Editing Sikkim

{{short description|State in northeastern India}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Sikkim
| official_name = State of Sikkim
| image_skyline = {{photomontage
 | photo1a      = Buddha statue at Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim, India (1).jpg
 | photo1b      = Sunrise over Kangchenjunga.jpg
 | photo2a      = Ravangla, Sikkim by Masum Ibn Musa (389).jpg
 | photo2b      = Shiva Statue Chardham Temple Sikkim.jpg
 | photo3a      = Rumtek Monastery 04.jpg
 | photo3b      = Temi tea garden.jpg
 | photo4a      = 
 | spacing                  = 1
| color_border              = white
| color                     = white
| size                      = 300
 | foot_montage = 
 }}
| image_caption = (from top, left to right) [[Buddha Park of Ravangla]]; [[Kangchenjunga]]; Monks in Ravangla; Siddheswar Dham; [[Rumtek Monastery]]; [[Temi Tea Garden]]
| type = State
| image_seal = Seal of Sikkim.svg
| etymology = New Palace
| nickname = "Valley of Rice"
| motto = [[Trailokyavijaya|Kham sum wangdu]] (Conqueror of the three worlds)
| image_map = IN-SK.svg
| region = Northeast India
| before_was = [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]
| formation_date = 16 May 1975
| capital = Gangtok
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Sikkim|6]]
| Governor = [[Om Prakash Mathur]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 32 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| lok_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| judiciary = [[Sikkim High Court]]
| area_total_km2 = 7096
| area_rank = 27th
| length_km = 116
| width_km = 65
| elevation_m = 1,650
| elevation_max_m = 8,586
| elevation_max_point = [[Kangchenjunga]]<ref>{{cite web |date=20 February 2009 |title=Kangchenjunga – Peakware World Mountain Encyclcopedia |url=http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=132 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220064113/http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=132 |archive-date=20 February 2009}}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 280
| elevation_min_point = border with West Bengal<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim Information |url=https://cus.ac.in/index.php/en/information-3/important-links/sikkim-information#:~:text=The%20terrain%20throughout%20Sikkim%20is,from%20subtropical%20to%20high%20alpine |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=cus.ac.in}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Cens2011Up" />
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 610,577
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 32nd
| population_density = 86
| population_urban = 25.15%
| population_rural = 74.85%
| 0fficial_Langs = {{hlist|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|[[Sikkimese Bhutia language|Sikkimese]]|[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]|[[English language|English]]}}<ref name="langoff1">{{cite web |title=1977 Sikkim government gazette |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |website=sikkim.gov.in |publisher=Governor of Sikkim |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722164022/https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2018 |page=188}}</ref><ref name="langoff">{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |page=109 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102211909/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| additional_official = {{hlist|[[Gurung language|Gurung]]|[[Limbu language|Limbu]]|[[Magar language|Magar]]|[[Sunwar language|Mukhia]]|[[Newari language|Newari]]|[[Rai languages|Rai]]|[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]|[[Tamang language|Tamang]]}}
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INR}}47,000 crore ({{USD}}6.0 billion)
| GDP_year = 2023-24
| GDP_rank = 29th
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|587743|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 1st
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.764 {{color|#090|Very High}}
| HDI_year = 2019
| HDI_rank = 10th
| literacy = {{Increase}} 81.42%
| literacy_year = 2011
| literacy_rank = 13th
| sex_ratio = 890[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2011
| sexratio_rank = 10th
| iso_code = IN-SK
| registration_plate = SK
| website = www.sikkim.gov.in
| foundation_day = Sikkim Day
| mammal = [[Red panda]]
| bird = [[Blood pheasant]]<ref name="Dhar1999">{{cite book |last1=Dhar |first1=T.N. |last2=Gupta |first2=S.P. |title=Tourism in Indian Himalaya |publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration |location=Lucknow, India |year=1999 |page=192 |oclc=42717797}}</ref>
| fish = [[Neolissochilus hexagonolepis|Copper Mahseer]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sikkim declares 'Katley' as State fish |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sikkim-declares-katley-as-state-fish/article36547120.ece |date=19 September 2021 |access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref>
| flower = [[Dendrobium nobile|Noble dendrobium]]<ref>{{cite web |title=States and Union Territories Symbols |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#sik |url-status=dead |work=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#sik |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Flora and Fauna |url=http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/SikkimAtAGlance/FloraFauna.aspx |url-status=dead |work=sikkimtourism.gov.in |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417083258/http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/SikkimAtAGlance/FloraFauna.aspx |archive-date=17 April 2016 }}</ref>
| tree = [[Rhododendron]]
| image_highway = SH IN-SK.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Sikkim|SK SH1 – SK SH27]]
}}

'''Sikkim''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|k|ᵻ|m}} {{respell|SIK|im}}; {{IPA|ne|ˈsikːim|lang}}) is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in northeastern [[India]]. It borders the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of [[China]] in the north and northeast, [[Bhutan]] in the east, [[Koshi Province]] of [[Nepal]] in the west, and [[West Bengal]] in the south. Sikkim is also close to the [[Siliguri Corridor]], which borders [[Bangladesh]]. Sikkim is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|least populous]] and [[List of states and union territories of India by area|second-smallest]] among the Indian states. Situated in the [[Eastern Himalaya]], Sikkim is notable for its [[biodiversity]], including [[Alpine climate|alpine]] and [[subtropical]] climates, as well as being a host to [[Kangchenjunga]], the [[List of mountains in India|highest peak in India]] and [[List of highest mountains on Earth|third-highest on Earth]].<ref name="oneill_khecheopalri">{{cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=Alexander |display-authors=etal |title=Establishing Ecological Baselines Around a Temperate Himalayan Peatland |journal=Wetlands Ecology & Management |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=375–388 |date=25 February 2020 |s2cid=211081106 |bibcode=2020WetEM..28..375O |doi=10.1007/s11273-020-09710-7}}</ref> Sikkim's [[Capital (political)|capital]] and largest city is [[Gangtok]]. Almost 35% of the state is covered by [[Khangchendzonga National Park]] – a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=Alexander |title=Sikkim claims India's first mixed-criteria UNESCO World Heritage Site |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/05/0893.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Science |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=893–994 |date=29 March 2017 |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329020240/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/05/0893.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>

The [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] was founded by the [[Chogyal|Namgyal dynasty]] in the 17th century. It was ruled by [[Buddhist]] priest-kings known as the [[Chogyal]]. It became a [[princely state]] of the [[British Indian Empire]] in 1890. Following Indian independence, Sikkim continued its [[protectorate]] status with the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] after 1947 and the Republic of India after 1950. It enjoyed the highest literacy rate and per capita income among [[Himalayan states]]. In 1973, anti-royalist riots took place in front of the Chogyal's palace. In 1975, after the [[Indian Army]] took over the city of Gangtok, a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]] was held that led to the dissolution of the monarchy and Sikkim's joining India as its 22nd state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/india-china-standoff-why-is-sikkims-merger-with-india-being-questioned-by-china-4745142/|title=Why is Sikkim's merger with India being questioned by China? |date=11 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711065854/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/india-china-standoff-why-is-sikkims-merger-with-india-being-questioned-by-china-4745142/ |archive-date=11 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern Sikkim is a [[multiethnic]] and [[multilingual]] Indian state. The [[Official languages of India|official languages]] of the state are [[English language|English]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]], and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]].<ref name="langoff1" /> Additional official languages include [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Sunwar language|Mukhia]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] and [[Tamang language|Tamang]] for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state.<ref name="langoff" /> [[Indian English|English]] is taught in schools and used in government documents. The predominant religion is [[Hinduism]], with a significant [[Vajrayana Buddhist]] minority. Sikkim's economy is largely dependent on agriculture and tourism. {{As of|2019}}, the state had [[List of Indian states by GDP|the fifth-smallest GDP among Indian states]],<ref name="mospi">{{cite web|url=http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/StatewiseDomesticProduct_3aug18.xls|title=MOSPI GSDP|website=MOSPI}}</ref> although it is also among the fastest-growing.<ref name="Unidow">{{cite web|url=http://unidow.com/india%20home%20eng/statewise_gdp.html |title=State-Wise GDP |publisher=Unidow.com |year=2014 |access-date=7 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724114441/http://unidow.com/india%20home%20eng/statewise_gdp.html |archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="StatMin">[http://mospi.nic.in/6_gsdp_cur_9394ser.htm Indian Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231836/http://mospi.nic.in/6_gsdp_cur_9394ser.htm |date=3 March 2016}}. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref>

== Toponymy ==
The name ''Sikkim'' is believed to be a combination of the [[Limbu language|Limbu]] words ''su'' "new" and ''khyim'' "palace" or "house".<ref>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia By James Minahan, 2012</ref> The [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] name for Sikkim is ''Drenjong'' (Wylie-transliteration: ''bras ljongs''), which means "valley of [[rice]]",<ref name="Bell25">{{Cite book | title = Portrait of a Dalai Lama: the life and times of the great thirteenth | last = Bell | first = Charles Alfred | year = 1987 | publisher = Wisdom Publications | isbn = 978-0-86171-055-3 | page = 25 }}</ref> while the [[Bhutia]]s call it ''[[Beyul]] Demazong'', which means "the hidden valley of rice".<ref name="sikkimtourismintro" /> According to folklore, after establishing Rabdentse as his new capital, Bhutia king [[Tensung Namgyal]] built a palace and asked his Limbu Queen to name it. The [[Lepcha people]], the original inhabitants of Sikkim, called it ''Nye-mae-el'', meaning "paradise".<ref name="sikkimtourismintro">{{Cite web | title = Welcome to Sikkim – General Information | publisher = Sikkim Tourism, Government of Sikkim | url = http://www.sikkimtourism.travel/Webforms/General/Introduction.aspx | access-date = 16 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090120103953/http://sikkimtourism.travel/WebForms/General/Introduction.aspx | archive-date = 20 January 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In historical [[Indian literature]], Sikkim is known as ''Indrakil'', the garden of the [[war god]] [[Indra]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2 | last = Datta | first = Amaresh | orig-year = 1988 | year = 2006 | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | isbn = 978-81-260-1194-0 | page = 1739 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Sikkim}}
[[File:Guru rimpoche at samdruptse.jpg|thumb|left|[[Guru Rinpoche]], [[patron saint]] of Sikkim]]

The [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]s are considered to be the earliest inhabitants of Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|title=Lepchas and their Tradition|publisher=Sikkim.nic.in|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> However the [[Limbu people|Limbu]]s and the [[Magars]] also lived in the inaccessible parts of West and South districts as early as the Lepchas perhaps lived in the East and North districts.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Navigating Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Contemporary India and Beyond: Structures, Agents, Practices (Anthem South Asian Studies) | year = 2014 | last = Skoda | first = Uwe | publisher = Anthem Press | isbn = 978-1-78308-340-4| page = 137 }}</ref> The Buddhist saint [[Padmasambhava]], also known as Guru Rinpoche, passed through the land in the 8th century.<ref name="SikkimEcclDept">{{Cite web|url=http://sikkimeccl.gov.in/History/Legends/GuruRinpoche.aspx|title=History of Guru Rinpoche|publisher=Sikkim Ecclesiastical Affairs Department|access-date=9 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109043422/http://sikkimeccl.gov.in/History/Legends/GuruRinpoche.aspx|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhutia |first=Kalzang Dorjee |date=2 April 2024 |title=The Chile is my uncle: Spicy kinship between humans and more-than-humans in the Sikkimese Himalayas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |journal=Food and Foodways |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=122–141 |doi=10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |issn=0740-9710|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Guru is reported to have blessed the land, introduced [[Buddhism]], and foretold the era of monarchy that would arrive in Sikkim centuries later.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Foundation of the monarchy ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Sikkim}}
[[File:Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg|thumb|left|[[Flag of Sikkim]] during its independent monarchy.]]

