Editing Short Seamew

{{Short description|British aircraft designed in 1951}}
{{distinguish|text=the 1928 [[Supermarine Seamew]] or 1940 Curtiss [[SO3C Seamew]]}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox aircraft
|name         = SB.6 Seamew
|image        = Short Seamew landing on HMS Bulwark (R08) 1955.jpg
|caption      = A Seamew landing on HMS ''Bulwark'' (R08), 1955
|type         = [[Anti-submarine warfare|Anti-submarine aircraft]]
|manufacturer = [[Short Brothers]]
|designer     =
|first_flight = 23 August 1953<ref>Green and Pollinger 1956, p. 260.</ref>
|introduction   =
|retired      = [[1957 in aviation|1957]]
|status       =
|primary_user = [[Royal Navy]] [[Fleet Air Arm]]
|more_users   = [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]]
|produced     = <!--years in production, e.g. 1970-1999, if still in active use but no longer built-->
|number_built = 26
|unit cost    =
|variants =
}}

The '''Short SB.6 Seamew''' was a British aircraft designed in 1951 by [[David Keith-Lucas]] of [[Short Brothers|Shorts]] as a lightweight [[anti-submarine]] platform to replace the [[Royal Navy]] [[Fleet Air Arm|Fleet Air Arm (FAA)]]'s [[Grumman Avenger|Grumman Avenger AS 4]] with the Reserve branch of the service. It first flew on 23 August 1953, but, due to poor performance coupled with shifting defence doctrine, it never reached service and only 24 production aircraft had flown before the project was cancelled. It has been described as a "camel amongst race-horses".<ref name= "Winchester p. 46.">Winchester 2005, p. 46.</ref>

==Design and development==
The Short Seamew was selected to fulfill [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] Specification M.123D for a simple, lightweight anti-submarine aircraft capable of unassisted operation from any of the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[aircraft carrier]]s in all but the worst of conditions, in particular escort carriers which the UK still had in considerable numbers from the Second World War.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1953/1953%20-%201660.html "For Escort Carriers."] ''Flight'', 18 December 1953, p. 814.</ref> Although specifically designed for naval operations, the Seamew was also intended for land-based use by the RAF.<ref>Flintham, Vic. [http://www.vicflintham.co.uk/post-war-research-aircraft-and-prototypes/Cancelled.html "Short Seamew".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929195433/http://www.vicflintham.co.uk/post-war-research-aircraft-and-prototypes/Cancelled.html |date=29 September 2008 }}  ''Cancelled Types'', 2007. Retrieved: 12 August 2008.</ref> It was to be suitable for mass production and operation by the Air Branch of the [[Royal Naval Reserve|Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)]]. This specification was in response to the alarming increase in capabilities of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] submarine forces following the [[World War II|Second World War]].
[[File:Short Seamew landing at Farnborough.jpg|thumb|right|Seamew prototype XA209, natural metal finish, landing at Farnborough SBAC Show in September 1953]]

Three prototypes were ordered in April 1952 and the first flight (''XA209''), piloted by test pilot [[Squadron leader|Sqn. Ldr.]] Walter J. "Wally" Runciman,<ref>Sqdn.Ldr. [[W.J. Runciman]], A.F.C, D.F.M</ref> took place on 23 August 1953. This same aircraft, also piloted by Runciman, took part in the 1953 [[Farnborough Airshow]] three weeks later. In 1954 both ''XA209'' and the second prototype ''XA213'' took part at Farnborough, where the following year both prototypes and two production AS Mk 1 models (''XE171'' and ''XE172'') gave a formation display.<ref>Barnes and James 1989, pp. 450–453.</ref>

The fourth Seamew prototype (''XE175'') was flown by Runciman for a series of sales tours in 1956 to Italy (March), Yugoslavia (April) and West Germany (May). It was this same aircraft in which Runciman was killed when it crashed during the Sydenham (Belfast) Air Display on 9 June 1956, when he attempted a loop.<ref>Hamilton-Paterson J (2010). "Empire of the Clouds: When Britain's Aircraft Ruled the World", p.129 Faber & Faber, London. {{ISBN|9780571247950}}.</ref> Rumours that the crash had been caused by a material failure were current at the time, but the accident investigation board did not confirm them.{{#tag:ref|John T. Davis, an Irish filmmaker, included film of the crash in his own film, ''The Uncle Jack'' (1996).<ref>[http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/22/john-t-davis "John T. Davis: The life and times of a punk rock film-maker."] ''CultureNorthernIreland,'' 2 December 2008. Retrieved: 10 December 2010.</ref>|group=N}}

The MR Mark 2 for use by Coastal Command was similar in every respect to the AS Mk 1 except that it was optimised for land-based use from hastily prepared airstrips. Naval equipment was deleted although manual wing folding was retained. Slightly heavier than the naval version, the MR Mk 2 had oversize low pressure tyres and could carry a higher weapons load.

