Editing Side friction roller coaster

{{short description|Type of ride}}

A '''side friction roller coaster''' is an early [[roller coaster]] design invented by Edward Joy Morris. The design introduced side-friction wheels to help prevent trains from derailing during curved portions of the track. In addition to weight-bearing wheels traditionally located on the underside of each train car, friction wheels were added to both sides, which roll perpendicular along the inner edge of the track.

The first side-friction coasters appeared in the late 19th century and were mild in comparison to modern-day roller coasters. They declined in popularity several decades later as newer coasters began incorporating a third set of [[underfriction]] wheels, which further improved safety and allowed for more thrilling track designs.

==History==
[[File:Thompsons Switchback Railway 1884.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Thompson's [[Switchback Railway]] that opened in 1884 at Coney Island.]]
The earliest [[gravity railway]]s in the United States were used primarily to transport coal down mountains, often to the nearest river or canal.<ref name="MauchChunk-ED" /> The [[Mauch Chunk Railway]] (MCR) in eastern Pennsylvania was constructed in 1827 and was the second of its kind in the US.<ref name="MauchChunk-ED" /> Before long, tourists attracted to the novelty of this technology were offered rides.<ref name="MauchChunk-ED" /> Passengers enjoyed panoramic views along the descent, which started at a leisurely {{Convert|5|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and reached speeds up to {{Convert|65|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="MauchChunk-ED" /> The MCR and similar attractions became widely known as [[Scenic railway (roller coaster design)|scenic railway]]s.<ref name="PBS" /> The commercial success of these amusement rides inspired future advancements in what would eventually evolve into the modern-day roller coaster.<ref name="MauchChunk-ED">{{cite web |title=The History of Roller Coasters: The Mauch Chunk Gravity Railway |url=http://entertainmentdesigner.com/history-of-theme-parks/the-history-of-roller-coasters-the-mauch-chunk-gravity-railway/ |publisher=Entertainment Designer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008191042/http://entertainmentdesigner.com/history-of-theme-parks/the-history-of-roller-coasters-the-mauch-chunk-gravity-railway/ |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |date=October 8, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="WRHS">{{cite web |last1=Frato |first1=John |title=Opening Day: First Roller Coaster in the USA June 16, 1884 |url=https://www.wrhs.org/blog/opening-day-first-roller-coaster-in-the-usa-june-16-1840/ |publisher=Western Reserve Historical Society |access-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510062820/https://www.wrhs.org/blog/opening-day-first-roller-coaster-in-the-usa-june-16-1840/ |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |date=July 5, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

One passenger inspired by the MCR was inventor and businessman [[LaMarcus Adna Thompson]],<ref name="WRHS" /> founder of the Eagle Knitting Company, a [[hosiery]] manufacturer.<ref name="PeoPlaid">{{cite web |title=The Story of LaMarcus Adna Thompson and his Roller Coaster Business |url=https://peoplaid.com/2021/05/29/the-story-of-lamarcus-adna-thompson-and-his-roller-coaster-business/ |publisher=PeoPlaid |access-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510101748/https://peoplaid.com/2021/05/29/the-story-of-lamarcus-adna-thompson-and-his-roller-coaster-business/ |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |date=May 29, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Building upon earlier ride patents for concepts never constructed, he developed his own patent called the Switchback Railway.<ref name="WRHS" /><ref name="Thompson-TPI">{{cite web |last1=Potter |first1=Derek |title=Theme Park History: L.A. Thompson, the father of the themed roller coaster |url=https://www.themeparkinsider.com/flume/201311/3769/ |website=Theme Park Insider |access-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510102149/https://www.themeparkinsider.com/flume/201311/3769/ |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first installation opened as the [[Switchback Railway|Gravity Pleasure Switchback Railway]] at [[Coney Island]] in 1884.<ref name="PAHistory" />