According to legend, [[Khye Bumsa]], a 14th-century prince from the [[Minyak]] House in [[Kham]] in eastern [[Tibet]], received a [[divine revelation]] instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. A fifth-generation descendant of Khye Bumsa, [[Phuntsog Namgyal]], became the founder of Sikkim's monarchy in 1642, when he was consecrated as the first [[Chogyal]], or priest-king, of Sikkim by the three venerated [[lama]]s at [[Yuksom]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = Central Asia | year = 2005 | publisher = Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar. v. 41, no. 2 | pages = 50–53 }}</ref>
Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded in 1670 by his son, [[Tensung Namgyal]], who moved the capital from Yuksom to [[Rabdentse]] (near modern [[Pelling]]). In 1700, Sikkim was invaded by the [[Bhutan]]ese with the help of the half-sister of the Chogyal, who had been denied the throne. The Bhutanese were driven away by the [[Tibetan people]], who restored the throne to the [[Chogyal]] ten years later. Between 1717 and 1733, the kingdom faced many raids by the Nepalese in the west and Bhutanese in the east, culminating with the destruction of the capital [[Rabdentse]] by the Nepalese.<ref name="StrategicSikkim1985">{{Cite book | title = Strategic Sikkim | last = Singh | first = O. P. | year = 1985 | publisher = Stosius/Advent Books | isbn = 978-0-86590-802-4 | page = 42 }}</ref> In 1791, [[China]] sent troops to support Sikkim and defend [[Tibet]] against the [[Gorkha Kingdom]]. Following the subsequent defeat of Gorkha, the Chinese [[Qing dynasty]] established control over Sikkim.<ref>Singh, O. P. p. 43</ref>

=== During the British Raj ===
[[File:Historical Map of Sikkim in northeastern India.jpg|thumb|310px|An 1876 map of Sikkim, depicting Chomto Dong Lake in northern Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w6k9pto4BGMC&pg=PR32 | title = ''Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa'' | year=1876| author = Sir Clements Robert Markham | publisher = Asian Educational Services | access-date =12 June 2013 | isbn = 978-81-206-1366-9 }}</ref> However, the whole of Chumbi and Darjeeling are not depicted as part of Sikkim in the map.]]

Following the beginning of [[British Raj|British rule]] in neighbouring India, Sikkim allied with Britain against their common adversary, [[Nepal]]. The Nepalese attacked Sikkim, overrunning most of the region including the [[Terai]]. This prompted the [[British East India Company]] to attack Nepal, resulting in the [[Gurkha War]] of 1814.<ref>{{Cite book | title = History of Sikkim, 1817–1904: Analysis of British Policy and Activities | last = Jha | first = Pranab Kumar | year = 1985 | publisher = O.P.S. Publishers | page = 11 | asin = B001OQE7EY }}</ref> Treaties signed between Sikkim and Nepal resulted in the return of the territory annexed by the Nepalese in 1817. However, ties between Sikkim and the British weakened when the latter began taxation of the [[Morang]] region. In 1849, two British [[physician]]s, Sir [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] and [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]], the latter being the superintendent of Darjeeling, ventured into the mountains of Sikkim with the prior permission of King Tsugphu Namgyal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=May 1890 | title = Sikkim and Tibet | journal = Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine | volume = 147 | page = 658 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahul |first=Ram |date=1 January 1976 |title=Sikkim of History |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002088177601500102 |journal=International Studies |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.1177/002088177601500102 |issn=0020-8817|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The doctors were detained by an influential Dewan,<ref name=":0" /> leading to a punitive British expedition against the kingdom, after which the [[Darjeeling]] district and Morang were annexed to British India in 1853. The Chogyal of Sikkim became a [[vassal state|titular ruler]] under the directive of the British governor as a result of the invasion.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web | url = http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/sikk_his.htm | title = History of Sikkim | access-date = 12 October 2006 | date = 29 August 2002 | publisher = Government of Sikkim | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061030023958/http://www.himalmag.com/2006/august/special_report_1.htm | archive-date = 30 October 2006 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Sikkim became a British [[protectorate]] in the later decades of the 19th century, formalised by a [[Convention of Calcutta|convention]] signed with China in 1890.<ref>{{citation |last=Rose |first=Leo E. |title=India and Sikkim: Redefining the Relationship |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=42 |pages=32–46 |number=1 |date=Spring 1969 |jstor=2754861 |doi=10.2307/2754861}}</ref>{{sfn|Rose, Modernizing a Traditional Administrative System|1978|p=205}}<ref name ="Sethi">{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975/1/435037.html |title=Treaties: Annexation of Sikkim |last1=Sethi |first1=Sunil |date=30 April 1978 |website=intoday.in |publisher=Living Media India Limited |access-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128172513/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975/1/435037.html |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sikkim was gradually granted more sovereignty over the next three decades,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Charles |title=Tibet: Past and Present |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1992 |pages=170–174 |isbn=978-81-208-1048-8}}</ref> and became a member of the [[Chamber of Princes]], the assembly representing the rulers of the Indian [[princely states]], in 1922.<ref name ="Sethi"/>

=== Indian protectorate ===
Prior to [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], as the Vice-President of the Executive Council, pushed through a resolution in the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Indian Constituent Assembly]] to the effect that Sikkim and Bhutan, as Himalayan states, were not 'Indian states' and their future should be negotiated separately.{{sfn|Duff, Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom|2015|p=41}} A standstill agreement was signed in February 1948.{{sfn|Duff, Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom|2015|p=45}}

Meanwhile, Indian independence and its move to democracy spurred a fledgling political movement in Sikkim, giving rise to the formation of [[Sikkim State Congress]] (SSC), a pro-accession political party. The party sent a plate of demands to the palace, including a demand for accession to India. The palace attempted to defuse the movement by appointing three secretaries from the SSC to the government and sponsoring a counter-movement in the name of [[Sikkim National Party]], which opposed accession to India.{{sfn|Duff, Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom|2015|pp=44–45}}

The demand for responsible government continued, and the SSC launched a civil disobedience movement. The Chogyal [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]] asked India for help in quelling the movement, which was offered in the form of a small military police force and an Indian [[Dewan]]. In 1950, a treaty was agreed between India and Sikkim which gave Sikkim the status of an Indian [[protectorate]]. Sikkim came under the [[suzerainty]] of India, which controlled its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications.<ref>{{citation |first=Werner |last=Levi |title=Bhutan and Sikkim: Two Buffer States |journal=The World Today |volume=15 |pages=492–500 |number=2 |date=December 1959 |jstor=40393115}}</ref> In other respects, Sikkim retained administrative autonomy.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

A state council was established in 1953 to allow for constitutional government under the Chogyal. Chogyal [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]] was able to preserve autonomy and shape a "model Asian state" where the [[literacy rate]] and [[per capita income]] were twice as high as neighbouring [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and India.<ref name="duPlessixGray">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html |title=The Fairy Tale That Turned Nightmare? |date=8 March 1981 |first=Francine |last=du Plessix Gray |author-link=Francine du Plessix Gray |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=3 July 2017 |postscript=; |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617055430/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html |archive-date=17 June 2017 |url-status=live}} and [https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html?pagewanted=2 page 2] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815024722/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html?pagewanted=2 |date=15 August 2017 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Sikkim National Congress]] demanded fresh elections and greater representation for Nepalis in Sikkim. People marched on the palace against the monarchy.<ref name="duPlessixGray"/> In 1973, anti-royalist agitations took place, which needed to be quelled using Indian security forces.{{sfn|Gupta|1975|p=790}}

=== Merger and statehood ===
{{See also|1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum}}
In [[1975 in Sikkim|1975]], the Prime Minister of Sikkim [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]], appealed to the Indian Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]] for Sikkim to become a state of India. In April of that year, the Indian Army took over the city of [[Gangtok]] and disarmed the Chogyal's palace guards. Thereafter, [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|a referendum]] was held in which 97.5 per cent of voters supported abolishing the monarchy, effectively approving union with India. India is said to have stationed 20,000–40,000 troops in a country of only 200,000 during the referendum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=T. |first=G. |date=1975 |title=Trouble in Sikkim |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064227508532403 |journal=Index on Censorship |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=68–69 |doi=10.1080/03064227508532403 |issn=0306-4220 |via=Sage Journals|url-access=subscription }}</ref> On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union, and the monarchy was abolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sikkim.gov.in/ASP/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm |title=About Sikkim |publisher=Official website of the Government of Sikkim |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525171423/http://www.sikkim.gov.in/asp/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm |archive-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> To enable the incorporation of the new state, the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] amended the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. First, the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|35th Amendment]] laid down a set of conditions that made Sikkim an "Associate State", a special designation not used by any other state. A month later, the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|36th Amendment]] repealed the 35th Amendment, and made Sikkim a full state, adding its name to the [[Constitution of India#First Schedule|First Schedule]] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Constitution-has-been-amended-94-times/articleshow/5683974.cms |title=Constitution has been amended 94 times |date=15 May 2010 |access-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716125725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-15/india/28130281_1_constitution-amendment-bill-simple-majority-joint-session |archive-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

=== Recent history ===
In 2000, the seventeenth [[Karmapa]], [[Karmapa controversy#Urgyen Trinley Dorje|Urgyen Trinley Dorje]], who had been confirmed by the [[Dalai Lama]] and accepted as a [[tulku]] by the Chinese government, escaped from [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]], seeking to return to the [[Rumtek Monastery]] in Sikkim. Chinese officials were in a dilemma on this issue, for any protests to India would mean an explicit endorsement of India's governance of Sikkim, which China still recognised as an independent state occupied by India. The Chinese government eventually recognised Sikkim as an Indian state in 2003, in return for India declaring [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] as a part of the territory of China;<ref>{{cite news |title=India and China agree over Tibet |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3015840.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=24 June 2003 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Templeman |first2=David |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA184 |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3 |page=184}}</ref> [[New Delhi]] had accepted Tibet as part of China in 1954, but China appears to have believed that the agreement had lapsed.<ref>{{citation |chapter=China–India: Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh Plateaus |last=Pardesi |first=Manjeet |editor=Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly |title=Border Disputes: A Global Encyclopedia, 3 volumes: A Global Encyclopedia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9g5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA542 |year=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-024-9 |pages=543–544}}: "Soon thereafter, India signed an agreement with China—on April 29, 1954—which explicitly recognized Tibet as part of China."</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Acharya |first=Alka |chapter=China |editor1=David Malone |editor2=C. Raja Mohan |editor3=Srinath Raghavan |title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KL8DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA358 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-874353-8 |page=358}}: "With the signing of Panchsheel, however, India ... established the official Indian position that Tibet was a part of China and that India would not permit any anti-China activity on its soil."</ref> The 2003 agreement led to a thaw in [[Sino-Indian relations]].<ref name="Map">{{cite news |first=Amit |last=Baruah |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/2005041210160100.htm |title=China backs India's bid for U.N. Council seat |date=12 April 2005 |access-date=12 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228082759/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/2005041210160100.htm |archive-date=28 February 2007 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 6 July 2006, the Sikkimese Himalayan pass of [[Nathu La]] was opened to cross-border trade, becoming the first open border between India and China.<ref name="BBC Nathula">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm |title=Historic India-China link opens |publisher=BBC News |date=6 July 2006 |access-date=12 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707022630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm |archive-date=7 July 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> The pass, which was first opened during the 1904 [[Younghusband Expedition]] to Tibet,<ref>{{citation |last=Waddell |first=L. Austin |title=Lhasa and its Mysteries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79988 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |year=1905 |page=106 |via=archive.org}}</ref> had remained closed since the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name="BBC Nathula"/>