===Design===
[[File:Short SB6 Seamew XA209 first flight.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A pilot stands on the wing of an aircraft as he prepares to enter the cockpit|Wally Runciman climbs into the cockpit for the first flight of the Seamew ''XA209'' prototype]]
[[File:Short Seamew prototype side view 1953.jpg|thumb|Prototype ''XA209'', without [[radome]], 1953.]]
[[File:Seamew folded.jpg|thumb|Prototype ''XA209'' with wings folded]]

The pilot and observer were located in tandem cockpits located high up in the front of the deep, narrow fuselage, creating a decidedly "curious" profile.<ref name= "Winchester p. 47."/> They sat atop the [[Armstrong Siddeley Mamba]] [[turboprop]] in front and the weapons bay to the rear of them. The design had originally called for the tried and tested [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] piston engine but the Royal Navy had made it policy to phase out piston engines, in order that supplies of highly flammable high [[octane]] [[aviation fuel]] need not be carried in large quantities on ships. The turboprop engine also caused less airframe vibration so that the pilot could be sat directly over it with the absence of a piston engine ignition system which would have interfered with the radar scanner mounted below the engine housing.<ref name="Flightp81">Keith-Lucas 1956, p. 81.</ref>

For simplicity, and so that a nosewheel would not obscure the forward field of the radar scanner, a fixed tailwheel undercarriage was used. The long stroke necessary on the main undercarriage to allow for heavy deck landings while giving the radar scanner and propeller adequate clearance from the ground resulted in an alarming attitude on the ground and the cockpits mounted at a seemingly perilous height. For landing the tailwheel extended so it could land at a more level attitude.<ref name="Flightp81"/>

The pilot and observer sat very far forward in order for the pilot to have a reasonable field of downward vision for takeoff and landing and so that both he and the observer had a good field of view for spotting surface vessels even when in level flight.

The large, broad-chord wings featured power-folding and [[Aircraft pylon|pylon]]s for the carriage of [[rocket]]s, [[depth charge]]s, [[flares]] and [[bomb|small bombs]]. The large, slab-like tailplane was mounted high on the vertical stabiliser, requiring the rudder to be split into upper and lower sections. The fixed undercarriage legs could be jettisoned in the event of ditching.<ref name= "Winchester p. 47.">Winchester 2005, p. 47.</ref>

The weapons bay was 14&nbsp;ft long and 3&nbsp;ft wide. By omitting the rotating radar scanner, it could be extended to 17&nbsp;ft in order to carry longer weapons.

===Handling characteristics===
The handling characteristics of the Seamew were poor. The prototypes were heavily modified with fixed leading-edge slats, slots added in the trailing-edge flaps, alterations to the [[aileron]]s and slats added to the tailplane roots. Although something of an improvement over the initial models, the handling was never wholly satisfactory. Arthur Pearcy wrote "only Short Brothers' test pilot Wally Runciman seemed able to outwit its vicious tendencies and exploit its latent manoeuvrability to the limit."<ref name= "Winchester p. 46."/><ref name= "Pearcy 1990">Pearcy 1990</ref>

The stall speed of the Seamew was 50 [[knot (unit)|knot]]s and it required only 50% of engine power to maintain flight. Runciman said "take off and landing are simple and straightforward", "it is, in fact, impossible to bounce the Seamew", and that its performance in crosswinds was "outstanding".<ref>Keith-Lucas 1956, p. 86.</ref>

==Operational history==
[[File:Short Seamews SBAC Show 1955.jpg|thumb|A flight of Short Seamew AS 1s]]
An order was placed in February 1955 for 60 aircraft (split evenly between the [[Fleet Air Arm|FAA]] and [[Royal Air Force|RAF]]), with Seamew ''XA213'' successfully completing carrier trials on [[HMS Bulwark (R08)|HMS ''Bulwark'']] in July and December 1955.  Naval service flight trials with two Seamews were carried out with [[700 Naval Air Squadron]] in November 1956, which included catapult trials and around 200 takeoffs and landings on [[HMS Warrior (R31)|HMS ''Warrior'']].

The RAF lost interest after four Mk 2s were built<ref name= "Winchester p. 47."/> with three of them converted to '''AS1''' standard; the fourth (''XE175'') was flown by S/L W. "Wally" J. Runciman for a series of sales tours in 1956 to Italy (March), Yugoslavia (April) and West Germany (May).

Meanwhile, the FAA decided that the RNVR Avengers would be replaced by Seamews, but only four had been taken on charge by the time the RNVR squadrons were disbanded in March 1957 in keeping with the [[1957 Defence White Paper]], before any Seamews were allocated to them. Seven aircraft eventually delivered to the FAA were scrapped at [[RAF Lossiemouth|RNAS Lossiemouth]], and the other 11, complete and awaiting delivery, were scrapped at Sydenham. The last surviving Seamew, ''XE180'' which had been purchased by Shorts on 31 August 1959 for ground instruction at its Apprentice Training School, was scrapped in 1967.<ref>[http://www.belfastforum.co.uk/index.php/topic,451.1800.html "XE180."] ''belfastforum.co.uk'', 2010. Retrieved: 12 December 2010.</ref>

The [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust]] owns several Armstrong Siddeley Mamba engines once fitted to Seamews.

