Editing Sitting

{{Short description|Resting position of human body weight, primarily supported by buttocks in contact with objects}}
 
{{Redirect|Sit}}
[[File:Università di louisville, il pensatore di rodin 02.jpg|thumb|upright| ''[[The Thinker]]'' by [[Auguste Rodin]] ]]

'''Sitting''' is a [[List of human positions|basic action and resting position]] in which the body weight is supported primarily by the bony [[ischial tuberosities]] with the [[buttock]]s in contact with the ground or a horizontal surface such as a [[chair seat]], instead of by the [[lower limb]]s as in [[standing]], [[squatting position|squatting]] or [[kneeling]]. When sitting, the [[torso]] is more or less upright, although sometimes it can lean against other objects for a more relaxed posture.

Sitting for much of the day may pose significant health risks, with one study suggesting people who sit regularly for prolonged periods may have higher mortality rates than those who do not.<ref name=Biswas/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mole|first=Beth|date=2017-09-13|title=The new study suggesting sitting will kill you is kind of a raging dumpster fire|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/09/the-new-study-suggesting-sitting-will-kill-you-is-kind-of-a-raging-dumpster-fire/|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref>  The average person sits down for 4.7 hours per day, according to a global review representing 47% of the global adult population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=on behalf of the Sedentary Behaviour Council Global Monitoring Initiative Working Group|last2=Mclaughlin|first2=M.|last3=Atkin|first3=A. J.|last4=Starr|first4=L.|last5=Hall|first5=A.|last6=Wolfenden|first6=L.|last7=Sutherland|first7=R.|last8=Wiggers|first8=J.|last9=Ramirez|first9=A.|last10=Hallal|first10=P.|last11=Pratt|first11=M.|date=December 2020|title=Worldwide surveillance of self-reported sitting time: a scoping review|url= |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=111|doi=10.1186/s12966-020-01008-4|issn=1479-5868|pmc=7469304|pmid=32883294 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The form of [[kneeling]] where the buttocks sit back on the heels, for example as in the ''[[Seiza]]'' and ''[[Vajrasana (yoga)|Vajrasana]]'' postures, is also often interpreted as sitting.

==Prevalence==
The [[British Chiropractic Association]] said in 2006 that 32% of the British population spent more than ten hours per day sitting down.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6187080.stm|title=Sitting straight 'bad for backs' |date= November 28, 2006 |publisher= BBC |access-date= February 20, 2015}}</ref>

==Positions==
=== On the floor ===
[[File:Portrait a man sitting calmly by the side of a road in Shambhunath Municipality, Nepal-4556.jpg|thumb|A man sitting on the ground, on a road in Nepal]]

The most common ways of sitting on the floor involve bending the knees. One can also sit with the legs unbent, using something solid as support for the back or leaning on one's arms.  Sitting with bent legs can be done with the legs mostly parallel or by crossing them over each other.

A common cross-legged position is with the lower part of both legs folded towards the body, crossing each other at the ankle or calf, with both ankles on the floor, sometimes with the feet tucked under the knees or thighs. The position is known in several European languages as [[tailor's posture]], from the traditional working posture of [[tailor]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.org/media/podcasts/061807/TheArtoftheCut.cfm |title=The Art of the Cut |publisher=History.org |access-date=2012-03-16  |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805035738/http://www.history.org/media/podcasts/061807/TheArtoftheCut.cfm | archive-date=August 5, 2007}}</ref> {{xref|(compare: [[Tailor's bunion]])}}. It is also named after various plains-dwelling [[nomad]]s: in American English [[wikt:Indian style|Indian style]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=David E. |date=1976-03-15 |title=Sitting Posture of Children |url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1976.03260370016009 |journal=JAMA |volume=235 |issue=11 |pages=1106 |doi=10.1001/jama.1976.03260370016009 |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}</ref> in many European languages "Turkish style", and in Japanese {{nihongo|[[agura]]|[[wikt:胡座|胡座]]|The sitting style of non-Han ethnics{{efn|Particularly Turks, Mongols and other Central Asians.}}}}. In yoga it is known as [[sukhasana]], meaning "easy pose."

===On a raised seat===
[[File:1999-Anna Meacci.jpg|thumb|upright|A woman sitting on a chair]]

Various raised surfaces at the appropriate height can be used as [[wiktionary:seat|seats]] for humans, whether they are made for the purpose, such as [[chair]]s, [[chair|stool]]s and [[Bench (furniture)|benches]], or not. While the buttocks are nearly always rested on the raised surface, there are many differences in how one can hold one's legs and back.