On 18 September 2011, [[2011 Sikkim earthquake|a magnitude 6.9M<sub>w</sub> earthquake]] struck Sikkim, killing at least 116 people in the state and in [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], Bangladesh and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]].<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_himalayan-quake-toll-climbs-to-116-40-stranded-foreign-tourists-rescued_1589946 "Himalayan quake toll climbs to 116, 40 stranded foreign tourists rescued"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926110846/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_himalayan-quake-toll-climbs-to-116-40-stranded-foreign-tourists-rescued_1589946 |date=26 September 2011}}. [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]. 21 September 2011.</ref> More than 60 people died in Sikkim alone, and the city of [[Gangtok]] suffered significant damage.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/earthquake-toll-rises-to-50-in-india-rescue-teams-land-at-quakes-epicentre-mangan-134859 "Earthquake toll over 80; India 68; as rescue teams reach quake epicentre"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925030112/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/earthquake-toll-rises-to-50-in-india-rescue-teams-land-at-quakes-epicentre-mangan-134859 |date=25 September 2011}}. NDTV. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</ref>

== Geography ==
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width = 350|caption_align = center
| align = right
| title = [[Kangchenjunga]]
| image1 = Kangch-Goechala.jpg
| image2 = Kangchenjunga East Face from Zemu Glacier.jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer = [[Kangchenjunga]], the third [[List of highest mountains|highest mountain in the world]], near the [[Zemu Glacier]].
}}
Situated in the [[Himalaya]]n mountains, the state of Sikkim is characterised by mountainous terrain. Almost the entire state is hilly, with an elevation ranging from {{convert|280|m|ft}} in the south at the border with West Bengal to {{convert|8586|m|ft}} in the northern peaks near Nepal and Tibet. The summit of [[Kangchenjunga]], the world's third-highest peak, is the state's highest point, situated on the border between Sikkim and [[Nepal]].<ref name="kang">{{cite book |last=Madge |first=Tim |title=Last Hero: Bill Tilman, a Biography of the Explorer |publisher=Mountaineers Books |year=1995 |page=93 |isbn= 978-0-89886-452-6}}</ref> For the most part, the land is unfit for agriculture because of the rocky, precipitous slopes. However, some hill slopes have been converted into [[Terrace farming|terrace farms]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

[[File:Tibet-PHOTO-Satellite--NASA-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) show the high, arid, Tibetan Plateau in Asia. Tibet lies north of the Himalaya Mountains in Nepal---Tibet.A2002343.0445.1km.jpg|left|thumb|Sikkim is in lower center of image of the [[Tibetan Plateau]]- ([[NASA]] Satellite photo).]]

Numerous snow-fed streams have carved out river valleys in the west and south of the state. These streams combine into the major [[Teesta River]] and its tributary, the [[Rangeet]], which flow through the state from north to south.<ref>[http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/glim_riv.htm "Rivers in Sikkim"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015180108/http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/glim_riv.htm |date=15 October 2011}}. Sikkim.nic.in. Retrieved 13 October 2011.</ref> About a third of the state is heavily forested. The Himalayan mountains surround the northern, eastern and western borders of Sikkim. The Lower Himalayas, lying in the southern reaches of the state, are the most densely populated.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

[[File:Sikkim-1955-U502 NG45 3 4.jpg|thumb|Detailed 1:250k scale, 1955 US Army map of Sikkim showing major river valleys, glaciers, lakes, peaks (height in feet) and Mines. One could see more concentration of glaciers at the north-western part of Sikkim around [[Kangchenjunga]] ({{convert|28,168|ft}}).]]

The state has 28 mountain peaks, more than 80 [[glaciers]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dstsikkim.gov.in/glacier/pressrelese.htm | title = First commission on study of glaciers launched by Sikkim | publisher = dstsikkim.gov.in | date = 18 January 2008 | access-date = 19 June 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155637/http://dstsikkim.gov.in/glacier/pressrelese.htm | archive-date = 21 July 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> 227 high-altitude lakes (including the [[Tsongmo Lake|Tsongmo]], [[Gurudongmar]] and [[Khecheopalri Lake]]s), five major [[hot springs]], and more than 100 rivers and streams. Eight [[mountain pass]]es connect the state to Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |chapter=Appendix |title=Across peaks & passes in Darjeeling & Sikkim |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2001 |page=154 |isbn=978-81-7387-126-9}}</ref>

Sikkim's hot springs are renowned for their [[Hot spring#Therapeutic uses|medicinal and therapeutic value]]. Among the state's most notable hot springs are those at Phurchachu, [[Yumthang Valley|Yumthang]], Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong. The springs, which have a high [[sulphur]] content, are located near river banks; some are known to emit [[hydrogen]].{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=11}} The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is {{convert|50|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=Joseph Dalton |author-link=Joseph Dalton Hooker |title=Himalayan Journals: Notes of a Naturalist |publisher=John Murray |location=London |volume=II |year=1855 |page=125}}</ref>

===Geology===
[[File:Kanchenjunga waterfalls, Pelling.jpg|thumb|A waterfall in Sikkim]]
The hills of Sikkim mainly consist of [[gneiss]] and [[schist]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Geologic map of Sikkim |url=http://sikenvis.nic.in/Database/GSI_4420.aspx |url-status=live |access-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170833/http://sikenvis.nic.in/Database/GSI_4420.aspx |archive-date=10 August 2017}}</ref> which [[Weathering|weather]] to produce generally poor and shallow brown [[clay]] soils. The soil is coarse, with large concentrations of [[iron oxide]]; it ranges from neutral to [[acidic]] and is lacking in organic and mineral nutrients. This type of soil tends to support [[evergreen]] and [[deciduous forest]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=B. |title=Sikkim: Land and People |publisher=Omsons Publications |year=1997 |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-81-7117-153-8}}</ref>

The rock consists of [[phyllite]]s and schists, and is highly susceptible to weathering and erosion. This, combined with the state's heavy rainfall, causes extensive soil erosion and the loss of soil nutrients through [[Leaching (agriculture)|leaching]]. As a result, landslides are frequent, often isolating rural towns and villages from the major urban centres.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Terrain Analysis and Spatial Assessment of Landslide Hazards in Parts of Sikkim |title=Journal of the Geological Society of India v. 47 |year=1996 |page=491}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The state has five seasons: winter, summer, spring, autumn, and monsoon season. Sikkim's climate ranges from [[sub-tropical]] in the south to [[tundra]] in the north. Most of the inhabited regions of Sikkim experience a [[temperate]] climate, with temperatures seldom exceeding {{convert|28|°C|°F}} in summer. The average annual temperature for most of Sikkim is around {{convert|18|°C|°F}}.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Sikkim is one of the few states in India to receive regular snowfall. The [[snow line]] ranges from {{convert|6100|m|ft}} in the south of the state to {{convert|4900|m|ft}} in the north.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hooker | first = Joseph Dalton | author-link = Joseph Dalton Hooker | year = 1854 | title = Himalayan Journals: Notes of a Naturalist | edition = version 2 | publisher = John Murray | page = 396 }}</ref> The tundra-type region in the north is snowbound for four months every year, and the temperature drops below {{convert|0|°C|°F}} almost every night.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=11}} In north-western Sikkim, the peaks are frozen year-round;{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=13}} because of the high altitude, temperatures in the mountains can drop to as low as {{convert|-40|°C|°F}} in winter.

During the monsoon, heavy rains increase the risk of [[landslide]]s. The record for the longest period of continuous rain in Sikkim is 11&nbsp;days. [[Fog]] affects many parts of the state during winter and the monsoons, making transportation perilous.<ref>Hooker p. 409</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | align = left
 | width = 220
 | footer = Noble orchid (top) is Sikkim's state flower. Rhododendron is its state tree; about 40 species of rhododendron bloom late April – mid May across the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|title=State Animals, Birds, Trees and Flower|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013002319/http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | image1 = Dendrobium nobile - flower view 01.jpg
 | image2 = Rhododendron aechmophyllum0.jpg
 }}

Sikkim is situated in an [[ecological hotspot]] of the lower Himalayas, one of only three among the [[ecoregions of India]].<ref name="ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |display-authors=etal |date=29 March 2017 |title=Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=13 |issue=21 |pages= 21|doi=10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9 |pmid=28356115 |pmc=5372287 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="O'Neill_2019">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A. R.| date=2019 |title=Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=20 |issue=e00715 |pages=19 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00715 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The forested regions of the state exhibit a diverse range of [[fauna (animals)|fauna]] and [[flora (plants)|flora]]. Owing to its altitudinal gradation, the state has a wide variety of plants, from tropical species to temperate, alpine and tundra ones, and is perhaps one of the few regions to exhibit such a diversity within such a small area. Nearly 81 per cent of the area of Sikkim comes under the administration of its forest department.<ref name="forest-dept">{{Cite web | url = http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/sikk_fore.htm | title = Forests in Sikkim | publisher = Forest Department, Government of Sikkim | access-date = 3 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090517214937/http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/sikk_fore.htm | archive-date = 17 May 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Sikkim is home to around 5,000 species of flowering plants, 515 rare [[orchidaceae|orchids]], 60 [[primula]] species, 36 [[rhododendron]] species, 11 [[oak]] varieties, 23 [[bamboo]] varieties, 16 [[pinophyta|conifer]] species, 362 types of [[fern]]s and ferns allies, 8 [[tree fern]]s, and over 900 medicinal plants.<ref name="ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com"/><ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/> A relative of the [[Poinsettia]], locally known as "Christmas Flower", can be found in abundance in the mountainous state. The [[Dendrobium nobile|Noble Dendrobium]] is the official flower of Sikkim, while the [[rhododendron]] is the [[List of Indian state trees|state tree]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|title=State Animals, Birds, Trees and Flowers of India|publisher=Panna Tiger Reserve|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013002319/http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Orchids, [[ficus|figs]], [[Lauraceae|laurel]], [[banana]]s, [[Shorea robusta|sal]] trees and bamboo grow in the [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]] of the lower altitudes of Sikkim. In the temperate elevations above {{convert|1500|m|ft}} there are [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]], where oaks, [[chestnut]]s, [[maple]]s, [[birch]]es, [[alder]]s, and [[magnolia]]s grow in large numbers, as well as [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]], dominated by [[Chir pine]]. [[Alpine climate|Alpine-type]] vegetation is typically found between an altitude of {{convert|3500|to|5000|m|ft}}. In lower elevations are found [[juniper]], pine, [[fir]]s, [[Cupressus|cypresses]] and rhododendrons from the [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]]. Higher up are [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] and high-altitude wetlands, which are home to a wide variety of rhododendrons and wildflowers.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/><ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/>

[[File:Red panda sikkim.jpg|thumb|right|The [[red panda]] is the state animal of Sikkim.]]
The fauna of Sikkim include the [[snow leopard]],<ref>Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA (eds) (2009) ''Handbook of the Mammals of the World''. Vol. 1. Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona</ref> [[musk deer]], <!-- the [[bhoral]], --> [[Himalayan tahr]], [[red panda]], [[Himalayan marmot]], [[Himalayan serow]], [[Himalayan goral]], [[muntjac]], [[common langur]], [[Asian black bear]], [[clouded leopard]],<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Gray, T. |author2=Borah, J. |author3=Coudrat, C.N.Z. |author4=Ghimirey, Y. |author5=Giordano, A. |author6=Greenspan, E. |author7=Petersen, W. |author8=Rostro-García, S. |author9=Shariff, M. |author10=Wai-Ming, W. |date=2021 |title=''Neofelis nebulosa'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T14519A198843258 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14519A198843258.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> [[marbled cat]], [[leopard cat]],<ref>{{Cite book | title = Mammals of Nepal | last = Shrestha | first = Tej Kumar | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-9524390-6-6 | pages = 350–371 | publisher = Bimala Shrestha }}</ref> [[dhole]], [[Tibetan wolf]], [[hog badger]], [[binturong]], and [[Felis chaus affinis|Himalayan jungle cat]]. Among the animals more commonly found in the alpine zone are [[yak]]s, mainly reared for their [[milk]], meat, and as a beast of burden.

