Editing Skylab Rescue

{{short description|Unflown spaceflight contingency plan}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Skylab Rescue
| image                 = Skylab rescue cm.jpg
| image_caption         = Skylab Rescue Command Module Diagram
| image_alt             = Drawing of a space capsule with astronauts sitting with their backs to the floor on two layers, three on the top and two beneath
| insignia              =

| mission_type          = Crew rescue
| operator              = [[NASA]]
| mission_duration      =

| spacecraft            = [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo]] CSM-119
| manufacturer          = [[North American Aviation]]
| launch_mass           = 
| landing_mass          =

| launch_date           = On standby <br> August 1973 - February 1974<br/><small>(Unlaunched)</small>
| launch_rocket         = [[Saturn IB]] AS-208/209
| launch_site           = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39B]]
| landing_date          =

| docking               = 
 {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
   | docking_target     = Skylab
   | docking_type       = dock
   | docking_port       = Forward
 }}

| crew_size             = 2 at launch<br/>5 at landing
| crew_members          = [[Vance D. Brand]]<br/>[[Don L. Lind]]
| crew_photo            = Skylab rescue crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption    = Skylab rescue crew portrait (Left to right; [[Vance Brand]] and [[Don Lind]])
}}
[[File:The Skylab 4 rescue vehicle.jpg|thumb|The Skylab 4 rescue vehicle at Launch Pad 39B (3 December 1973)]]
The '''Skylab Rescue Mission''' (also '''SL-R''')<ref name="missionreq">" [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740004370_1974004370.pdf Mission Requirements, Skylab Rescue Mission, SL-R]" NASA, 24 August 1973.</ref>{{Rp|iii}} was an unflown rescue mission, planned as a [[contingency plan|contingency]] in the event of astronauts being stranded aboard the American [[Skylab]] space station.<ref name="astrorescue">Wade, Mark. "[http://www.astronautix.com/flights/skyescue.htm Skylab Rescue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906235101/http://astronautix.com/flights/skyescue.htm |date=2005-09-06 }}". ''[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]]''. Retrieved 2009-04-10.</ref><ref name="time" /> If flown, it would have used a modified [[Apollo Command Module]] that could be launched with a crew of two and return a crew of five.<ref name="missionreq" />{{Rp|1-1}}<ref name="astrorescuecm" />

Astronauts [[Vance Brand]] and [[Don Lind]] were assigned as the rescue crew, in the event of the mission's necessity.  A rescue mission was considered when the [[Skylab 3]] [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command/Service Module]] (CSM) developed problems in its [[reaction control system]] (RCS) thrusters while docked to the station.  On the ground, [[space vehicle]]s were assembled to fly rescue missions in support of both Skylab 3 and [[Skylab 4]].  However, no rescue mission ever proved necessary.  All astronauts visiting Skylab returned safely to Earth in their original command modules.

==History==
Plans for outfitting an [[Apollo Command/Service Module]] (CSM) as a space rescue vehicle date back to November 1965 when [[North American Rockwell]] technicians conceived the possibility of a rescue mission for astronauts trapped in [[lunar orbit]].<ref>"[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720067283_1972067283.pdf 4-Man Apollo Rescue Mission]" ''Nasa Technical Reports Server''. Retrieved April 18, 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/06/apollo-lunar-orbit-rescue-1965/|title=Beyond Apollo: Apollo Lunar Orbit Rescue (1965)|last=Portree|first=David S.F.|date=October 6, 2012|access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> After a rescue mission in Earth orbit was depicted in the 1969 film ''[[Marooned (1969 film)|Marooned]]'', the company revived the concept in November 1970.<ref name="astrorescue"/> [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] issued a formal Mission Requirements document on 17 May 1972, with subsequent revisions.<ref name="missionreq"/>{{Rp|iii}}

[[Skylab 3]] astronauts [[Alan Bean]] and [[Jack Lousma]] helped design the "field modification kit" to use a standard CSM for rescue, and would have flown the CSM for their mission to rescue [[Skylab 2]] if necessary.<ref name="evans20120812">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Ben |date=2012-08-12 |title=Launch Minus Nine Days: The Space Rescue That Never Was |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2012/08/12/launch-minus-nine-days-the-space-rescue-that-never-was/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=AmericaSpace |language=en-US}}</ref> The standard Skylab Command Module accommodated a crew of three with storage lockers on the aft bulkhead for resupply of experiment film and other equipment, as well as the return of exposed film, data tapes and experiment samples. To convert the standard CSM to a rescue vehicle, the storage lockers were removed and replaced with two crew couches to seat a total of five crewmen.<ref name="astrorescuecm"/> The biggest risk in a rescue was the three upper seats "stroking" or collapsing onto the two lower seats in a rough landing, but no stroking occurred in previous missions.{{r|evans20120812}}

