Editing Simmental cattle

{{Short description|Breed of cattle}}
{{Other uses|Simmental (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
[[Image:Simmentaler Fleckvieh.jpg|thumb|250px|Traditional Simmental cow on alpine pasture ([[Engstligenalp]])]]
[[Image:RC-CLUB-KING.jpg|thumb|250px|Purebred "Black Simmental" bull in North America]]
[[File:Simmental cattle in a field in Magog, Quebec.jpg|thumb|Cow in a field in [[Magog, Quebec|Magog]], [[Quebec]]]]
The '''Simmental''' or '''Swiss Fleckvieh''' is a Swiss [[list of cattle breeds|breed]] of dual-purpose [[cattle]]. It is named after the [[Simmental]] – the valley of the [[Simme]] river – in the [[Bernese Oberland]], in the [[canton of Bern]] in Switzerland. The breed is typically reddish in colour with white markings, and is raised for both [[milk]] and meat.

== History ==

=== European origin ===

Among the older and most widely distributed of all breeds of cattle in the world, and recorded since the [[Middle Ages]], the [[Simmental]] breed has contributed to the creation of several other famous European breeds, including the [[Montbéliarde cattle|Montbéliarde]] (France), the [[Pezzata Rossa d'Oropa]] (Italy), and the [[Fleckvieh]] (Germany and Austria).

=== Africa ===

Namibia (1893) and South Africa (1905) were the first countries outside Europe where the breed was successfully established. Here the breed is known as Simmentaler and is mainly used for beef cattle production under suckler cow systems. The Simmentaler breeders' society is, as far as registered animals are concerned, by far the largest of the 17 European and British breeds. The main reasons for its popularity are (i) it can be used with great success in crossbreeding for breeding of both cows with much milk and heavy weaners/oxen, (ii) its superb weight growth rate in feedlots - pure or crossed, and (iii) a strict visual inspection is compulsory for registration in the Herdbook.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simmentaler.org/Breed/Simmentaler%20in%20SA.htm |title=SIMMENTALER IN SOUTHERN AFRICA |publisher=Simmentaler SA |access-date=23 January 2011 |archive-date=2 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302160929/http://www.simmentaler.org/Breed/Simmentaler%20in%20SA.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Soviet Union ===

In the former [[Soviet Union]], the Simmental was the most important cattle breed. Russian Simmental (Симментальская корова) accounted for one-quarter of all cattle in the USSR. Through extensive crossbreeding, six strains were developed:<ref name="FAO/DAD-IS/Russia">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations / Domestic Animal Diversity Information System: [http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=f7fee8d19c1e7897a74ee21f16f0f8e9,reportsreport8a_50002266 ″Simmentalskaya/Russian Federation.″]. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</ref>
* Steppe Simmental (Russian cattle × Simmental bulls)
* Ukrainian Simmental ([[Ukrainian Grey cattle|Grey steppe cattle]] × Simmental bulls)
* Volga Simmental ([[Kalmyk (cattle)|Central Russian Kalmyk]] and [[Kazakh (cattle)|Kazakh cattle]] × Simmental bulls)
* Ural Simmental ([[Siberian cattle|Siberian]] and [[Kazakh (cattle)|Kazakh cattle]] × Simmental)
* Siberian Simmental ([[Siberian cattle|Siberian]] and [[Buryat (cattle)|Buryat cattle]] × Simmental)
* Far Eastern Simmental ([[Transbaikal cattle|Transbaikal]] and [[Yakutian cattle]] × Simmental)
In 1990, there were 12,849,800 Simmental in the USSR. In 2003, the Simmental count in Russia stood at 2,970,400.<ref name="FAO/DAD-IS/Russia" />