The [[Bird|avifauna]] of Sikkim include the [[impeyan pheasant]], [[Satyr tragopan|crimson horned pheasant]], [[snow partridge]], [[Tibetan snowcock]], [[bearded vulture]] and [[griffon vulture]], as well as [[golden eagle]]s, [[quail]]s, [[plover]]s, [[woodcock]]s, [[sandpiper]]s, [[pigeon]]s, [[Old World flycatcher]]s, [[Old World babbler|babblers]] and robins. Sikkim has more than 550 species of birds, some of which have been declared [[endangered species|endangered]].<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/>

Sikkim also has a rich diversity of [[arthropods]], many of which remain unstudied.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/> Some of the most understudied species are Sikkimese arthropods, specifically [[butterfly|butterflies]]. Of the approximately 1,438 butterfly species found in the [[Indian subcontinent]], 695 have been recorded in Sikkim.{{sfn|Evans|1932|p=23}} These include the endangered [[Teinopalpus imperialis|Kaiser-i-hind]], the [[Meandrusa payeni|Yellow Gorgon]] and the [[Bhutanitis lidderdalii|Bhutan Glory]].{{sfn|Haribal|2003|p=9}}

====National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries====
List of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Sikkim:<ref>{{cite web |title=Wildlife |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/forest-environment-and-wildlife-department/wildlife |website =Government of Sikkim |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref>
* [[Khangchendzonga National Park]]
* [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary]]
* [[Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary|Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary]]
* [[Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary]]
* [[Kitam Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Sling Dong Faireanum Orchid Conservation Reserve]]

== Government and politics ==
{{See also|1=Elections in Sikkim|2=History of Sikkim}}
[[File:Sikkim Assembly Gangtok.jpg|thumb|[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]]]
According to the [[Constitution of India]], Sikkim has a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]] for its governance; [[universal suffrage]] is granted to state residents. The government structure is organised into three branches:

* Executive: As with all [[States and territories of India|states of India]], a [[governor]] stands at the head of the executive power of state, just as the president is the head of the executive power in the Union, and is appointed by the President of India. The governor's appointment is largely ceremonial, and his or her main role is to oversee the swearing-in of the [[chief minister]]. The chief minister, who holds the real executive powers, is the head of the party or coalition garnering the largest majority in the state elections. The governor also appoints cabinet ministers on the advice of the chief minister.
* Legislature: Sikkim has a [[unicameral]] legislature, the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]], like most other Indian states. Its state assembly has 32 seats, including one reserved for the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]. Sikkim is allocated one seat in each of the two chambers of India's national [[bicameral]] legislature, the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]].
* Judiciary: The [[judiciary]] consists of the [[Sikkim High Court]] and a system of lower courts. The High Court, located at Gangtok, has a Chief Justice along with two permanent justices. The Sikkim High Court is the smallest state high court in the country.<ref name="High court">{{Cite news | url = http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/30102003/r301020036.html | title = Judge strengths in High Courts increased | publisher = Ministry of Law & Justice | date = 30 October 2003 | access-date = 12 October 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171022014634/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/30102003/r301020036.html | archive-date = 22 October 2017 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 1975, after the abrogation of Sikkim's monarchy, the [[Indian National Congress]] gained a majority in the 1977 elections. In 1979, after a period of instability, a popular ministry headed by [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]], leader of the [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad Party]], was sworn in. Bhandari held on to power in the 1984 and 1989 elections. In the 1994 elections, [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] of the [[Sikkim Democratic Front]] became the Chief Minister of the state. Chamling and his party had since held on to power by winning the 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 elections.<ref name="Hist" /><ref name="Thirty years" /><ref name="Hindu2009-05-17">{{Cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/17/stories/2009051759450900.htm | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | title = SDF wins all seats in Sikkim Assembly | date = 17 May 2009 | access-date = 15 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090522131057/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/17/stories/2009051759450900.htm | archive-date = 22 May 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> However, the 2019 legislative assembly elections were won by the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] party and the chief minister since then is [[Prem Singh Tamang]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2019|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=22 August 2020|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=14 May 2019|title=Sikkim Assembly Elections 2019: All You Need to Know|url=https://www.india.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india/sikkim-assembly-elections-2019-all-you-need-to-know-3658252/|access-date=22 August 2020|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> The current Governor of Sikkim is [[Lakshman Acharya]].<ref name="Lakshman Prasad Acharya Is Sikkim’s New Governor - All The News From Sikkim, India and The World">{{cite news |title=Lakshman Prasad Acharya Is Sikkim's New Governor - All The News From Sikkim, India and The World |url=https://www.voiceofsikkim.com/lakshman-prasad-acharya-is-sikkims-new-governor/ |access-date=12 February 2023 |date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212165153/https://www.voiceofsikkim.com/lakshman-prasad-acharya-is-sikkims-new-governor/ |archive-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>

Sikkim is among India's most [[environmental consciousness|environmentally conscious]] states, having banned [[plastic bottle|plastic water bottles]] "in all government functions and meetings" and [[polystyrene]] products (throughout the state).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikenvis.nic.in/ViewGeneralLatestNews.aspx?Id=4964&Year=2016|title=Ban on styrofoam products and on use of mineral water bottles in government functions and meetings in Sikkim|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911075948/http://sikenvis.nic.in/ViewGeneralLatestNews.aspx?Id=4964&Year=2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-sikkim-became-the-cleanest-state-and-is-working-towards-becoming-poverty-free-in-four-years/articleshow/54499474.cms|title=How Sikkim became the cleanest state in India|last1=Sharma|first1=Shantanu Nandan|date=25 September 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613011743/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-sikkim-became-the-cleanest-state-and-is-working-towards-becoming-poverty-free-in-four-years/articleshow/54499474.cms|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Subdivisions ===
Sikkim has six districts – [[East Sikkim|Gangtok District]], [[North Sikkim|Mangan District]], [[South Sikkim|Namchi District]], [[Pakyong District]], [[West Sikkim|Geyzing District]] and [[Soreng District]]. The district capitals are [[Gangtok]], [[Mangan, India|Mangan]], [[Namchi]], [[Pakyong]], [[Gyalshing]] and [[Soreng]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Manorama Yearbook 2009 | editor1-last = Mathew | editor1-first = K. M. | publisher = Malayala Manorama | page = 660 | chapter = India | isbn = 978-81-89004-12-5 }}</ref> These six districts are further divided into 16 subdivisions; Pakyong, Rongli, Rangpo and Gangtok are the subdivisions of the Gangtok and Pakyong Districts. Soreng, Yuksom, Gyalshing and Dentam are the subdivisions of the Geyzing and Soreng district. Chungthang, Dzongu, Kabi and Mangan are the subdivisions of the Mangan district. Ravongla, Jorethang, Namchi and Yangyang are the subdivisions of the Namchi district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/KnowSikkim/statistics/list-of-sdm|title=List of Sdm|website=sikkim.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

Each of Sikkim's districts is overseen by a state government appointee, the [[district collector]], who is in charge of the administration of the civilian areas of the district. The Indian Army has control over a large part of the state, as Sikkim forms part of a sensitive border area with [[China]]. Many areas are restricted to foreigners, and [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)|official permits]] are needed to visit them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/tour_off.htm|title=Information of Foreign Tourist Interest|publisher=Sikkim.nic.in|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523095928/http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/tour_off.htm|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Sikkim}}
Sikkim's nominal state [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) was estimated at US$4.6&nbsp;billion in 2019, with GDP per capita being $7,530 (₹ 5,50,000) thus constituting the [[List of Indian states by GDP|third-smallest GDP among India's 28 states]].<ref name="Unidow" /> The state's economy is largely [[agriculture|agrarian]] based on the terraced farming of [[rice]] and the cultivation of crops such as [[maize]], [[millet]], [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[tea]], and [[cardamom]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = City, Society and Planning: Society | last = Dutt | first = Ashok K. |author2=Baleshwar Thakur | year = 2007 | publisher = Concept Publishing | isbn = 978-81-8069-460-8 | page = 501 }}</ref>{{sfn|Bareh|2001|pp=20–21}} Sikkim produces more cardamom than any other Indian state and is home to the largest cultivated area of cardamom.<ref>{{Cite book | title = India: A Reference Annual | publisher = Research and Reference Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting | year = 2002 | location = New Delhi | page = 747 }}</ref> Sikkim achieved its ambition to convert its [[Organic agriculture|agriculture to fully organic]] between 2003 and 2016, and became the first state in India to achieve this distinction.<ref name=Strategies>Paull, John (2017) [https://www.academia.edu/35179966 "Four New Strategies to Grow the Organic Agriculture Sector"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304181540/http://www.academia.edu/35179966/Four_New_Strategies_to_Grow_the_Organic_Agriculture_Sector |date=4 March 2018 }}, Agrofor International Journal, 2(3):61–70.</ref><ref name=dna-org/><ref name=hindu-org/><ref name=tele-org/>