===AS 208===
Soon after [[Skylab 3]]'s launch the crew's CSM developed a problem with Quad B, one of its four reaction control system thrusters. On August 2, 1973, six days later, a snowstorm-like effect outside the station startled the crew during breakfast. What appeared to be "a real blizzard" was fuel leaking from Quad D, opposite from Quad B.{{r|evans20120812}} The malfunctions left two available quads, and while the spacecraft could operate with just one, the leaks posed a possible risk to other systems.<ref name=shayler2001>{{cite book|last=Shayler|first=David J.|title=Skylab: America's Space Station|year=2001|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=1-85233-407-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4WaYqQDVKwC&pg=PA208}}</ref>{{rp|208}} The fuel for all quads and the main [[service propulsion system]] (SPS) engine were from the same batch; if the SPS fuel was contaminated, the CSM might not be able to [[deorbit]].{{r|evans20120812}}

NASA considered bringing the crew home immediately,<ref name="time"/> but because the astronauts were safe on the station with ample supplies and because plans for a rescue flight existed,{{r|shayler2001}}{{rp|209}} the mission continued while the [[Saturn IB]] rocket AS 208 with CSM 119<ref name="astrorescuecm">Wade, Mark. "[http://www.astronautix.com/craft/apouecsm.htm Apollo Rescue CSM] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317010102/http://astronautix.com/craft/apouecsm.htm |date=2009-03-17 }}". ''Encyclopedia Astronautica''. Retrieved April 10, 2009.</ref> was assembled in the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] at [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39]] for possible use. It was at one point rolled out to LC-39B.

NASA announced on August 4 that Skylab 3 and [[Skylab 4]] backup crewmen [[Vance Brand]] and [[Don Lind]] would fly any rescue mission; they had immediately begun training for the flight once the second quad had failed on August 2. After engineers found that the leaks would not disable the spacecraft, the two men used simulators to test reentry using two quads. If ground personnel worked 24 hours a day and skipped some tests, the mission could launch on September 10,<ref name="time">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629033729/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907680-1,00.html Skylab's New Crisis: A Rescue Mission?]" ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', August 13, 1973. Retrieved April 10, 2009.</ref><ref name="livingandworking">Benson, Charles Dunlap and William David Compton. ''[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/contents.htm Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab]''. NASA publication SP-4208.</ref>{{Rp|299}} and would last no more than five days.<ref name="missionreq"/>{{Rp|2–6}}{{r|shayler2001}}{{rp|208–209}} The astronauts would attempt to prepare Skylab for further use but returning experimental data and diagnosing the cause of the problem were more important,<ref name="missionreq"/>{{Rp|2-1}} with Lind choosing what would be brought back.{{r|shayler2001}}{{rp|211}}<ref name="lindoh">[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/LindDL/linddl.pdf Don L. Lind oral history transcript], NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, May 27, 2005.</ref> Human urine and feces samples and [[Apollo Telescope Mount]] and other film were the priorities.{{r|evans20120812}} Although Skylab had two docking ports the primary one would be used if possible, jettisoning the Skylab crew's CSM if necessary.<ref name="missionreq"/>{{Rp|2-2,3,8}}

While many within NASA believed that the rescue mission would occur, within hours of the failure of the second quad the agency canceled the rescue mission. Beyond NASA's conclusion that the failed quads would not disable the Skylab 3 CSM and the SPS fuel was uncontaminated, Brand and Lind had already shown during their training as backup Skylab crewmen that a reentry with failed quads was safe. They also devised a method to deorbit with the command module's attitude control system. Later joking that they were "very efficient but perfectly stupid, because we have literally worked ourselves out of the mission", Brand and Lind continued to train for a rescue mission, as well as for their backup roles,{{r|shayler2001}}{{rp|209–211}}{{r|lindoh}}{{r|evans20120812}} but the Skylab 3 crew was able to complete its full 59-day mission on the station and safely return to Earth using the two functional RCS thruster quads,<ref name="belew1977">Belew, Leland. F. (editor) ''[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/contents.htm Skylab, Our First Space Station]'' NASA publication SP-400.</ref>{{Rp|103–4}} using the SPS engine once instead of twice as precaution.{{r|evans20120812}}

===AS 209===
[[Image:SkylabRescue.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white picture from inside a tall building with a space capsule being lifted from the top of a rocket|Skylab Rescue [[Apollo CSM|CSM]] being removed from its [[Saturn IB]] following the successful recovery of [[Skylab 4]] (19 February 1974)]]
After the Skylab 4 launch, another rescue flight was assembled as a backup contingency. The Saturn IB rocket AS 209 was assembled in the Vehicle Assembly Building at Launch Complex 39 for possible use. It also used the CSM 119 Command Module that was to be launched with Brand and Lind.

