Editing Singulative number

{{Short description|Grammatical number}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Collective number|Collective numeral|Collective noun}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Grammatical categories}}
In [[linguistics]], '''singulative number'''  and '''collective number''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''sgv'''}} and {{sc|'''col'''}}) are terms used when the [[grammatical number]] for multiple items is the [[null morpheme|unmarked]] form of a noun, and the noun is specially marked to indicate a single item.

This is the opposite of the more common [[Grammatical number|singular]]–[[plural]] pattern, where a noun is unmarked when 
it represents one item, and is marked to represent more than one item.

In some cases, a further distinction is made between the collective and what is known in some terminologies as the '''plurative''', the former referencing multiple items as a class, the latter referencing them as individual units.

[[Greenberg's linguistic universals|Greenberg's linguistic universal]] #35 states that no language is purely singulative-collective in the sense that plural is always the null morpheme and singular is not.<ref>Joseph H. Greenberg. "Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements". In: Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.). 1963. Universals of Language. London: MIT Press, pp. 73-113. Via [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816152830/http://ling.kgw.tu-berlin.de/Korean/Artikel02/morphology.html Wayback Machine]. Accessed 2018-08-10.</ref>

== Examples ==
===Welsh===
[[Welsh language|Welsh]] has two systems of grammatical number, singular–plural and collective–singulative. Since the loss of the noun [[inflection]] system of earlier [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], plurals have become unpredictable and can be formed in several ways: by adding a [[suffix]] to the end of the word (most commonly {{lang|cy|-au}}), as in {{lang|cy|tad}} "father" and {{lang|cy|tadau}} "fathers", through [[Affection (linguistics)|vowel affection]], as in {{lang|cy|bachgen}} "boy" and {{lang|cy|bechgyn}} "boys", or through a combination of the two, as in {{lang|cy|chwaer}} "sister" and {{lang|cy|chwiorydd}} "sisters". Other nouns take the singulative suffixes {{lang|cy|-yn}} (for masculine nouns) or {{lang|cy|-en}} (for feminine nouns). Most nouns which inflect according to this system designate objects that are frequently found in groups, for example {{lang|cy|adar}} "birds/flock of birds", {{lang|cy|aderyn}} "bird"; {{lang|cy|mefus}} "a bed of strawberries", {{lang|cy|mefusen}} "a strawberry"; {{lang|cy|plant}} "children", {{lang|cy|plentyn}} "a child"; and {{lang|cy|coed}} "forest", {{lang|cy|coeden}} "a tree".  Still other nouns use suffixes for both singular and plural forms (e.g. {{lang|cy|merlen}} "a pony", {{lang|cy|merlod}} "ponies", the unsuffixed *{{lang|cy|merl}} does not exist); these are similar to nouns formed from other categories of words (e.g. {{lang|cy|cardod}} "charity" gives rise to {{lang|cy|cardotyn}} "a beggar" and {{lang|cy|cardotwyr}} "beggars").

When translating the Welsh collective noun into English the plural is usually used, e.g. {{lang|cy|mefus}} → 'strawberries'. However, the Welsh collective also has a sense of a homogenous whole which the English plural cannot convey; compare the English 'foliage' vs. 'leaves'.

===Other languages===
Singulatives are featured in some [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] and [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] languages.<ref name=s47/>

In [[Arabic grammar]], the singulative is called {{lang|ar|اسم الوحدة}}, "noun of unity". It is formed by the suffixes:
# {{lang|ar|ة}} -''a(t)'', applies to animals, plants, and inanimate objects<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright
|first=William
|author1-link=William Wright (orientalist)
|title=''A Grammar of the Arabic language''
|volume=2
|year=1862
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=1-84356-028-3
|page=147}}</ref>
# {{lang|ar|ي}} -''ī'', applies to sentient beings

{{columns-start}}
{| {{table}}
|+ suffix {{lang|ar|ة}} -''a(t)''
! collective
! singulative
|-
| {{lang|ar|قمح}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|qamḥ}}<br> "wheat"
| {{lang|ar|قمحة}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|qamḥa(t)}}<br> "a grain of wheat"
|-
| {{lang|ar|شجر}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|shajar}}<br> "trees"
| {{lang|ar|شجرة}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|shajara(t)}}<br> "a tree"
|-
| {{lang|ar|بقر}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|baqar}}<br> "cattle"
| {{lang|ar|بقرة}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|baqara(t)}}<br> "a cow"
|}
{{column}}
{| {{table}}
|+ suffix {{lang|ar|ي}} -''ī''
! collective
! singulative
|-
| {{lang|ar|جن}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|[[jinn]]}}
| {{lang|ar|جني}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|jinnī}}
|-
| {{lang|ar|زنج}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|zinj}}<br>"black African people"
| {{lang|ar|زنجى}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|zinjī}}<br>"a black African person"
|}
{{columns-end}}

In some cases, the singulative has a further plural indicating a collection of the singular units, which may be [[broken plural|broken]] or regular.