Because of its hilly terrain and poor transport infrastructure, Sikkim lacks a large-scale industrial base. [[Brewery|Brewing]], distilling, [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] and [[Watchmaker|watchmaking]] are the main industries and are mainly located in the southern regions of the state, primarily in the towns of [[Melli]] and [[Jorethang]]. In addition, a small mining industry exists in Sikkim extracting minerals such as [[copper]], [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], [[talc]], [[graphite]], [[quartzite]], [[coal]], [[zinc]], and [[lead]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = State level public enterprises in Sikkim: policy and planning | last = Mishra | first = R. K. | year = 2005 | publisher = Concept Publishing | isbn = 978-81-8069-396-0 | page = 3 }}</ref> Despite the state's minimal industrial infrastructure, Sikkim's economy has been among the fastest-growing in India since 2000; the state's GDP expanded by 89.93% in 2010 alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0306/table%20168.pdf|title = Indian states GDP database|access-date = 24 December 2014|publisher = NIC.in|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140715140421/http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0306/table%20168.pdf|archive-date = 15 July 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In 2003, Sikkim decided to fully convert to [[organic farming]] and achieved this goal in 2015 becoming India's first "organic state".<ref name=dna-org>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sikkim-becomes-india-s-first-organic-state-2166492|title=Sikkim becomes India's first organic state|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=16 January 2016|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118110114/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sikkim-becomes-india-s-first-organic-state-2166492|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindu-org>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikkim-becomes-indias-first-organic-state/article8107170.ece|title=Sikkim becomes India's first organic state|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 January 2016|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114115833/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikkim-becomes-indias-first-organic-state/article8107170.ece|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tele-org>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160118/jsp/siliguri/story_64430.jsp#.VpytZpp97IU|title=Organic show awaits Modi in Sikkim|newspaper=[[Telegraph India]]|date=17 January 2016|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123022113/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160118/jsp/siliguri/story_64430.jsp#.VpytZpp97IU|archive-date=23 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Strategies"/>

In recent years, the government of Sikkim has extensively promoted [[tourism]]. As a result, state revenue has increased 14 times since the mid-1990s.<ref name="Dasgupta">{{Cite journal | last = Dasgupta | first = Abhijit |date=May 2009 | title = Forever and ever and ever | journal = [[India Today]] | volume = 34 |issue=22 | page = 35 | id = RNI:28587/75 }}</ref> Sikkim has furthermore invested in a fledgling [[gambling]] industry promoting both [[casino]]s and [[online gambling]]. The state's first casino, the Casino Sikkim, opened in March 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Patil|first=Ajit|date=28 May 2009|title=Casinos in India|work=India Bet|url=http://www.indiabet.com/indian-betting/434405/casinos-in-india|url-status=dead|access-date=28 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409200150/http://www.indiabet.com/indian-betting/434405/casinos-in-india|archive-date=9 April 2011}}</ref> In the year 2010, the government subsequently issued three gambling licences for casinos and online sports betting in general.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.indiabet.com/indian-betting/434413/indian-online-gambling-market-set-to-open-up | first = Roy | last = Sanjay | date = 27 October 2009 | access-date = 27 October 2009 | title = Indian online gambling market set to open up | work = India Bet | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110310075428/http://www.indiabet.com/indian-betting/434413/indian-online-gambling-market-set-to-open-up | archive-date = 10 March 2011 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The Playwin lottery has been a notable success in the state.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/20688/ | first = Arundhati | last = Bakshi-Dighe | date = 23 March 2003 | access-date =2 June 2009 | title = Online lottery: A jackpot for all | work = Indian Express }}</ref><ref name="Playwin">{{Cite web | url = http://www.lotteryinsider.com/lottery/playwin.htm | title = Playwin lottery | access-date = 12 October 2006 | date = 20 August 2006 | publisher = Interplay Multimedia Pty. Ltd. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110827033220/http://www.lotteryinsider.com/lottery/playwin.htm | archive-date = 27 August 2011 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The opening of the [[Nathu La]] pass on 6 July 2006, connecting [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]], to India, was billed as a boon for Sikkim's economy. Trade through the pass remains hampered by Sikkim's limited infrastructure and government restrictions in both India and China, though the volume of traded goods has been steadily increasing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120509/jsp/siliguri/story_15467618.jsp#.UdgnGMu9KSM|title=Nathu-la trade gets wider|work=Telegraph India|date=9 May 2012|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109042058/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120509/jsp/siliguri/story_15467618.jsp#.UdgnGMu9KSM|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/news/india/india-china-border-trade-at-nathu-la-closed-for-this-year-31092.html|title=India China border trade at Nathu La closed for this year|publisher=India TV News|date=3 December 2013|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629203959/http://m.indiatvnews.com/news/india/india-china-border-trade-at-nathu-la-closed-for-this-year-31092.html|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%;" heights="120">
Elaichi.jpg|''Elaichi'', or [[cardamom]], is the chief [[cash crop]] of Sikkim.
Cherry Resort inside Temi Tea Garden, Namchi, Sikkim.jpg|Temi Tea Garden, [[Namchi]], Sikkim
Temi Tea Garden Panoramic View.jpg|Tea garden at Temi, Sikkim.
Terraced rice fields of Sikkim India.jpg|Terraced rice paddy fields of Sikkim.
</gallery>

== Transport ==
=== Air ===
[[File:Pakyongsikkim.jpg|thumb|right|Runway at [[Pakyong Airport]], is the first [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] airport to be constructed in the [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/sikkims-first-ever-airport-all-set-to-fly-5363202/|title=Sikkim's Pakyong airport stuns before it flies|date=24 September 2018}}</ref>]]
[[File:Riverteesta.jpg|thumb|[[Teesta River]] is considered the state's key waterway.]]
Sikkim did not have any operational [[airport]] for a long time because of its rough terrain. However, in October 2018, [[Pakyong Airport]], the state's first airport, located in [[Pakyong|Pakyong Town]] at a distance of {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} from Gangtok, became operational after a four-year delay.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/sikkim-s-first-airport-to-be-ready-by-2014_876027.html "Sikkim's first airport to be ready by 2014"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712200905/http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/sikkim-s-first-airport-to-be-ready-by-2014_876027.html |date=12 July 2014}}. Zee News. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First commercial flight lands at Pakyong |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/first-commercial-flight-lands-at-pakyong/articleshow/66075688.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=4 October 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030925/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/first-commercial-flight-lands-at-pakyong/articleshow/66075688.cms |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It has been constructed by the [[Airports Authority of India]] on 200 acres of land. At an altitude of {{convert|4700|ft|m}} above sea level, it is one of the five highest airports in India.<ref>[http://www.punjlloydgroup.com/landmark-projects-gallery/sikkims-greenfield-airport "Sikkim's Greenfield Airport"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619033342/http://www.punjlloydgroup.com/landmark-projects-gallery/sikkims-greenfield-airport |date=19 June 2014 }}. Punj Lloyd Group. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.issmge.org/capg/files/Maccaferri-New_Airport_Sikkim.pdf "Sikkim's New Airport" (PDF)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514065851/http://www.issmge.org/capg/files/Maccaferri-New_Airport_Sikkim.pdf |date=14 May 2014 }} Maccaferri Environmental Solutions Pvt. Ltd., India. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref> The airport is capable of operating [[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]] aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090302/jsp/siliguri/story_10609938.jsp | title = Patel word on speedy airport completion—Sikkim hopes for spurt in tourist inflow | work = The Telegraph | location = Kolkata | date = 2 March 2009 | access-date = 14 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110526142739/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090302/jsp/siliguri/story_10609938.jsp | archive-date = 26 May 2011 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Before October 2018, the closest operational airport to Sikkim was [[Bagdogra Airport]] near [[Siliguri]] in northern [[West Bengal]]. The airport is located about {{convert|124|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Gangtok]], and frequent buses connect the two.<ref>[http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/Transport.aspx "How to reach Sikkim"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701110740/http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/Transport.aspx |date=1 July 2014}} Government of Sikkim. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref> A daily [[helicopter]] service run by the Sikkim Helicopter Service connects Gangtok to Bagdogra; the flight is thirty minutes long, operates only once a day, and can carry four people.<ref name="Thirty years">{{Cite web | url = http://sikkimipr.org/IPR/statehood/statehood_nutshell.htm | title = 30 Years of Statehood in a Nutshell | access-date =12 October 2006 | date = 24 November 2005 | publisher = Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060714083055/http://sikkimipr.org/IPR/statehood/statehood_nutshell.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> | archive-date = 14 July 2006 }}</ref> The Gangtok [[helipad]] is the only civilian helipad in the state.

=== Roads ===
[[File:Gangtok to Siliguri Bus.jpg|thumb|Gangtok to Siliguri Bus]]
[[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]] (NH 10; [[List of National Highways in India by highway number|formerly NH 31A]]) links [[Siliguri]] to Gangtok. Sikkim Nationalised Transport runs bus and truck services. Privately run bus, tourist [[taxicab|taxi]], and [[jeep]] services operate throughout Sikkim and also connect it to Siliguri. A branch of the highway from [[Melli]] connects western Sikkim. Towns in eastern, southern and western Sikkim are connected to the [[hill station]]s of [[Kalimpong]] and [[Darjeeling]] in northern West Bengal.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|pp=84–87}} The state is furthermore connected to [[Tibet]] by the mountain pass of [[Nathu La]].

List of national highways of Sikkim:
{{Routelist top|unit=km|length_ref=<ref name="nh">{{cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf|title=State-wise length of National Highways in India |date=30 November 2018|publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=9 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929205249/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf| archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=10
|length_km=52
|beltway=Gangtok – Singtam – Rangpo – West Bengal Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=310
|length_km=87
|beltway=Ranipool (NH-31A) – Burtuk – Menla – Nathula
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=310A
|length_km=55
|beltway=Tashi view point – Phodong – Mangan
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=510
|length_km=70
|beltway=Singtam – Damthang- Legship – Gyalshing
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=710
|length_km=45
|beltway=Melli- Manpur- Namchi- Damthang- Tarku
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=717A
|length_km=112
|beltway=West Bengal Border-Reshi- Rhenock, Rorathang Pakyong a-junction with new NH No. 10 at Ranipool near Gangtok
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=717B
|length_km=42
|beltway=Junction with NH No. 717A at Rhenock – Rongli, Rolep -junction with NH No. 310 near Menla at Serethang
|notes=none
}}