There are two major styles of sitting on a raised surface. The first has one or two of the legs in front of the sitting person; in the second, sitting astride something, the legs incline outwards on either side of the body.

The feet can rest on the floor or on a [[footrest]], which can keep them vertical, horizontal, or at an angle in between. They can also dangle if the seat is sufficiently high. Legs can be kept right to the front of the body, spread apart, or one crossed over the other.

The upper body can be held upright, recline to either side or backward, or one can lean forward.

===Yoga, traditions and spirituality===
<!-- NOTE: This list could grow infinitely.  Let's LIMIT IT TO 4.  If you add one, remove another -->
There are many seated positions in various traditions and rituals.  Four examples are:

* 正座 (zhengzuo) is a [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] which describes the traditional formal way of sitting in Ancient China.  A related position is 跪座, which differs in the tops of the feet being raised off the ground.
* [[Vajrasana (yoga)|Vajrasana]] (Diamond Pose) is a [[yoga]] posture ([[asana]]) similar to seiza.
* The [[lotus position]] involves resting each foot on the opposite thigh so that the soles of the feet face upwards. 
* The [[Siddhasana#Variations|Burmese position]], named so because of its use in [[Buddhist]] sculptures in [[Burma]], places both feet in front of the pelvis with knees bent and touching the floor to the sides.  The heels are pointing toward pelvis or upward, and toes are pointed so that the tops of the feet lie on the ground.  This looks similar to the cross-legged position, but the feet are not placed underneath the thigh of the next leg, therefore the legs do not cross.  Instead, one foot is placed in front of the other.

In various [[mythology|mythologies]] and folk magic, sitting is a magical act that connects the person who sits with other persons, states or places.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Čajkanović |first=Veselin |author-link=Veselin Čajkanović |translator=Živković, Marko |year=1996 |title=Magical Sitting |journal=Anthropology of East Europe Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |url=http://condor.depaul.edu/~rrotenbe/aeer/aeer14_1/zivkovic.html |access-date=2007-07-09 |quote=It is obvious from all the above that sitting, seen from the viewpoint of the history of religion, could be a magical act which, within the framework of analogic magic, will establish a certain relationship, a covenant. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703174556/http://condor.depaul.edu/~rrotenbe/aeer/aeer14_1/zivkovic.html |archive-date=2007-07-03 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Buddhist bronze sculpture NMND.JPG|An [[India]]n [[Buddha]], seated with legs crossed
File:Tea ceremony performing 2.jpg|The [[Japanese tea ceremony]] is performed sitting in [[seiza]].
</gallery>

===Kneeling chairs===
The [[kneeling chair]] (often just referred to as "[[ergonomics|ergonomic]] chair") was designed to motivate better posture than the conventional chair.{{qualify evidence}} To sit in a kneeling chair, one rests one's buttocks on the upper sloping pad and rests the front of the lower legs atop the lower pad, i.e.,  the [[human position]] as both sitting and [[kneeling]] at the same time.

== <span class="anchor" id="Health effects"></span> Health risks ==
{{See also|Non-exercise activity thermogenesis}}
[[File:School of Rembrandt - Sitting nude.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Back]] of a sitting nude by school of [[Rembrandt]]]]