In 1894, Edward Joy Morris took the concept one step further with the invention of side-friction wheels that were installed vertically on the sides of each train car, which were then seated in a trough configuration.<ref name="PAHistory" /> Patented as the Figure Eight Toboggan Slide, the side-friction wheels made contact with the side rails, making derailment less likely.<ref name="PAHistory">{{cite web |title=Leap-The-Dips Roller Coaster Historical Marker |url=https://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-39C |website=ExplorePAhistory.com |access-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510065721/https://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-39C |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Side-friction roller coasters could achieve greater speeds than the switchback design, especially around curves, which led to thrill-inducing lateral [[g-force]]s.<ref name="PAHistory" /> The security of the updated design enabled roller coasters to operate without a [[brakeman]], which were previously required to ride along and slow the train at various points along the track layout.<ref name="PAHistory" /> Instead, ride operators working in the loading station only needed to rely on a hand-operated friction brake to stop the train when it returned.<ref name="PAHistory" />

Morris formed the Morris Chute Company, which manufactured carousels and roller coasters.<ref name="PAHistory" /> More than 250 Figure Eight coasters, also called toboggans, were installed around the world.<ref name="PAHistory" /> One of the well-known installations, [[Leap-The-Dips]], opened in 1902 at [[Lakemont Park]] in [[Altoona, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite RCDB |coaster_name=Leap-The-Dips |location=Lakemont Park |rcdb_number=243|accessdate=May 10, 2023}}</ref><ref name="LeaptheDips-PSU" /> It is one of the last remaining side-friction coasters still in operation.<ref name="LeaptheDips-PSU">{{cite web |last1=Fornwalt |first1=Todd W. |title=Leap-the-Dips: A Thrill From the Past |url=https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/leap-dips-thrill-past |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University |access-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510094948/https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/leap-dips-thrill-past |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |date=2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1903, Morris sold the company, which reemerged in 1904 as the [[Philadelphia Toboggan Company]].<ref name="PAHistory" /> The invention of [[underfriction]] wheels, also called up-stop wheels, resulted in the demise of the side-friction configuration.<ref name="PBS" /> Introduced in 1912 by [[John A. Miller]], the newer design added a third set of wheels running beneath the track, further enhancing security from derailment, which paved the way for faster speeds, steeper drops, and new elements in track design such as the [[airtime hill]].<ref name="PBS">{{cite web |title=A Century of Screams: The History of the Roller Coaster |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/coney-century-screams/ |website=PBS |access-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510095616/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/coney-century-screams/ |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JackRabbit-ACE">{{cite web |title=Coaster Landmark - Jack Rabbit |url=https://www.aceonline.org/page/SeaRabbit |publisher=American Coaster Enthusiasts |access-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510100426/https://www.aceonline.org/page/SeaRabbit |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |date=August 15, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable installations==
*[[Leap the Dips]] at [[Lakemont Park]] in [[Altoona, Pennsylvania]].  Opened in 1902, Leap the Dips is the oldest roller coaster in the world and the last remaining side-friction roller coaster in North America. It was out of service from 1985 to 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Coaster.html 
|url-status=dead 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528013722/https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Coaster.html
|archive-date=May 28, 2015
|title=Leap-the-Dips: A Thrill From the Past |author=Todd W. Fornwalt |publisher=[[Penn State University]] |year=2010 |accessdate=May 14, 2015}}</ref>
*Slope Shooter at the [[Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens]], built in 1961. It has a long, winding layout, and has troughs made of steel and concrete.

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* http://www.oocities.org/ultimatethrillparks/woodtrackwheels.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084412/http://www.oocities.org/ultimatethrillparks/woodtrackwheels.htm |date=2016-12-20 }}
* [https://rcdb.com/2521.htm Slope Shooter - Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens (Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan)]
* [https://rcdb.com/1579.htm Giant Coaster - Crystal Beach (Crystal Beach, Ontario, Canada)]
{{Refend}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Side friction roller coasters|position=left}}
{{Rollercoaster tracks}}

[[Category:Side friction roller coasters| ]]
[[Category:Types of roller coaster]]