{{Routelist bottom}}

=== Rail ===
Sikkim lacks significant railway infrastructure. The closest major railway stations are [[Siliguri Junction]] and [[New Jalpaiguri]] in neighbouring West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travel.mapsofindia.com/travel-sikkim/how-to-reach.html|title=How to Reach Sikkim|publisher=Maps of India|access-date=7 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414194441/http://travel.mapsofindia.com/travel-sikkim/how-to-reach.html|archive-date=14 April 2009}}</ref> However, the New Sikkim Railway Project has been launched to connect the town of [[Rangpo]] in Sikkim with [[Sevoke]] on the West Bengal border. This line is [[Sivok–Rangpo line|Sevoke-Rangpo Railway Line]] from [[Sivok railway station]] to [[Rangpo railway station]].<ref>[http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== "Finally, Sevoke-Rangpo railway link on track"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528224619/http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |date=28 May 2013 }}. ConstructionUpdate.com. November 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</ref> The five-station line is intended to support both economic development and Indian Army operations and was initially planned to be completed by 2015,<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/ | title = North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link | publisher = Railway Technology | access-date = 19 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120723122216/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/ | archive-date = 23 July 2012 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm "Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131003127/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm |date=31 January 2010 }}. ''The Hindu''. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2013.</ref> though as of 2023 its construction has met with delays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Train-to-Sikkim-poses-jumbo-threat/articleshow/18361095.cms|title=Train to Sikkim poses jumbo threat|date=6 February 2013|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502133052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-06/flora-fauna/36949140_1_elephant-deaths-chief-wildlife-warden-state-wildlife-board|archive-date=2 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the railway line up to Rangpo was expected to be completed in 2021.<ref>Financial Express. [https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-new-sivok-rangpo-rail-project-travel-from-west-bengal-to-sikkim-in-just-2-hours-watch-video/1691100 Indian Railways new Sivok-Rangpo rail project: Travel from West Bengal to Sikkim in just 2 hours]. (30 August 2019).</ref> In the second phase the line will be extended up to [[Gangtok]].<ref>Times of India. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel/destinations/very-soon-travelling-to-sikkim-by-train-will-be-a-possibility/as71172425.cms Very soon, travelling to Sikkim by train will be a possibility]. (17 September 2019).</ref> In addition, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] proposed plans in 2010 for railway lines linking [[Mirik]] in West Bengal to [[Namchi]], [[Daramdin]], [[Ranipool]], and [[Gangtok]].<ref name="Gurung2010-12-09">{{Cite news | last = Gurung | first = Bijoy | date = 9 December 2010 | title = Sikkim tour dreams ride on rail plan | newspaper = Telegraph India | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sikkim-tour-dreams-ride-on-rail-plan-hope-for-pilgrims-trekkers-four-stations-in-hill-state/cid/458079 | access-date = 5 July 2020 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Nathu La - Indo China Border.jpg|thumb|left|Nathu La Pass – Indo-China Border]]
<!--[[File:Namgyal Research Institute of Tibetology.jpg|thumb|The Tibetology Museum and research centre.]]-->
{{update section|date=May 2022}}
Sikkim's roads are maintained by the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO), an offshoot of the Indian Army. The roads in southern Sikkim are in relatively good condition, landslides being less frequent in this region. The state government maintains {{convert|1857|km|mi}} of roadways that do not fall under the BRO's jurisdiction.<ref name="Stats">{{Cite web|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/KnowSikkim/statistics/list-of-sdm|title=Sikkim at a glance|date=29 September 2005|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031000351/http://www.sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/STATS/sikkimataglance.htm|archive-date=31 October 2005|access-date=12 October 2006}}</ref>

Sikkim receives most of its electricity from 19 [[hydroelectric power station]]s.<ref name="Dasgupta" /> Power is also obtained from the [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] and [[Power Grid Corporation of India]].{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=91}} By 2006, the state had achieved 100 per cent rural electrification.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=88}} However, the voltage remains unstable and voltage stabilisers are needed. Per capita consumption of electricity in Sikkim was approximately 182&nbsp;[[kilowatt hour|kWh]] in 2006. The state government has promoted [[biogas]] and [[solar power]] for cooking, but these have received a poor response and are used mostly for lighting purposes.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=87}} In 2005, 73.2 per cent of Sikkim's households were reported to have access to safe drinking water,<ref name="Stats" /> and the state's large number of mountain streams assures a sufficient water supply.

On 8 December 2008, it was announced that Sikkim had become the first state in India to achieve 100 per cent sanitation coverage, becoming completely free of public defecation, thus attaining the status of "Nirmal State".<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111223051352/http://infochangeindia.org/environment/news/sikkim-becomes-first-state-to-achieve-100-sanitation.html "Sikkim becomes first state to achieve 100 percent sanitation"]}}. Infochange India. 9 December 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</ref><ref>[http://indiasanitationportal.org/463 "NIRMAL GRAM PURASKAR 2011"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414050755/http://www.indiasanitationportal.org/463 |date=14 April 2012 }}. India Sanitation Portal. 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Further|Sikkimese people}}
[[File:Flickr - Sukanto Debnath - A little girl from Kaluk Bazaar.jpg|thumb|left|A little girl from Kaluk Bazaar]]
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=59,014|13=1911|14=87,920|15=1921|16=81,721|17=1931|18=1,09,808|19=1941|20=1,21,520|21=1951|22=1,37,725|23=1961|24=1,62,189|25=1971|26=2,09,843|27=1981|28=3,16,385|29=1991|30=4,06,457|31=2001|32=5,40,851|33=2011|34=6,10,577|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref>|align=right}}

Sikkim is India's least populous state, with 610,577 inhabitants according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]].<ref name="Cens2011Up">{{Cite web | title = 2011 Census reference tables&nbsp;– total population | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/sikkim.html | year = 2011 | access-date = 16 July 2013 | publisher = Government of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130708174135/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/sikkim.html | archive-date = 8 July 2013 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Sikkim is also one of the least densely populated Indian states, with only 86 persons per square kilometre. However, it has a high population growth rate, averaging 12.36% per cent between 2001 and 2011. The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] is 889 females per 1,000 males, with a total of 321,661 males and 286,027 females recorded in 2011. With around 98,000 inhabitants as of 2011, the capital [[Gangtok]] is the most significant urban area in the mostly rural state; in 2005, the urban population in Sikkim constituted around 11.06 per cent of the total.<ref name="Stats" /> In 2011, the average [[per capita income]] in Sikkim stood at {{Indian Rupee}} 81,159 (US$1,305).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf|title=State-wise: Population, GSDP, Per Capita Income and Growth Rate|publisher=Punjab State Planning Board|year=2012|access-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062118/http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf|archive-date=11 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{pie chart
|label1=[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|value1=62.6|color1=maroon
|label2=[[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]|value2=6.86|color2=deepskyblue
|label3=[[Limbu language|Limbu]]|value3=6.34|color3=lavender
|label4=[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]|value4=6.27|color4=darkblue
|label5=[[Hindi]]|value5=5.58|color5=orange
|label6=[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]|value6=2.24|color6=purple
|label7=[[Tamang language|Tamang]]|value7=1.92|color7=skyblue
|label8=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]|value8=1.63|color8=red
|label9=[[Rai languages|Rai]]|value9=1.22|color9=limegreen
|label10=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|value10=1.14|color10=orchid
|caption=Languages of Sikkim (2011 census)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>|value11=4.2|label11=Other|color11=grey}}

The official languages of the state are [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] and [[English language|English]]. Additional official languages include [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Sunwar language|Mukhia]], [[Newar language|Newar]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] and [[Tamang language|Tamang]] for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state.

Nepali is the lingua franca of Sikkim, while Sikkimese (Bhutia) and Lepcha are spoken in certain areas.<ref>indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/mini-sikkim-in-making-308081-2016-02-10</ref> English is also spoken and understood in most of Sikkim. Other languages include [[Dzongkha]], [[Groma language|Groma]], [[Hindi]], [[Majhi language|Majhi]], [[Majhwar language|Majhwar]], [[Thulung language|Thulung]], [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], and [[Yakha language|Yakha]].{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=10}}

=== Ethnicity ===
The majority of Sikkim's residents are [[Nepali Indians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fdec2003/f051220031.html|title=The Ethnic People of Sikkim|publisher=PIB.NIC.in|date=5 December 2003|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205161717/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fdec2003/f051220031.html|archive-date=5 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[indigenous peoples of Sikkim|native Sikkimese]] include the [[Bhutia]]s, who migrated from the Kham district of Tibet in the 14th century, and the [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]], who are believed to pre-date the Bhutias and are the oldest known inhabitants. [[Tibet]]ans reside mostly in the northern and eastern reaches of the state. Migrant resident communities known as '''Plainsmen Sikkimese''' include [[Bengali people|Bengalis]], [[Bihari people|Biharis]] and [[Marwaris]], who are prominent in commerce in [[South Sikkim]] and [[Gangtok]], only those who are the native residents since 1946.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Peoples of South Asia | last = Clarence | first = Maloney | year = 1974 | publisher = Holt, Rinehart and Winston | isbn = 978-0-03-084969-5 | page = 409 }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{See also|Hinduism in Sikkim}}
[[File:Buddha in Sikkim.jpg|thumb|Buddha in Sikkim Culture]]
{{Pie chart
|caption=Religion in Sikkim (2011)<ref name="census2001">{{cite web|title=Census of India – Religious Composition|publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
|label1=[[Hinduism]]|color1=darkorange|value1=57.76
|label2=[[Buddhism]]|color2=gold|value2=27.39
|label3=[[Christianity]]|color3=blue|value3=9.91
|label4=[[Islam]]|color4=green|value4=1.62
|label5=[[Sikhism]]|color5=darkkhaki|value5=0.31
|label6=[[Jainism]]|color6=brown|value6=0.05
|label7=Other faith like [[Kirat Mundhum]], [[Bon]], [[Mun (religion)|Mun]]|color7=chartreuse|value7=2.67
|label8=No religion|color8=black|value8=0.3
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Religious<br/>group
! Population <br/>% '''1991'''<ref name=census1991b>{{cite web|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5542/1/35768_1981_SDP.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiSt6DEw4T2AhUQHLkGHTLgDZQQFnoECAYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw38TK18XpRaSlx-OaUPKQjY|title=Cesus of India -Religion Composition – 1981|accessdate=10 February 2022}}</ref>
! Population <br/>% '''2001'''<ref name="census2001tru">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Religious Composition – 2001 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census_data_2001/census_data_finder/c_series/population_by_religious_communities.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2015 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref>
! Population <br/>% '''2011'''<ref name="census2001"/>
|-
! style="background:DarkOrange;"| Hinduism
| 68.36% || 60.93% || 57.76%
|-
! style="background:Gold;"| Buddhism
| 27.15% || 28.11% || 27.39%
|-
! style="background:DodgerBlue;"| Christianity
| 3.29% || 6.67% || 9.91%
|-
! style="background:Green; color:white;"| Islam
| 0.94% || 1.42% || 1.62%
|-
! style="background:darkKhaki; color:white;"| Sikhism
| 0.09% || 0.21% || 0.31%
|-
! style="background:brown; color:white;"| Jainism
| 0.001% || 0.03% || 0.05%
|-
! style="background:Chartreuse;"| Other religions
| 0.04% || 2.38% || 2.67%
|-
! style="background:Black; color:white;"| No religion
| – || – || 0.3%
|}

According to the 2011 census, 57.8% follow [[Hinduism]], making it the state's majority religion. [[Buddhism]] is followed by 27.4% of the population, while [[Christianity]] is followed by 9.9%.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW11C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – Sikkim| website=Census India |access-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927174518/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW11C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2011, Christianity was the fastest growing religion in the state, going from 6.67% to 9.91% of the population.<ref name="census2011" /> It was thus the fourth state with the highest Christian growth in the period, behind only [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]] and [[Meghalaya]].<ref name="census2001tru" /><ref name="PEWRC">{{cite web |title=Sikkim |date=21 September 2021 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2021/09/21/religious-demography-of-indian-states-and-territories/ |publisher=Pew Research Center|accessdate=15 February 2022}}</ref> As of 2014, the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim]] is the largest Christian denomination in Sikkim.<ref>[http://www.irfa.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49:points-of-ministry&Itemid=41 "Points of Ministry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729220837/http://www.irfa.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49:points-of-ministry&Itemid=41|date=29 July 2014}}. IRFA.org.au. 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</ref> Hinduism, on the other hand, declined from 60.93% to 57.76% of the population in the same period.<ref name="census2001tru" /><ref name="census2011" /> Sikkim was the fourth state with the biggest decline in the percentage of Hindus, behind only [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="PEWRC" /> [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhism]], which accounts for 27.3% of the population, is Sikkim's second-largest, yet most prominent religion. Prior to Sikkim's becoming a part of the Indian Union, Vajrayana Buddhism was the state religion under the Chogyal. Sikkim has 75 [[Buddhist monasteries]], the oldest dating back to the 1700s.{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=9}} The public and visual aesthetics of Sikkim are executed in shades of Vajrayana Buddhism and Buddhism plays a significant role in public life, even among Sikkim's majority Nepali Hindu population. Other religious minorities include [[Muslim]]s of Tibet,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atwill |first=David G. |date=1 August 2016 |title=Boundaries of Belonging: Sino-Indian Relations and the 1960 Tibetan Muslim Incident |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article-abstract/75/3/595/327118/Boundaries-of-Belonging-Sino-Indian-Relations-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=595–620 |doi=10.1017/S0021911816000553 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 1998 |title=World Pumps February 1998 issue advertiser's index and information request form |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0262176299802983 |journal=World Pumps |volume=1998 |issue=377 |pages=I |doi=10.1016/S0262-1762(99)80298-3 |issn=0262-1762|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Bihari ethnicity and [[Jain]]s, who each account for roughly 1% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book | title =People of India: Sikkim | last = Singh | first = Kumar Suresh | year = 1992 | publisher = Anthropological Survey of India | isbn = 978-81-7046-120-3 | page = 39 }}</ref> The traditional religions of the [[Indigenous peoples of Sikkim|native Sikkimese]] account for much of the remainder of the population.