==Variants==
;SB.6 Seamew
:Three prototype anti-submarine aircraft, one completed as a structural test rig.
;SB.6 Seamew AS.1
:Production anti-submarine aircraft for the Royal Navy, 60 aircraft ordered later amended to 30 but only 24 completed.
;SC.2 Seamew MR.2
:Production aircraft for the Royal Air Force Coastal Command, larger wheels with low-pressure tyres, manual wing-folding and no deck handling gear, 30 aircraft ordered but only 4-built that were converted or completed to AS.1 standard.

==Operators==
; {{UK}}
* [[Royal Navy]]
* [[Royal Naval Reserve]]

==Specifications (Seamew AS 1)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=<ref name= "Pearcy 1990"/><ref>Winchester 2005, pp. 46–47.</ref><ref name="Flightp83"/>
|prime units?=imp
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|genhide=

|crew=two
|capacity=
|length m=
|length ft=41
|length in=0
|span m=
|span ft=55
|span in=0
|span note=({{convert|23|ft|0|in|m|abbr=on}} folded)
|height m=
|height ft=13
|height in=5
|height note=({{convert|15|ft|7.5|in|m|2|abbr=on}} with wings folded)
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=550
|wing area note=
|swept area sqm=<!-- swing-wings -->
|swept area sqft=<!-- swing-wings -->
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=9795
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=14400
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=15000
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Armstrong Siddeley Mamba]]
|eng1 type=turboprop
|eng1 shp=1590<!-- prop engines -->
|more power=

|prop blade number=4<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop name=Rotol
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=10<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=0<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=236
|max speed kts=
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed mph=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed kts=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|range km=
|range miles=750
|range nmi=
|combat range km=
|combat range miles=
|combat range nmi=
|endurance=4 hr at {{convert|140|mph|kn km/h|abbr=on}} and {{convert|5000|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flightp83">Keith-Lucas 1956, p. 83.</ref>
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=1600
|climb rate note =initial
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|more performance=*'''Take off''': {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} at {{convert|69.9|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}} [[True airspeed|tas]] into {{convert|12|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}} wind

<!--
        Armament
-->

|bombs=
** 1 × [[torpedo]]
** 4 × [[depth charge]]s
** 275-lb A/S bombs
** 20 × 28-lb Sonobuoys
|rockets=Several rockets carried underwing
|rockets note=
|hardpoints={{convert|1844|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of weapons
|hardpoint rockets=
|hardpoint missiles=
|hardpoint bombs=
|hardpoint other=

|avionics= * ASV Mk. 19B radar (ARI 5838)
}}

==See also==
{{Aircontent
|related=
|similar aircraft=
* [[Fairey Gannet]]
* [[Grumman Avenger]]
* [[Breguet Alizé]]
* [[Ilyushin Il-20 (1948)]]
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm]]
|see also=

}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=N}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Barnes, C.H. with revisions by Derek N. James. ''Shorts Aircraft since 1900''(revised). London: Putnam, 1989. {{ISBN|0-85177-819-4}}.
* Green, William and Gerald Pollinger. ''The Observer's Book of Aircraft''. London: Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., 1956.
* Keith-Lucas, David. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%200081.html "Short Seamew."] ''Flight,'' 20 January 1956, pp.&nbsp;81–86.
* Pearcy, Arthur. "Short Seamew".  ''Aviation News 6'', 19 July 1990.
* Runciman, Squadron Leader W.J. ''Pilot's Flying Log Book''. "Squadron Leader W.J. Runciman, A.F.C., D.F.M." Original held by his family, a copy held by P. Sortehaug, 4, William St., Dunedin, NZ.
* "The Seamew Calls a Halt to the Rising Cost of Air Power." ''Shorts Quarterly Review'', Vol. 2, No. 3, Autumn 1953.
* ''The Short Seamew Light Anti-submarine Aircraft'' (promotional brochure). Belfast: Short Brothers and Harland Limited, c. 1953.
* Williams, Ray. ''Fly Navy: Aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm since 1945''. London: Airlife Publishing, 1989. {{ISBN|1-85310-057-9}}.
* {{cite magazine|last=Warner|first=Guy|title=From Bombay to Bombardier: Aircraft Production at Sydenham, Part One|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]] |date=July–August 2002|issue=100 |pages=13–24 |issn=0143-5450}}
* Winchester, Jim, ed. "Short Seamew". ''The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters''. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. {{ISBN|1-904687-34-2}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.aviationarchive.org.uk/Gpages/html/G3631.html Short Seamew AS1]
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%201027.html "Atlantic Weather! Good or Bad - It Is Always Seamew Weather"] a 1954 ''Flight'' advertisement for the Seamew

{{Short Brothers aircraft}}

[[Category:Short Brothers aircraft]]
[[Category:1950s British anti-submarine aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined turboprop aircraft]]
[[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1953]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear]]