred to as Al Souid or Al Faddaghah.
*#Al Zomail

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* Aladhadh, Amer; ''A comprehensive history of Shammar''
* Alazzawi, Abbas; ''The Tribes of Iraq'' (Arabic)
* Alfudaily''The Days of the Arabs before Islam'' (Arabic )
* Hassan, Hussein D.; ''Tribal Structure, Social, and Political Activities'' Information Research Specialist Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Consultancy Knowledge Services Group (re Iraq)
* Madawi Al Rasheed: ''Politics in an Arabian oasis. The Rashidi Tribal Dynasty.'' [[I.B. Tauris|I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd]], London & New York 1991 (based on a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] thesis presented to [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], 1988). {{ISBN|1-85043-320-8}} (English)
*[http://www.shmmr.net  Web site for Shammar (Tayy) tribe].
*A member of the shammar tribe

{{Arab tribes of Syria}}
{{Arab tribes in Iraq}}

[[Category:Tribes of Arabia]]
[[Category:Tribes of Syria]]
[[Category:Tribes of Iraq]]
[[Category:Tayy]]
[[Category:Tribes of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Yemeni tribes]]
[[Category:Tribes of Kuwait]]