In 1700, ''[[Bernardino Ramazzini#Occupational medicine|De Morbis Artificum Diatriba]]'' listed sitting in odd postures as a cause of diseases in "chair-workers".<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 1446785|year = 2001|last1 = Ramazzini|first1 = B.|title = De Morbis Artificum Diatriba Diseases of Workers|journal = American Journal of Public Health|volume = 91|issue = 9|pages = 1380–1382|pmid = 11527762|doi = 10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1380}}</ref> Current studies indicate there is a significantly higher mortality rate among people who regularly sit for prolonged periods, and the risk is not negated by regular exercise, though it is lowered.<ref name="Biswas" /><ref name=":2" /> The causes of mortality and morbidity include [[heart disease]], [[obesity]], [[type 2 diabetes]] and [[cancer]], specifically, [[breast cancer|breast]], [[endometrial cancer|endometrial]], [[colorectal cancer|colorectal]], [[lung cancer|lung]], and [[epithelial ovarian cancer]].<ref name="Biswas" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies|journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine|date = Feb 2011|issn = 1873-2607|pmid = 21238866|pages = 174–182|volume = 40|issue = 2|doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.015|first1 = Karin I.|last1 = Proper|first2 = Amika S.|last2 = Singh|first3 = Willem|last3 = van Mechelen|first4 = Mai J. M.|last4 = Chinapaw}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The link between heart disease and diabetes mortality and sitting is well-established, but the risk of cancer mortality is unclear.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilmot|first1=E. G.|last2=Edwardson|first2=C. L.|last3=Achana|first3=F. A.|last4=Davies|first4=M. J.|last5=Gorely|first5=T.|last6=Gray|first6=L. J.|last7=Khunti|first7=K.|last8=Yates|first8=T.|last9=Biddle|first9=S. J. H.|title=Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Diabetologia|date=14 August 2012|volume=55|issue=11|pages=2895–2905|doi=10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z|pmid=22890825|s2cid=24453607|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:346455/biddle_affiliation.pdf}}</ref> Sedentary time is also associated with an increased risk of [[major depressive disorder|depression]] in children and adolescents.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=M|last2=Wu|first2=L|last3=Yao|first3=S|title=Dose-response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies.|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=50|issue=20|pages=1252–1258|date=9 November 2015|doi=10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084|pmid=26552416|pmc=4977203}}</ref> A correlation between occupational sitting specifically and higher [[body mass index]] has been demonstrated, but causality has not yet been established.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title = Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review|journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine|date = Oct 2010|issn = 1873-2607|pmid = 20837291|pages = 379–388|volume = 39|issue = 4|doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.024|first1 = Jannique G. Z.|last1 = van Uffelen|first2 = Jason|last2 = Wong|first3 = Josephine Y.|last3 = Chau|first4 = Hidde P.|last4 = van der Ploeg|first5 = Ingrid|last5 = Riphagen|first6 = Nicholas D.|last6 = Gilson|first7 = Nicola W.|last7 = Burton|first8 = Genevieve N.|last8 = Healy|first9 = Alicia A.|last9 = Thorp| s2cid=205433800 |url = http://vuir.vu.edu.au/21403/}}</ref>  There are several hypotheses explaining why sitting is a health risk. These include changes in [[cardiac output]], [[vitamin D]], [[inflammation]], [[sex hormone]] activity, [[lipoprotein lipase]] activity, and [[GLUT4]] activity due to long periods of muscular unloading, among others.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title = Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms|journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention|date = Nov 2010|issn = 1538-7755|pmid = 20833969|pages = 2691–2709|volume = 19|issue = 11|doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815|first = Brigid M.|last = Lynch| s2cid=1026991 |doi-access = }}</ref>

Sitting may occupy up to half of an adult's workday in developed countries.<ref name=":2" /> Workplace programs to reduce sitting vary in method. They include [[sit-stand desk]]s, [[counseling]], workplace policy changes, walking or standing meetings, [[treadmill desk]]s, breaks, [[therapy ball]] chairs, and stepping devices.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Shrestha|first1=Nipun|last2=Kukkonen-Harjula|first2=Katriina T.|last3=Verbeek|first3=Jos H.|last4=Ijaz|first4=Sharea|last5=Hermans|first5=Veerle|last6=Pedisic|first6=Zeljko|date=17 December 2018|title=Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2018|issue=12 |pages=CD010912|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010912.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6517221|pmid=30556590}}</ref> Results of these programs are mixed,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review|journal = Preventive Medicine|date = Nov 2010|issn = 1096-0260|pmid = 20801153|pages = 352–356|volume = 51|issue = 5|doi = 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012|first1 = Josephine Y.|last1 = Chau|first2 = Hidde P. van|last2 = der Ploeg|first3 = Jannique G. Z.|last3 = van Uffelen|first4 = Jason|last4 = Wong|first5 = Ingrid|last5 = Riphagen|first6 = Genevieve N.|last6 = Healy|first7 = Nicholas D.|last7 = Gilson|first8 = David W.|last8 = Dunstan|first9 = Adrian E.|last9 = Bauman}}</ref> but there is moderate evidence to show that changes to chairs (adjusting the biomechanics of the chair or using different types of chairs) can effectively reduce musculoskeletal symptoms in workers who sit for most of their day.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title = The effectiveness of a chair intervention in the workplace to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms. A systematic review|journal = BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders|date = 2012|issn = 1471-2474|pmc = 3552974|pmid = 22889123|pages = 145|volume = 13|doi = 10.1186/1471-2474-13-145|first1 = Sjan-Mari|last1 = van Niekerk|first2 = Quinette Abigail|last2 = Louw|first3 = Susan|last3 = Hillier | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Public health programs typically focus on increasing physical activity rather than reducing sitting time.<ref name="Biswas">{{cite journal |last1=Biswas |first1=A |last2=Oh |first2=PI |last3=Faulkner |first3=GE |last4=Bajaj |first4=RR |last5=Silver |first5=MA |last6=Mitchell |first6=MS |last7=Alter |first7=DA |title=Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=123–32 |year=2015 |pmid=25599350 |doi=10.7326/M14-1651 |s2cid=7256176 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url = http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/282961/65wd09e_PhysicalActivityStrategy_150474.pdf?ua=1|title = World Health Organization|date = September 2015|access-date = October 7, 2015|website = WHO|last = Europe|first = WHO}}</ref> One major target for these public health programs is sitting in the workplace.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> For example, WHO Europe recommended in September 2015 the provision of adjustable desks in the workplace.<ref name=":5" />  In general, there is conflicting evidence regarding the precise risks of sitting for long periods.<ref name=":2" /> A 2018 [[Cochrane review]] found low-quality evidence that providing employees with a [[standing desk]] option may reduce the length of time some people sit at work in the first year.<ref name=":6" /> This reduction in sitting may decrease with time, and there is no evidence that standing desks are effective in the long term.<ref name=":6" /> In addition, a 2018 ''British Journal of Medicine'' systematic review concluded that interventions aimed at reducing sitting outside of work were only modestly effective.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shrestha|first1=N|last2=Grgic|first2=J|last3=Weisner|first3=G|last4=Parker|first4=A|last5=Podnar|first5=H|last6=Bennie|first6=J|last7=Biddle|first7=SJH|last8=Pedisic|first8=Zeljko|title=Effectiveness of interventions for reducing non-occupational sedentary behaviour in adults and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=53|issue=19|pages=bjsports–2017–098270|date=13 January 2018|doi=10.1136/bjsports-2017-098270|pmid=29331992|s2cid=3291752|url=https://vuir.vu.edu.au/36642/1/Shrestha%20et%20al%20%282018%29%20-%20Effectiveness%20of%20interventions_for_reducing_non-occupational_sedentary_behaviour.pdf}}</ref> It is not clear how standing desks compare to other work-place interventions to reduce the length of time employees are sitting during the work day.<ref name=":6" />