{| {{table}}
! [[broken plural|broken]]
| {{lang|ar|جند}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|jund}}<br> 'army'
| {{lang|ar|جندي}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|jundī}}<br> 'a soldier'
| {{lang|ar|جنود}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|junūd}}<br>  'soldiers'
|-
! regular
| {{lang|ar|عسكر}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|`askar}}<br> 'army, military'
| {{lang|ar|عسكري}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|`askarī}}<br> 'a soldier, private, or enlisted man'
| {{lang|ar|عسكريون}} {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ar|`askarīyūn}}<br> 'soldiers, privates, enlisted men'
|}

In [[East Slavic languages]], which are basically of singular–plural system, the singular suffix -ин- ('-in-', Russian, '-yn-', Ukrainian), resp. '-ін-' ('-in-', Belarusian)  performs the singulative function for collective nouns.<ref name=s47>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VwY-4QzbtmIC&pg=PA47 p 47]</ref>

{| {{table}}
!
! collective
! singulative
|-
! Russian
| {{wikt-lang|ru|горох}}, {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ru|gorokh}} <br>"[[pea]]s in mass"
| {{wikt-lang|ru|горошина}}, {{ns}} {{Transliteration|ru|goroshina}} <br>"a single pea"
|-
! Ukrainian
| {{wikt-lang|uk|пісок}}, {{ns}} {{Transliteration|uk|pisok}} <br>"[[sand]]"
| {{wikt-lang|uk|піщина}}, {{ns}} {{Transliteration|uk|pischyna}} <br>"grain of sand"<ref name=s47/>
|-
! Belarusian
| {{wikt-lang|be|бульба}}, {{ns}} {{Transliteration|be|buĺba}} <br>"[[potato]]es in mass", e.g. as a crop or as a species
| {{wikt-lang|be|бульбіна}}, {{ns}} {{Transliteration|be|buĺbina}} <br>"one potato [[tuber]]"
|}

Notice the affix '-a' in all these examples, which  indicates the feminine form. Notice also that plural forms may be derived from these singulatives in a regular way: ''goroshina''->''goroshiny'' (several peas), etc.

In both East Slavic and Arabic, the singulative form always takes on the feminine [[Grammatical gender|gender]].{{Clarify|reason=Already the example زنجى ''zinjī'' 'a black African person' given above is a counterexample.|date=June 2012}} {{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Singulative markers are found throughout the [[Nilo-Saharan languages]]. [[Majang language|Majang]], for example, has:
{{interlinear|indent=2|c1=(Bender 1983:124)|ŋɛɛti → ŋɛɛti-n|lice.COL {} louse.SGV|}}

In Dutch, singulative forms of collective nouns are occasionally made by diminutives:
{{interlinear|indent=2|snoep → snoepje|{"sweets, candy"} {} {"sweet, piece of candy"}|}}
These singulatives can be pluralized like most other nouns: ''snoepjes'' "several sweets, pieces of candy".{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

== Comparison with mass nouns ==
A collective form such as the Welsh {{lang|cy|moch}}, "pigs", is more basic than the singular form {{lang|cy|mochyn}}, "a pig".  It is generally the collective form which is used as an adjectival modifier, e.g. {{lang|cy|cig moch}} ("pig meat", "pork"). The collective form is therefore similar in many respects to an English [[mass noun]] such as "rice", which in fact refers to a collection of items which are logically countable.  However, English has no [[productivity (linguistics)|productive]] process of forming singulative nouns (just phrases such as "a grain of rice").  Therefore, English cannot be said to have singulative number.

== Plurative ==
In some cases, in addition to the collective and singulative forms, a third form, called the "plurative" in the terminology of some scholars, is distinguished from the collective. The collective form, in these cases, denotes multiple items as a class while the plurative denotes them as individuals. Compare, for example, "people" in "People are funny" with "people" in "the people in this room", though in English the same plural form is used for both purposes.

Example: In Arabic, for ''samak'', "fish":<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fehri|first=Abdelkader Fassi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LldnDwAAQBAJ&q=plurative&pg=PA9|title=Constructing Feminine to Mean: Gender, Number, Numeral, and Quantifier Extensions in Arabic|date=2018-08-15|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4985-7456-3|pages=9|language=en}}</ref>

* ''samak'', collective form, fish in general
* ''samak-a(t)'', ''samak-e,'' singulative, a single fish
* ''ʔasmaak'', plurative, as in "many fish" or "three fish"

== See also ==
*[[Grammatical number]]
*[[Plural]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Bender, M. Lionel.  1983. "Majang phonology and morphology". In ''Nilo-Saharan Language Studies'', 114–147. East Lansing: Michigan State University.
* Corbett, Greville G. 2000. ''Number.'' Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-33845-X}}
* Tiersma, Peter Meijes. 1982. "Local and General Markedness." ''Language'' 58.4: 832-849

[[Category:Grammatical number]]
[[Category:Welsh language]]