==Different names==
The breed is known under the following names
* ''Fleckvieh Simmental'': Argentina
* ''Simmental'': Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France (early 1990s name change from Pie Rouge), Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland (SI-division), United Kingdom, USA, Zambia and Zimbabwe
* ''Fleckvieh'': Austria, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland (SF-division) and Uruguay
* ''Simmentaler'': South Africa and Namibia
* ''Local names'' based on the breed-name used in the official breed association names which boil down to "spotted cattle": Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia. Most of these countries use ''Simmental'' as a translation of their local name. 
''Pezzata Rossa'': Italy.
''Montbéliarde'': A French dairy breed. Member of European Simmental Federation but not of the World Simmental-Fleckvieh Federation.<ref name="Massmann, Peter 2014">Massmann, Peter (2014). ''Visual evaluation of Simmental-Fleckvieh''. Munich: Bayern-Genetik, 2014</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:Entrecôte de simmental suisse 1.jpg|thumb|right|A Swiss Simmental ''[[entrecôte]]'' [[steak]]]]

===Traditional===
The Simmental has historically been used for dairy and beef, and as draught animals. They are particularly renowned for the rapid growth of their young, if given sufficient feed. Simmentals provide more combined weaning gain (growth) and milk yield than any other breed.<ref>Study conducted by S.P. Miller and J.W. Wilton for the Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestsock at the University of Guelph.</ref> They also have lower frequency of dental lesions compared to other breeds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salehi |first=Alireza |last2=Rahimi |first2=Omid |last3=Masoumi |first3=Mohammadreza |last4=Dehghani |first4=Maryam |last5=Mostafavi Niaki |first5=Seyedeh Talayeh |last6=Yazdanpanah |first6=Tina |last7=Nabavi |first7=Atefeh Sadat |last8=Mehravar |first8=Shabnam |date=2023-04-01 |title=Correlation of the breeds and dental lesions in cattle of northern Iran |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-023-03440-x |journal=Comparative Clinical Pathology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=281–288 |doi=10.1007/s00580-023-03440-x |issn=1618-565X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Africa===
In contrast to countries which allow black and solid brown coloured Simmental in the herdbook, Namibia and South Africa only register Simmentaler with the typical colour i.e. from dark red or brown to yellow spread over the body in any pattern with at least some white on the forehead and the lower-leg area, solid black or solid red animals are non-existent because they are not registered.<ref name="Massmann, Peter 2014"/>

==Types==
No other breed in the world has such a large within-breed-type variation as Simmental-Fleckvieh which is classifiable in the following types: 
* Dairy type like specialised dairy breeds (referring to Swiss Fleckvieh (code SF) with over 55% Red Holstein blood and the French Montebeliard breed);
* Dual purpose but major emphasis on milk;
* Truly dual-purpose (all cows are milked and bulls excel in weight gain);
* Moderate beef type (suckler, extensive ranching with moderate to small frame size);
* Extreme beef type (suckler, comparable to specialised beef breeds like for example [[Charolais cattle|Charolais]], large frame size).<ref>{{cite book
|last = Massmann
|first = Peter
|year = 2014
|title = Visual evaluation of Simmental-Fleckvieh Cattle
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RJDMoAEACAAJ
|isbn = 978-3-934368-11-8
|publisher = Kohlmann, C., Druck und Verlag
|place = Munich}}</ref>

The traditional colouration of the Simmental has been described variously as "red and white spotted" or "gold and white", although there is no specific standard colouration, and the dominant shade varies from a pale yellow-gold all the way to very dark red (the latter being particularly popular in the United States).  The face is normally white, and this characteristic is usually passed to crossbred calves.  The white face is genetically distinct from the white head of the [[Hereford (cattle)|Hereford]].

==See also==
*[[French Simmental]]
*[[Fleckvieh cattle]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.simmentaldenmark.dk/ Official website of the Danish Simmental Association]
*[http://www.simmental.com/ Official website of the Canadian Simmental Association]
*[http://www.simmental.org/ American Simmental Association] – Official website of the American Simmental Association
*[http://simmental.co.nz/ Simmental New Zealand] – Official website of the New Zealand Simmental Cattle Breeders Association
*[http://www.cattle.com/BreedsofCattle/breed_information.aspx?id=5 Simmental Breed Information] – Cattle.com
*[http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/simmental/ A History of the Simmental Breed] – Oklahoma State University
*[http://www.simmentaler.org Official website of the Simmentaler in Southern Africa]

{{Cattle breeds of Switzerland}}

[[Category:Cattle breeds]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in Switzerland]]

[[de:Fleckvieh]]