Editing Shim Sham

{{Short description|Dance routine}}
[[File:Shim Sham at CCX 2022.webm|thumb|The Shim Sham being danced in Montreal in 2022]]
The '''Shim Sham Shimmy,''' '''Shim Sham''' or just '''Sham''' originally is a particular [[tap dance]] routine and is regarded as tap dance's national anthem.<ref name="hill" />  For today's [[swing (dance)|swing]] dancers, it is a [[line dance]].<ref name="manning" />

==History==
In the late 1920s, when [[Leonard Reed]] and [[Willie Bryant]] were with the Whitman Sisters troupe on the [[Theater Owners Booking Association|T.O.B.A.]] circuit in Chicago, they created a tap dance routine they called "Goofus"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reed|first=Leonard|date=September 25, 2018|title=Leonard Reed Interview: The Origins of the Shim Sham|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iH10E20--5k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iH10E20--5k| archive-date=2021-12-11|url-status=live|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> to the tune [[Turkey in the Straw]].<ref name="hill" /><ref name="frank" /><ref name="feldman" /> The routine consisted of standard steps: eight bars each of the Double Shuffle, the Cross Over, Tack Annie (an up-and-back shuffle), and Falling Off a Log.<ref name="hill" /><ref name="feldman" /><ref name="stearns" />

In early 1930s, the Shim Sham was performed on stage in Harlem at places like Connie's Inn,<ref name="feldman" /><ref name="stearns" /> Dickie Wells's Shim Sham Club,<ref name="hill" /><ref name="feldman" /> the 101 Ranch,<ref name="boyd" /> the LaFayette Theatre,<ref name="hill" /> and the [[Harlem Opera House]].<ref name="hill" />

At the end of many performances, all of the musicians, singers, and dancers would get together on stage and do one last routine: the Shim Sham Shimmy. Tap dancers would perform technical variations, while singers and musicians would shuffle along as they were able.<ref name="feldman" /> For example, in 1931 flash dance act The Three Little Words would close their show at Connie's Inn with the Shim Sham, and invite everyone to join in, "and the whole club would join us, including the waiters. For awhile people were doing the Shim Sham up and down Seventh Avenue all night long," according to Joe Jones.<ref name="stearns" />

According to tap dancer [[Howard “Stretch” Johnson]] the word "Shim" was a contraction of the term "she-him", a reference to the fact that the female chorus line dancers at the 101 Ranch were played by men.<ref name="boyd" />

At the Savoy Ballroom, some lindy hoppers did the shim sham as a group line dance, without the taps. A bunch of dancers would just jump up and start doing the shim sham on the side of the ballroom, over in the corner. Although a few people might join in, most everybody else kept on dancing without paying any attention to it.<ref name="manning" />

In the mid-1980s, [[Frankie Manning]] introduced the shim sham at New York Swing Dance Society dances, and he also created a special version of the shim sham for swing dancers. Frankie Manning's version of the shim sham caught on, and it's now done at swing dances worldwide.<ref name="manning" />

==Variations==
{{unref section|date=August 2018}}
There are several variations of "shim sham" [[choreography]]. There is the choreography used by Leonard Reed and Willie Bryant, as well as a number of variations by Leonard Reed and others. Other "shim sham" choreographies include ones by [[Frankie Manning]], [[Al Minns]] and [[Leon James (dancer)|Leon James]] (also called the "Savoy Shim Sham"), and [[Dean Collins (dancer)|Dean Collins]].
 
The Leonard Reed Shim Shams:

* The original Shim Sham from 1927, a 32-bar chorus composed of four steps and a break
* The Freeze Chorus, circa 1930s, the original Shim Sham without the breaks
* The Joe Louis Shuffle Shim Sham, 1948, a tap-swing dance 32-bar chorus number that Leonard Reed performed with the World Heavyweight Boxing champ Joe Louis
* The Shim Sham II, 1994, a 32-bar chorus dance based on the original Shim Sham
* The Revenge of the Shim Sham, 2002, a 32-bar chorus dance, Leonard Reed’s final Shim Sham, which builds upon his original four (the name was suggested by Maxwell DeMille at a performance at the [[Orpheum Theatre (Los Angeles)|Orpheum Theatre]] in Los Angeles).

==The dance==
The Shim Sham is 10 phrases of choreography (each phrase lasting four 8-counts), so it does not usually take up an entire song. After the Shim Sham was over, the dancers then would exit either stage left or right, depending on what was agreed upon for that show.

Today in the Lindy Hop scene, once the Shim Sham choreography is over, dancers typically find a partner and break into [[lindy hop]] for the remainder of the song.  During this portion of the song, the band or a [[DJ]] may call out "Freeze!" or "Slow!" instructing the dancers to either stop where they are or dance slowly, then call out "Dance!" to tell everyone to resume normal dancing.  The Frankie Manning version repeats the basic choreography (replacing each of the break steps with an 8-beat hold), then adds two Boogie Back/Boogie Forward phrases and two Boogie Back/Shorty George phrases to the end of the second repetition of the basic choreography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jitterbuzz.com/less7.html|title=The Shim Sham|website=Jitterbuzz.com|accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref>  Only after the final Shorty George is completed do the dancers break into freestyle Lindy Hop.