=== Relationship between posture and health conditions ===
Though most studies even until early 21st century relate human body postures to various [[Musculoskeletal disorder|musculoskeletal conditions]], recent researches show no potential causal relationship between postures and these conditions like [[back pain]];<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lederman |first1=Eyal |title=The fall of the postural-structural-biomechanical model in manual and physical therapies: exemplified by lower back pain |journal=Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies |date=April 2011 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |doi=10.1016/j.jbmt.2011.01.011 |pmid=21419349 |issn=1532-9283}}</ref> other causes like [[sleep deprivation]], [[Stress (biology)|stress]] and long-term physical inactivity or prolonged static unnatural postural stress could be significant confounders for various health conditions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Are you sitting comfortably: the myth of good posture |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/05/are-you-sitting-comfortably-the-myth-of-good-posture |work=The Guardian |date=5 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> However some research show that prolonged slouched position may be a cause for minor breathing disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albarrati |first1=Ali |last2=Zafar |first2=Hamayun |last3=Alghadir |first3=Ahmad H. |last4=Anwer |first4=Shahnwaz |title=Effect of Upright and Slouched Sitting Postures on the Respiratory Muscle Strength in Healthy Young Males |journal=BioMed Research International |date=2018 |volume=2018 |page=3058970 |doi=10.1155/2018/3058970 |pmid=29682532 |pmc=5845520 |language=en |doi-access=free }}</ref> Though still a large proportion of the clinical practitioners attribute absence of a [[neutral spine]] posture as one of the main causes of conditions like [[back pain]] and [[neck pain]], the relationship is not thoroughly established.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} It is also thought that much of so-called "[[poor posture]]" is actually just postural stress and being stuck with bad [[Chair#Design and ergonomics|ergonomics]] that could be causing the pain, and not really a postural problem.<ref>{{cite web |title=Posture Correction: Does it matter? |date=27 March 2025 |url=https://www.painscience.com/articles/posture.php |language=en}}</ref> [[iHunch]] is an example of postural stress which could cause upper back pain and neck pain, which is prevalent in younger generations and people whose occupation involves prolonged usage of computers. The concept of "good posture" has led to a [[List of common misconceptions|common misconception]] that sitting in one good sitting position will allay the negative effects of sitting.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravenscraft |first=Eric |date=April 8, 2020 |title=My Long, Unending Journey to Find Perfect Office Equipment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/smarter-living/ergonomic-office-equipment-work-from-home.html |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=de Brito |first=Raquel |date=July 3, 2018 |title=Perfect posture myth |url=https://thewest.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/perfect-posture-myth-ng-b88851651z |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=[[The West Australian]]}}</ref>

=== Sedentary behaviour ===
[[File:DeTroy.jpg|thumb|Women reclining in chairs. Painting by [[Jean-François de Troy]].]]