Although tensions between the Lepchas and the Nepalese escalated during the merger of Sikkim with India in the 1970s, there has never been any major degree of communal religious violence, unlike in other Indian states.<ref>{{Cite book | title = State government and politics: Sikkim | last = Nirmalananda Sengupta | year = 1985 | publisher = Stosius/Advent Books | isbn = 978-0-86590-694-5 | page = 140 }}</ref><ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx "Census and You – Religion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315004939/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx |date=15 March 2018 }}. Census India. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</ref> The traditional religion of the Lepcha people is [[Mun (religion)|Mun]], an animist practice which coexists with Buddhism and Christianity.<ref name="Plaisier">{{Cite book |title=Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. A Grammar of Lepcha |volume=5 |first=Heleen |last=Plaisier |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15525-1 |pages=4, 15 (photo) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC&pg=PA15 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516011005/https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC&pg=PA15 |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%;" heights="130">
Legship_shiva_temple.jpg|[[Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple]] in [[Legship]] is dedicated to the [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]].
Rumtek Monastery - Inside Close View.jpg|Rumtek Monastery
Enchey_Monastery_Prayer_Hall_(Dukhang).jpg|Enchey Monastery
Viswavinayak.jpg|Vishwa Vinayak Temple at [[Rhenock]]
</gallery>

==Districts==
{{Main|List of districts of Sikkim}}
There are 6 districts in Sikkim, each overseen by a Central Government appointee, the [[district collector]], who is in charge of the administration of the civilian areas of the districts. The Indian Army has control of a large territory, as the state is a sensitive border area. Many areas are restricted and [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)|permits]] are needed to visit them. 
The six districts are:
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=98% 
|- 
!  Code
!  District
!  Headquarters
!  Population (2011)<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/sikkim/stm1.xls
|format=XLS
|title = Ranking od (sic) Districts by Population Size
|publisher = The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi-110011
|date = 2010–2011
|access-date = 19 September 2011
}}</ref>
! Area (km²)
! Density (per km²)
|- 
| GD|| [[Gangtok district]]|| [[Gangtok]]|| 281,293|| 954|| 257
|- 
| MD|| [[Mangan district]]|| [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]|| 43,354|| 4,226|| 10
|- 
| ND|| [[Namchi district]]|| [[Namchi]]|| 146,742|| 750|| 175
|- 
| GD|| [[Gyalshing district]]|| [[Geyzing]]|| 136,299|| 1,166|| 106
|- 
| PD|| [[Pakyong District]]|| [[Pakyong]]|| 74,583|| 404|| 180
|- 
| SD|| [[Soreng District]]|| [[Soreng]]|| n/a|| n/a|| n/a
|}

== Culture ==
{{See also|Music of Sikkim}}

===Festivals and holidays===
[[File:Gumpa.jpg|thumb|left|The traditional Gumpa dance being performed in [[Lachung]] during the Buddhist festival of [[Losar]]]]
Sikkim's Gorkhali majority celebrate all major Hindu festivals, including [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]] (Diwali) and [[Dashain]] (Dashera). Traditional local festivals, such as [[Maghe Sankranti]], [[Ramnavmi]], [[Janmastami]], [[Holi]], [[Shivaratri]], [[Navratri]], [[Sakela]], [[Chasok Tangnam]] and Bhimsen Puja, are popular.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=35}} [[Losar]], [[Saga Dawa]], [[Lhabab Duechen]], [[Drupka Teshi]] and [[Bhumchu]] are among the Buddhist festivals celebrated in Sikkim. During the Losar (Tibetan New Year), most offices and educational institutions are closed for a week.{{sfn|Choudhury|2006|p=34}}

Sikkimese Muslims celebrate [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Muharram]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Bulletin of Tibetology |author=Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology | year = 1995 | publisher = Namgyal Institute of Tibetology | page = 79 }}</ref> [[Christmas]] has been promoted in Gangtok to attract tourists during the off-season.<ref name="Culture">{{cite web | url = http://sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/CULTURE/LUCKY_SIGNS.htm | title = Culture and Festivals of Sikkim | access-date =12 October 2006 | date = 29 September 2005 | publisher = Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060714040958/http://sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/CULTURE/LUCKY_SIGNS.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> | archive-date = 14 July 2006 }}</ref>

Western [[rock music]] and [[Indian pop]] have gained a wide following in Sikkim. [[Nepalese rock|Nepali rock]] and Lepcha music are also popular.{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=286}} Sikkim's most popular sports are [[association football|football]] and [[cricket]], although [[hang gliding]] and river rafting have grown popular as part of the tourism industry.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Sikkim: Society, Polity, Economy, Environment | last = Lama | first = Mahendra P. | year = 1994 | publisher = Indus Publishing | isbn = 978-81-7387-013-2 | page = 128 }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Sikkimese cuisine}}
Traditional cuisines of the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]], [[Limbu people|Limbu]], [[Magars|Magar]], and [[Bhutia]] peoples incorporate the rich biodiversity of the place. The Buddhist saint [[Padmasambhava]], also known as Guru Rinpoche, who passed through ancient Sikkim in the eighth century noted the rich produce of the place in his writings, <blockquote>There are about 155 varieties of fruits with different tastes and nutritional values. [These include] a walnut that tastes like butter; a fruit known as wallay… and a grape with the taste of wine. There are fruits called tingding with the taste of meat, and sedey, which can be eaten as the equivalent of an entire meal; turnips, and thirty-seven other types of root vegetables are available. There are twenty different varieties of garlic. Altogether, among the edible plants, there are 360 varieties available. There are wild radishes, along with tsolay, nyolay, and grapes in the valley. In the trees, among the rocks and hanging from the cliffs there are beehives.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhutia |first=Kalzang Dorjee |date=2024-04-02 |title=The Chile is my uncle: Spicy kinship between humans and more-than-humans in the Sikkimese Himalayas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |journal=Food and Foodways |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=122–141 |doi=10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |issn=0740-9710|url-access=subscription }}</ref></blockquote>[[Noodle]]-based dishes such as [[thukpa]], [[chow mein]], [[thenthuk]], fakthu, gyathuk and [[wonton]] are common in Sikkim. [[Momo (food)|Momos]] – steamed [[dumpling]]s filled with vegetables, chicken, mutton, beef or pork and served with soup – are a popular snack.<ref name="tele030902">{{Cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020903/asp/siliguri/story_1161127.asp | title = Sleepy capital comes alive to beats of GenX | last = Shangderpa | first = Pema Leyda | work = The Telegraph | date = 3 September 2002 | access-date = 7 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510102545/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020903/asp/siliguri/story_1161127.asp | archive-date = 10 May 2008 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Beer]], [[whiskey]], [[rum]] and [[brandy]] are widely consumed in Sikkim,<ref>{{Cite book | title = Surajkund, the Sikkim story | chapter = Sikkimese cuisine| last=Shrivastava | first = Alok K. | year = 2002 | publisher = South Asia Foundation | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-81-88287-01-7 | page = 49 }}</ref> as is [[tongba]], a [[millet]]-based alcoholic beverage that is popular in [[Nepal]] and [[Darjeeling]]. Sikkim has the third-highest per capita [[alcoholism]] rate among all Indian states, behind [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite news | first = Rema | last = Nagarajan | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2231571.cms | title = India gets its high from whisky | date = 25 July 2007 | access-date = 3 June 2009 | work = Times of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161227073943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2231571.cms | archive-date = 27 December 2016 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

== Media ==
[[File:Do-drul Chorten Stupa, Gangtok, Sikkim.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Dro-dul Chorten Stupa]] in Gangtok.]]

In 1957, a Nepali monthly magazine ''Kanchenjunga'' became the first news outlet for the masses in Sikkim.<ref>Kanchenjunga and Sikkim Press: How Media Started Its Practice in Sikkim</ref>

The southern urban areas of Sikkim have English, Nepali and Hindi daily newspapers. Nepali-language newspapers, as well as some English newspapers, are locally printed, whereas Hindi and English newspapers are printed in [[Siliguri]]. Important local dailies and weeklies include ''Hamro Prajashakti'' (Nepali daily), ''Himalayan Mirror'' (English daily), the ''Samay Dainik'', ''[[Sikkim Express]]'' (English), ''Kanchanjunga Times'' (Nepali weekly), ''Pragya Khabar'' (Nepali weekly) and ''Himali Bela''.<ref name="newspapers-list">{{Cite web | url = http://www.sikkimipr.org/IPR/news_jounalists/news_papers_and_journalists.htm | title = Newspapers and Journalists in Sikkim | publisher = IT Department, Government of Sikkim | access-date =5 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045116/http://www.sikkimipr.org/IPR/news_jounalists/news_papers_and_journalists.htm | archive-date = 21 January 2008 }}</ref> Furthermore, the state receives regional editions of national English newspapers such as ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''The Times of India''. ''Himalaya Darpan'', a Nepali daily published in Siliguri, is one of the leading Nepali daily newspapers in the region. The ''Sikkim Herald'' is an official weekly publication of the government. Online media covering Sikkim include the Nepali newspaper ''Himgiri'', the English news portal ''Haalkhabar'' and the literary magazine ''Tistarangit''. ''Avyakta'', ''Bilokan'', the ''Journal of Hill Research'', ''Khaber Khagaj'', ''Panda'', and the ''Sikkim Science Society Newsletter'' are among other registered publications.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web | url = https://rni.nic.in/search_place.asp | title = Publication Place Wise-Registration | publisher = Registrar of Newspapers for India | access-date = 5 June 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090619090128/https://rni.nic.in/search_place.asp | archive-date = 19 June 2009 | df = dmy-all }} If one types ''Sikkim'' in the input box and submits, the list is displayed.</ref>

[[Internet café]]s are well established in the district capitals, but [[broadband]] connectivity is not widely available. [[Satellite television]] channels through dish antennae are available in most homes in the state. Channels served are largely the same as those available in the rest of India, although Nepali-language channels are also available. The main service providers include [[Airtel digital TV]], [[Tata Sky]], [[Dish TV]], [[DD Free Dish]] and Nayuma.

