Editing Skinning

{{Short description|Removal of skin}}
{{About|the act of skin removal | other uses}}
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<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[File:Wolfskinning.jpg|thumb|left|Parchment by [[Oppian|Oppian of Apamea]] illustrating a [[wolf]] being skinned]] -->
[[File:Kalanga_man_skinning_a_goat_at_the_Domboshaba_Cultural_festival.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Kalanga people|Kalanga]] man skinning a goat at the annual [[Domboshaba]] cultural festival 2017 in Botswana]]

'''Skinning''' is the act of [[skin]] removal. The  process is done by [[human]]s to [[animal]]s, mainly as a means to prepare the [[meat]] beneath for [[cooking]] and [[eating|consumption]], or to harvest the skin for making [[fur clothing]] or [[tanning (leather)|tanning]] it to make [[leather]]. The skin may also be used as a [[trophy]] or [[taxidermy]], sold on the [[fur trade|fur market]], or, in the case of a declared [[pest (organism)|pest]], used as proof of kill to obtain a [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] from a government health, agricultural, or game agency.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/pest-animals/victorian-fox-and-wild-dog-bounty/bounty-terms-and-conditions|title= Victorian fox and wild dog bounty / Bounty terms and conditions |website= agriculture.vic.gov.au}}</ref>

Two common methods of skinning are '''open skinning''' and '''case skinning'''. Typically, large animals are open skinned and smaller animals are case skinned.<ref>Churchill 1983, p.2.</ref>

== Skinning methods ==
''Case skinning'' is a method where the skin is peeled from the animal like a sock. This method is usually used if the animal is going to be stretched out or put in dry storage.<ref>Burch 2002, p.63</ref> Many smaller animals are case skinned, leaving the skin mostly undamaged in the shape of a tube.<ref>Burch 2002, p.66</ref>

Although the methods of case skinning individual animals vary slightly, the general steps remain the same. To case skin an animal, it is hung upside down by its feet. A cut is made in one foot, and continued up the leg, around the anus and down the other leg. From there the skin is pulled down the animal as though removing a sweater.<ref>Churchill 1983, p.44</ref>

[[File:Rabbit dressing - freeing the hide.jpg|thumb|Freeing the hide from a rabbit carcass while open skinning]]

''Open skinning'' is a method where the skin is removed from the animal like a jacket. This method is generally used if the skin is going to be [[Tanning (leather)|tanned]] immediately or frozen for storage. A skin removed by the open method can be used for wall hangings or rugs.<ref>Burch 2002, p.63</ref> Larger animals are often skinned using the open method.<ref>Churchill 1983, p.44</ref>

To open skin an animal, the body is placed on a flat surface. A cut is made from the anus to the lower lip, and up the legs of the animal. The skin is then opened and removed from the animal.<ref>Churchill 1983, p.44</ref>

The final step is to scrape the excess fat and flesh from the inside of the skin with a blunt stone or bone tool.<ref>{{cite news | author = Wiens, Ray | author-link = Ray Wiens | title = Taxidermy and Field Care Tips and Tricks | work = [[Hunting Tips and Tricks]] | url = http://www.huntingtipsandtricks.com/a/Skinning_for_a_shoulder_mount | accessdate = March 17, 2013}}</ref>

''Dorsal skinning'' is very similar to open skinning, however instead of making a cut up the stomach of the animal, the cut is made along the spine. This method of skinning is very popular among [[taxidermists]], as the backbone is easier to access and cleaner than the stomach and between the legs.<ref>Triplett 2006, p.52</ref>
A dorsal incision is made by laying the animal on its abdomen and making a single cut from the base of the tail to the shoulder region. The animal's skin is easier to remove if the animal has been freshly killed.<ref>Triplett 2006, p.53</ref>

''Cape skinning'' is the process of removing the shoulder, neck and head skin for the purpose of displaying the animal as a trophy.<ref>{{cite news | author = Wiens, Ray | author-link = Ray Wiens | title = Taxidermy and Field Care Tips and Tricks | work = [[Hunting Tips and Tricks]] | url = http://www.huntingtipsandtricks.com/a/Skinning_for_a_shoulder_mount | accessdate = March 17, 2013}}</ref>

==Animal skins and Native Americans==
[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] used skins for many purposes other than decoration, clothing and blankets. Animal skin was  a staple in the Native Americans' daily lives. It was used to make tents, to build boats, to make bags, to create musical instruments such as drums, and to make [[quiver]]s.<ref>Pritzer, Barry. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.</ref>

Since Native Americans were practiced in the means of acquiring and manipulating animal skin, [[fur trading]] developed from contact between them and Europeans in the 16th century. Animal skin was a valuable currency which the Native Americans had in excess and would trade for things such as iron-based tools and tobacco which were common in the more developed European areas.<ref>{{cite news | author = Carlos, Ann M., Frank D. Lewis | author-link = Ann M. Carlos, Frank D. Lewis | title = The Economic History of the Fur Trade: 1670 to 1870 | date = February 1, 2011 | work = [[EH.net encyclopedia]] | url = http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/carlos.lewis.furtrade | access-date = March 17, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055848/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/carlos.lewis.furtrade | archive-date = March 8, 2013 }}</ref> Beaver hats became very popular towards the end of the 16th century, and skinning beavers was necessary to acquire their wool. In this time, the beaver skin drastically rose in demand and in value. However, the high number of beavers being harvested for their [[Fur|pelts]] led to a depletion of beavers, and the industry had to slow down.<ref>{{cite news | author = Carlos, Ann M., Frank D. Lewis | author-link = Ann M. Carlos, Frank D. Lewis | title = The Economic History of the Fur Trade: 1670 to 1870 | date = February 1, 2011 | work = [[EH.net encyclopedia]] | url = http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/carlos.lewis.furtrade | access-date = March 17, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055848/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/carlos.lewis.furtrade | archive-date = March 8, 2013 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{section link|Animal trapping methods#Skinning animals}}
*[[Flaying]], skinning of live humans as a form of [[torture]], [[murder]] or [[capital punishment]]
* [[Flensing]]
* [[Scalping]]


== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* Burch, Monte. ''The Ultimate Guide to Skinning and Tanning: A Complete Guide to Working With Pelts, Furs and Leathers''. Guilford: The Lyons Press, 2002. Print.
* James E. Churchill. ''The Complete Book of Tanning Skins and Furs''. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 1983.  Print.
* Pritzer, Barry. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.
* Triplett, Todd. Big-Game Taxidermy: A Complete Guide to Deer, Antelope and Elk. United States of America: The Lyons Press, 2006. Print.

[[Category:Human–animal interaction]]
[[Category:Meat industry]]