Sedentary behaviour is any waking behaviour, whether in sitting or reclining posture, by an energy expenditure less than or equal to 1.5 [[Metabolic equivalent of task|metabolic equivalents of task]] (METs).<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Research Network |last1=Sedentary Behaviour |title=Letter to the editor: Standardized use of the terms "sedentary" and "sedentary behaviours" |journal=Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism|date=2012 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=540–542|doi=10.1139/h2012-024 |pmid=22540258 }}</ref> MET, beside the watt and kilojoules, is the unit for expressing the energy cost of physical activities. One MET is defined as resting metabolic rate – as energy used with a person at rest, sitting quietly in a chair or as the amount of oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) consumed with that person.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=M. |last1=Jette |first2=K. |last2=Sidney |first3=G. |last3=Blümchen |title=Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity |journal=Clinical Cardiology |year=1990 |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=555–65 |doi=10.1002/clc.4960130809 |pmid=2204507 |s2cid=23629878 |doi-access= }}</ref> MET for  an adult weighing 70&nbsp;kg equals 3.5 ml O<sub>2</sub> per kg body weight per min.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Kristi B. |last1=Adamo |first2=Stephanie A. |last2=Prince |first3=Andrea C. |last3=Tricco |first4=Sarah |last4=Connor-Gorber |first5=Mark |last5=Tremblay |title=A comparison of indirect versus direct measures for assessing physical activity in the pediatric population: A systematic review |journal=International Journal of Pediatric Obesity |year=2009 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–27 |doi=10.1080/17477160802315010 |pmid=18720173 }}</ref>

Sedentary behaviour should be distinguished from being inactive – performing insufficient amounts of MVPA (moderate to vigorous physical activity).<ref>{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Sturm |first2=Anne |last2=Kelso |first3=Sussane |last3=Kobel |first4=Yolanda |last4=Demetriou |title=Physical activity levels and sedentary time during school hours of 6th-grade girls in Germany |journal=Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice |year=2020 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=847–855 |doi=10.1007/s10389-019-01190-1 |s2cid=210158026 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]]<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO 2011 |url=https://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2011/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116011154/http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2011/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> recommends at least 60 min of daily MVPA for children and adolescents aged 5–17 years, and 150 min of weekly MVPA for adults.

Sedentary behaviour can not be equated with screen time, although some researchers found out that a large share of waking time by children and adolescents in a sedentary position is accumulated by media consumption in front of a screen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huber |first1=Gerhard |last2=Koppe l|first2=Maximilian |year=2017 |title=Analyse der Sitzzeiten von Kindern und Jugendlichen zwischen 4 und 20 Jahren |journal=DZSM |volume=2017 |issue=4 |pages=101–106 |doi=10.5960/dzsm.2017.278 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Baddha Koṇāsana]]
* [[Bharadvajasana]] 
* [[Coccydynia]]
* [[Right to sit]]
* [[Study (Flandrin)|Flandrin pose]]
* [[Siddhasana]]
* [[Sitting disability]]
* [[Sitting on one's haunches]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Chau JY, der Ploeg HP, van Uffelen JG, Wong J, Riphagen I, Healy GN, Gilson ND, Dunstan DW, Bauman AE, Owen N, Brown WJ |date=November 2010 |title=Are Workplace Interventions To Reduce Sitting Effective? A Systematic Review |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=352–6 |pmid=20801153 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Chinapaw MJ, Proper KI, Brug J, van Mechelen W, Singh AS |date=July 2011 |orig-date=28 March 2011 (online) |title=Relationship Between Young Peoples' Sedentary Behaviour and Biomedical Health Indicators: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies |journal=Obesity Reviews |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=e621–32 |pmid=21438990 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00865.x |s2cid=25818773 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Proper KI, Singh AS, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJ |date=February 2011 |title=Sedentary Behaviors and Health Outcomes Among Adults: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=174–82 |pmid=21238866 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.015 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Roffey DM, Wai EK, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S |date=March 2010 |title=Causal Assessment of Occupational Sitting and Low Back Pain: Results of a Systematic Review |journal=The Spine Journal |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=252–61 |pmid=20097618 |doi=10.1016/j.spinee.2009.12.005 }}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Sitting| ]]
[[Category:Human positions]]