== Education ==
{{Main|List of institutions of higher education in Sikkim}}
[[File:Smu.JPG|thumb|left|Sikkim Manipal University Campus, Gangtok]]
In 2011, Sikkim's adult [[literacy rate]] was 82.2 per cent: 87.29 per cent for males and 76.43 per cent for females.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Literacy|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|website=Census India|publisher=Census of India|access-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a total of 1,157 schools in the state, including 765 schools run by the state government, seven central government schools and 385 private schools.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.sikkimipr.org/images/herald/Jan%2026.pdf | title = In the process of Constitutional democracy, Sikkim has not lagged behind-Governor | date = 26 February 2010 | author = Balmiki Prasad Singh Governor of Sikkim | access-date = 11 March 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120304065745/http://www.sikkimipr.org/images/herald/Jan%2026.pdf | archive-date = 4 March 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> There is one Institute of National Importance,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/institutes-national-importance.aspx|title=Institutes of National Importance|website=www.ugc.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827110345/https://www.ugc.ac.in/institutes-national-importance.aspx|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> one [[Central university (India)|central university]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/centralniversitylist.aspx?id=30&Unitype=1|title=Central University|website=www.ugc.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075519/https://www.ugc.ac.in/centralniversitylist.aspx?id=30&Unitype=1|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> and four private universities<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=30&Unitype=3|title=Private Universities in Sikkim|website=www.ugc.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023052/https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=30&Unitype=3|archive-date=17 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> in Sikkim offering higher education.

Recently, Government of Sikkim has approved the open school board named Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bosse.org.in/ |title=BOSSE Sikkim |website=bosse.org.in |access-date=21 September 2020 }}</ref> [[BOSSE]] to provide [[Secondary Education]], Senior Secondary as well as Skill & Vocational Education up to pre-degree level and to provide opportunity to continue education to such students who have missed the opportunity of school education. Sikkim has a [[National Institute of Technology Sikkim|National Institute of Technology]], currently operating from a temporary campus in [[Ravangla|Ravangla, South Sikkim]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nitsikkim.ac.in/about/campus_info.php|title=NIT Sikkim|website=nitsikkim.ac.in|access-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823075146/http://nitsikkim.ac.in/about/campus_info.php|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> which is one among the ten newly sanctioned [[National Institutes of Technology|NITs]] by the [[Government of India]] under the 11th Five year Plan, 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007–2012|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/mta/11th_mta/chapterwise/Comp_mta11th.pdf|journal=Planning_Prelims|pages=134|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515095641/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/mta/11th_mta/chapterwise/Comp_mta11th.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[National Institute of Technology Sikkim|NIT Sikkim]] also has state of art super computing facility named [[PARAM|PARAM Kanchenjunga]] which is said to be fastest among all 31 [[NITs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_pr_prs_rl228|title=Hon'ble Governor of Sikkim inaugurated "PARAM Kanchenjunga" at NIT Sikkim|website=C-DAC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075548/https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_pr_prs_rl228|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sikkim University]] is the only central university in Sikkim. The public-private funded institution is the [[Sikkim Manipal University]] of Technological Sciences, which offers higher education in [[engineering]], [[medicine]] and [[management]]. It also runs a host of [[distance education]] programs in diverse fields.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.smude.edu.in | title = Distance Education | publisher = Sikkim Manipal University | date = 26 June 2010 | author = Sailesh | access-date = 26 June 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100117184156/http://www.smude.edu.in/ | archive-date = 17 January 2010 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="UGC">{{cite web |title=Private Universities - University Grants Commission |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/privatuniversity.aspx |website=University Grants Commission (India) |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>

[[Medhavi Skills University, Sikkim|Medhavi Skills University]] is a [[Private University (India)|private university]] located in the state of Sikkim, India. It was established in 2021 under the Sikkim Private Universities, (Amendment) Act, 2021. The university aims to provide skill-based education to students and bridge the gap between academia and industry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ravidas |first=Rajeev |date=16 June 2021 |title=Sikkim nod for two private universities |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/sikkim-nod-for-two-private-universities/cid/1818955 |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[Telegraph India]] |location=Siliguri}}</ref><ref name="UGC"/>

There are two state-run polytechnic schools – the Advanced Technical Training Centre (ATTC) and the Centre for Computers and Communication Technology (CCCT) – which offer [[diploma]] courses in various branches of engineering. ATTC is situated at Bardang, [[Singtam]], and CCCT at Chisopani, Namchi.

[[Sikkim University]] began operating in 2008 at [[Yangang]], which is situated about {{convert|28|km|mi}} from Singtam.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080204/jsp/siliguri/story_8858265.jsp | title = Do-it-yourself mantra for varsity | last = Chettri | first = Vivek | date = 4 February 2008 | work = The Telegraph | access-date = 15 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081012112302/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080204/jsp/siliguri/story_8858265.jsp | archive-date = 12 October 2008 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Many students, however, migrate to [[Siliguri]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]] and other Indian cities for their higher education.

The campus of the [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology|National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology (NIELIT)]], under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology]] of the Government of India, is at [[Pakyong]] in East Sikkim, and offers formal and informal education in the IT/ITES sector.

==Towns and cities==
[[File:M.G. Marg, Gangtok 01.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi Marg (Gangtok)|M. G. Marg]] in [[Gangtok]].]]
[[File:Jorethang at night..jpg|left|thumb|[[Jorethang]] at night time.]]
The major towns and cities of Sikkim are as follows:

[[Gangtok]], [[Pakyong]], [[Namchi]], [[Jorethang]], [[Rangpo]], [[Singtam]], [[Gyalshing]], [[Mangan, India|Mangan]], [[Soreng]], [[Pelling]], [[Rhenock]], [[Rongli]], [[Rorathang]], [[Ravangla]], [[Chungthang]], [[Ranipool]], [[Lachen, Sikkim|Lachen]], [[Nayabazar]], [[Lachung]], [[Dikchu]], [[Majitar]], [[Legship]], [[Melli]], [[Yuksom]], [[Sherathang]], [[Namthang]], [[Rinchenpong]], [[Singhik]], [[Hee Burmiok]], [[Tashiding]], [[Kumrek]], [[Makha, Sikkim|Makha]], [[Yangang]], and [[Damthang, Sikkim|Damthang]].

==Sports==
The popular sports played in Sikkim include [[association football|football]], [[cricket]], [[archery]], [[volleyball]], [[tennis]], [[badminton]], and [[sport of athletics|athletics]]. Adventure sports like [[paragliding]], [[hiking]] and [[mountain biking]] are also popular in Sikkim. 
The stadiums of Sikkim are as follows:
* [[Mining Ground|Mining Cricket Stadium]], Rangpo
* [[Paljor Stadium]], Gangtok
* [[Bhaichung Stadium]], Namchi
* Resithang Athletics Stadium, Gangtok.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India
}}
* [[Outline of Sikkim]]
* [[East Sikkim district]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading and bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}} 
* {{citation |last=Bajpai |first=G. S. |title=China's Shadow Over Sikkim: The Politics of Intimidation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB2l6dr_JlwC |year=1999 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-52-3}}
* {{Cite book
  | last = Bareh
  | first = Hamlet
  | year = 2001
  | title = Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim
  | chapter = Introduction
  | publisher = Mittal Publications
  | isbn = 978-81-7099-794-8
  | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC
  | access-date =19 June 2011
}}
* {{Cite book
  | last = Choudhury
  | first = Maitreyee
  | year = 2006
  | title = Sikkim: Geographical Perspectives
  | publisher = Mittal Publications
  | location = New Delhi
  | isbn = 978-81-8324-158-8
  | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=W9EwNfXkxZwC
  }}
* {{citation |last=Duff |first=Andrew |title=Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1VDCQAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Birlinn |isbn=978-0-85790-245-0 |ref={{sfnref|Duff, Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom|2015}}}}
* {{Cite book
  | last = Evans
  | first = W. H.
  | author-link = W. H. Evans
  | year = 1932
  | title = The Identification of Indian Butterflies
  | edition = 2nd
  | publisher = Bombay Natural History Society
  | location = Mumbai, India
  | asin = B00086SOSG
  }}
* {{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Andrew |last2=Henley |first2=David |year=2011 |chapter=The Tea Horse Road from Lhasa to Sikkim |title=China's Ancient Tea Horse Road |location=Chiang Mai |publisher=Cognoscenti Books |asin=B005DQV7Q2}}
* {{citation |first=Ranjan |last=Gupta |title=Sikkim: The Merger with India |journal=Asian Survey |volume=15 |number=9 |date=September 1975 |pages=786–798 |doi=10.2307/2643174 |jstor=2643174}}
* {{cite book |last=Hooker |first=Joseph Dalton |author-link=Joseph Dalton Hooker |year=1854 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvO_GDMo7X8C |title=Himalayan Journals: notes of a naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia mountains etc. |publisher=Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co.|isbn=978-1-60620-983-7 }}
* {{Cite book
  | last = Haribal
  | first = Meena
  | series = Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation
  | year = 2003
  | orig-year = 1994
  | title = Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History
  | publisher = Natraj Publishers
  | isbn = 978-81-85019-11-6
  }}
* {{Cite book
  | last = Kandell
  | first = Alice S.
  | author-link = Alice S. Kandell
  | title = Sikkim: The Hidden Kingdom
  | edition = 2nd
  | year = 1971
  | publisher = Doubleday
  | isbn = 978-03-8502-206-4
  }}
* {{cite book |isbn=81-900461-8-7 |title=Manorama Yearbook, 2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Malayala Manorama Company}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Arundhati |last2=Das |first2=Sujoy |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xnw-2sU1KMoC |title=Sikkim: A Traveller's Guide |publisher=Orient Blackswan |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7824-008-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Road & trekking maps of Darjeeling, Sikkim & Bhutan, Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Nest & Wings |location=New Delhi |year=2003 |isbn=81-87592-07-9}}
* {{citation |last=Rose |first=Leo E. |chapter=Modernizing a Traditional Administrative System: Sikkim 1890–1973 |editor=James F. Fisher |title=Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0C-IhEKrSEC&pg=PA205 |year=1978 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-90-279-7700-7 |pages=205– |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Modernizing a Traditional Administrative System|1978}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sinha |first=A. C. |chapter=Sikkim |title=Sub-Regional Relations in the Eastern South Asia: With Special Focus on India's North Eastern Region |publisher=Institute of Developing Economies |editor1=Mayumi Murayama |editor2=Kyoko Inoue |editor3=Sanjoy Hazarika |chapter-url=https://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/pdf/133_10.pdf |url=https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/133.html}}
* {{cite book |title=Sikkim: Land of Mystic Splendour |publisher=Himalayan Map House |location=Kathmandu |isbn=9993360392}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Sikkim}}

===Government===
* {{official website}} 
* [http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/ Official website of Sikkim Tourism]

===General information===
* {{osmrelation-inline|1791324}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Sikkim
| North = 
| Northeast = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{flag|China}}
| East = 
| Southeast = [[Haa District|Haa]] and [[Samtse District]]s, {{flag|Bhutan}}
| South = [[West Bengal]]
| Southwest = 
| West = [[Koshi Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}
| Northwest = 
}}

{{Sikkim}}
{{North East India}}
{{States and territories of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sikkim| ]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1975]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist places]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]