There were also plans for a short 20-day [[Skylab 5]] flight that would use this backup CSM. The crew, likely consisting of Brand, Lind, and Skylab backup Science Pilot [[William B. Lenoir]], would have performed some scientific research and closed out the station until the [[Space Shuttle]] was operational. However, the extension of Skylab 4 from fifty-six to eighty-four days obviated the need for the additional mission.

==Crew==
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Astronaut
|position1 = Commander
|crew1_up = [[Vance D. Brand]]
|position2 = Command Module Pilot
|crew2_up = [[Don L. Lind]]
}}

Brand and Lind were assigned as the rescue mission's crew, had it proven necessary.  Although the rescue contingency was not flown, both astronauts made later spaceflights.  Brand flew in 1975 as the Command Module Pilot of the [[Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]] before commanding three [[Space Shuttle]] missions: [[STS-5]] in 1982, [[STS-41-B]] in 1984, and [[STS-35]] in 1990. Lind would wait another decade before he flew as a mission specialist on [[STS-51-B]] in 1985.

== Current location ==
Skylab Rescue hardware in now on display at the [[Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex]]. CSM 119 is located in the Apollo/Saturn V Center. The Saturn IB booster for AS 209 is currently located in the Visitor Complex's Rocket Garden. It is displayed horizontally, mated to an Apollo FVV (Facilities Verification Vehicle) which was formerly displayed at the VAB's Visitor Complex circa October 1968.

In 2007, after the  command module had sat untouched for over 30 years, NASA engineers used it for studies on the spacecraft's life-support adapter assembly<ref name="historyfuture">" [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/orion/umbilical_inspection.html Using History to Design the Future]" NASA, retrieved March 9, 2011</ref>&nbsp;– the projecting aerodynamic fairing that allows oxygen, water, and electricity to flow from the Service Module to the Command Module.  This was in support of the design and construction of a similar system on the new [[Orion spacecraft]], which resembles the Skylab Rescue configuration.{{Gallery|width=240|height=150|align=left|File:CSM-119 Skylab Rescue.jpg|alt1=A metallic gray space capsule connected to a cylindrical module lies on its side as a museum exhibit|CSM 119 on display at the [[Apollo/Saturn V Center]]|File:Saturn IB at KSC.jpg|alt2=A large white rocket, with the letters U, S and A written vertically down it in red, lies on its side outdoors|AS 209 on display at the [[Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex]]}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[STS-3xx]]
* [[Soyuz 32]], [[Soyuz 33]], and [[Soyuz 34]].  The crew of Soyuz 32 boarded the Soviet [[Salyut 6]] space station, taking up residence.  It was planned that the crew which launched aboard Soyuz 32 would return to Earth using the Soyuz 33 spacecraft, while the crew launching with Soyuz 33 would visit briefly and return using the older Soyuz 32 spacecraft, the latter nearing the end of its [[design life]].  However, Soyuz 33 was unable to dock, endangering the cosmonauts aboard the station.  As a contingency, the Soyuz 34 spacecraft was launched to the station without a crew aboard.  The crew which had docked with Salyut 6 aboard Soyuz 32 returned safely to Earth via the Soyuz 34 spacecraft.
* [[SpaceX Crew-9]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category|Skylab Rescue}}
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19750016724/downloads/19750016724.pdf Skylab Rescue Space Vehicle Countdown]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730024044_1973024044.pdf Skylab Rescue Space Vehicle flight readiness test]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730024043_1973024043.pdf Skylab Rescue Space Vehicle OAT no. 1 plugs in test]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740002687_1974002687.pdf Launch vehicle test and checkout plan&nbsp;– Volume 2: Saturn 1B launch vehicle Skylab R (rescue) and AS-208 flow plan and listings]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19770069193_1977069193.pdf Skylab hardware evaluation CSM rescue]
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760073027_1976073027.pdf Structural analysis Skylab spacecraft. Addendum A: Rescue vehicle]

{{Skylab|before=none|after=none}}
{{NASA space program}}

[[Category:Skylab program]]
[[Category:1973 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Saturn IB]]