==The music==
The Shim Sham goes best with swing songs whose melody lines start on beat eight, as does the choreography.  An obvious choice is The Shim Sham Song (Bill Elliot Swing Orchestra), which was written specifically for this dance and has musical effects (e.g., [[break (music)|breaks]]) in all the right places.  However, today the Shim Sham — particularly the [[Frankie Manning]] version — is danced more often to "'Tain't What You Do (It's The Way That Cha Do It)" by [[Jimmie Lunceford]] and His Orchestra, or "[[Tuxedo Junction]]" by [[Erskine Hawkins]]. In fact, it is typical now at a Lindy dance party for dancers to start up a Shim Sham whenever "'Tain't What You Do" is played.  There is also a recording "[[Stompin' at the Savoy]]" with the [[George Gee (bandleader)|George Gee]] band where Manning himself calls out the moves.

==The steps==
These are the steps of the original 32-bar Shim Sham:

===Step 1: The shim sham/double shuffle===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bar
! Time
! Steps
! Left/Right
|-
| 1
| 8e1
| stomp spank step
| RRR
|-
|
| 2e3
| stomp spank step
| LLL
|-
| 2
| 4e1e
| stomp spank ball change
| RRRL
|-
|
| 2e3
| stomp spank step
| RRR
|-
| 3+4
|
| repeat with sides reversed
|
|-
| 5+6
|
| repeat bar 1-2, ending with:
|
|-
| 6
| 2e3
| stomp spank touch
| RRR
|}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tapdancedictionary.com/shimshamtapdancemove.html|title = Shim Sham Dance Move by Rod Howell}}</ref>

===The break===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bar
! Time
! Steps
! Left/Right
|-
| 7
| 8 1
| stamp toe
| RL
|-
| 
| 2 3&
| step hop step
| LLR
|-
| 8
| (4)a5
| hop step
| RL
|-
|
| 6 7
| step step
| RL
|}

===Step 2: Push and cross/Crossover===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bar
! Time
! Steps
! Left/Right
|-
| 9
| 8123
| stamp step stamp step
| RLRL
|-
| 10
| 4 1e
| step heel step (crossing in front of right foot)
| RRL
|-
|
| (2)e3
| heel step
| LR
|-
| 11+12
|
| repeat with sides reversed
|
|-
| 13+14
|
| repeat bars 9+10
|
|-
| 15
| 4 1e
| step heel step (crossing)
| LLR
|-
|
| (2)e3
| heel step
| RL
|-
| 16
| 
| repeat bar 15 with sides reversed
|
|}

===Step 3: Tacky Annies/Tack Annies===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bar
! Time
! Steps
! Left/Right
|-
| 17
| e4e1
| stamp stamp spank touch (crossing behind)
| RLRR
|-
|
| 2e3
| stamp spank touch (crossing behind)
| RLL
|-
| 18
| 4e1
| stamp spank touch (crossing behind)
| LRR
|-
|
| 2e3
| stamp spank step (crossing behind)
| RLL
|-
| 19-22
|
| repeat twice, ending with:
|
|-
| 22
| 2e3
| stamp spank step
| RLL
|-
| 23+24
|
| Break as before
|
|}

===Step 4: Half breaks/Falling-off-the-log===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bar
! Time
! Steps
! Left/Right
|-
| 25
| 8 1
| stamp step
| RL
|-
|
| e2e3
| shuffle ball change
| RRRL
|-
| 26
|
| repeat
|
|-
| 27+28
|
| break as before
|
|-
| 29-32
|
| repeat 25-28, ending the break with:
|
|-
| 32
| (4)e1
| hop step
| RL
|-
|
| 2 3
| jump out, jump in 
| BB
|}

==References==
{{reflist
| refs =
<ref name="stearns">
{{cite book
| last = Stearns
| first = Marshall and Jean
| year = 1994
| title = Jazz Dance: the story of American vernacular dance
| publisher = Da Capo Press
| isbn = 0-306-80553-7
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/jazzdancestoryof00stea/page/195 195–196]
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/jazzdancestoryof00stea/page/195
}}
</ref>
<ref name="frank">
{{cite book
| last = Frank
| first = Rusty
| year = 1994
| title = Tap! the greatest tap dance stars and their stories
| publisher = Da Capo Press
| isbn = 0-306-80635-5
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/tapgreatesttapda0000fran/page/43 43–44]
| url = https://archive.org/details/tapgreatesttapda0000fran/page/43
}}
</ref>
<ref name="feldman">
{{cite book
| last = Feldman
| first = Anita
| year = 1996
| title = Inside Tap
| publisher = Princeton Book Company
| isbn = 0-87127-199-0
| pages = 105–106
}}
</ref>
<ref name="boyd">
{{cite book
| last = Boyd
| first = Herb
| year = 2000
| title = Autobiography of a People: three Ccnturies of African American history told by those who lived it
| publisher = Doubleday, a division of Random House
| isbn = 0-385-49278-2
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00boyd/page/260 260]
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00boyd/page/260
}}
</ref>
<ref name="hill">
{{cite book
| last = Valis Hill
| first = Constance
| year = 2010
| title = Tap Dancing America: A Cultural History
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19-539082-7
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/tapdancingameric0000hill/page/80 80]
| url = https://archive.org/details/tapdancingameric0000hill/page/80
}}
</ref>
<ref name="manning">
{{cite book
| last = Manning
| first = Frankie
| year = 2007
| title = Frankie Manning, Ambassador of Lindy Hop
| publisher = Temple University Press
| isbn = 978-1-59213-563-9
| pages = 70, 226
}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.streetswing.com/histmain/z3shimsh.htm Shim Sham]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181222193700/http://ocswing.com/pages/review/shimsham.pdf The Shim Sham Steps For Swing Dancers] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])

[[Category:Line dances]]
[[Category:Tap dance]]
[[Category:Lindy Hop]]