Editing Slot car

{{Short description|Slot-guided powered model car}}
[[Image:Ninco JGTC Fahrerfeld.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Modern commercially made slot cars and track. Ninco, 1:32 scale.]]

A '''slot car''' or '''slotcar''' is a powered miniature automobile or other vehicle that is guided by a groove or slot in the track on which it runs.<ref name="Hertz, L.H. 1965">{{cite book|last=Hertz |first=Louis. H.|title=The Complete Book of Model Raceways and Roadways|edition=1|year=1965|publisher=Temple Press Books|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Robert|title=Know About Model Roadracing (Skillfact Library, 629) |publisher=Editors and Engineers, Ltd}}</ref> A pin or blade extends from the bottom of the car into the slot. Though some slot cars are used to model highway traffic on scenic layouts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tri-ang.co.uk/Minic/layout4.htm |title=Minic Layout |publisher=Tri-ang.co.uk |access-date=2010-03-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106200038/http://www.tri-ang.co.uk/Minic/layout4.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref> the great majority are used in the competitive hobby of [[slot car racing]] or slot racing.

==Description==
[[Image:Carrera slotcar Audi R8.JPG|thumb|left|A typical, [[1:32 scale]], [[Audi R8R]] slot car by  [[Carrera (slot car brand)|Carrera]]]]
Slot cars are usually models of actual automobiles, though some have bodies purpose-designed for miniature racing. Most enthusiasts use commercially available slot cars (often modified for better performance), others motorize static models, and some "scratch-build", creating their own mechanisms and bodies from basic parts and materials.

Drivers generally use a hand-held controller to regulate a low-voltage [[electric motor]] hidden within the car. Traditionally, each car runs on a separate lane with its own guide-slot (though recently developed digital technology can allow cars to share and change lanes). The challenge in racing slot cars comes in taking curves and other obstacles as fast as possible without causing the car to lose its grip and spin sideways, or to 'deslot', leaving the track altogether.

Some enthusiasts, much as in [[model railroading]], build elaborate tracks, sculpted to have the appearance of a real-life racecourse, including miniature buildings, trees, and people. Hobbyists whose main goal is competition often prefer a track unobstructed by scenery.

Model motorcycles, trucks and other vehicles that use the guide-slot system are also generally included under the loose classification of "slot car."

== Operation ==
[[Image:SlotcarElecCircuit.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Typical electrical circuit of a 1:24 or 1:32 slot car track.]]
The diagram on the right shows the wiring of a typical 1:24 or 1:32 slot car setup. Power for the car's motor is carried by metal strips next to the slot, and is picked up by contacts alongside the guide flag (a swiveling blade) under the front of the slot car. The voltage is varied by a resistor in the hand controller. This is a basic circuit, and optional features such as braking elements or electronic control devices are not shown. Likewise, the car's frame or chassis has been omitted for clarity.

HO slot cars work on a similar principle, but the current is carried by thin metal rails that project barely above the track surface and are set farther out from the slot. The car's electrical contacts, called "pickup shoes", are generally fixed directly to the chassis, and a round guide pin is often used instead of a swiveling flag.

Today, in all scales, traction magnets are sometimes used to provide [[downforce]] to help hold the car to the track at higher speeds, though some enthusiasts believe magnet-free racing provides greater challenge and enjoyment and allows the back of the car to slide or "drift" outward for visual realism.

== Scale ==
[[Image:Slotcar scale comparison.png|thumb|left|Models of the Ford GT, in 1:24, 1:32 and nominal HO scales. The 1960s-era HO model has been widened to accept the mechanism.]]
There are three common slotcar scales (sizes): [[1:24 scale]], [[1:32 scale]], and so-called [[HO scale|HO size]] ([[HO scale|1:87]] to [[1:64 scale]]). These are also commonly written as 1/24, 1/32, 1/87 and 1/64. Usual pronunciation is "one twenty-fourth", "one thirty-second", and so on, but sometimes "one to twenty-four", "one to thirty-two".
* 1:24 scale cars are built so that one unit of length (such as an inch or millimetre) on the model equals 24 units on the actual car. Thus, a model of a Jaguar XK-E (185 inches or 4.7 m overall length) would be {{convert|7.7|in|cm}} long in 1:24 scale. 1:24 cars require a course so large as to be impractical for many home enthusiasts, so most serious 1:24 racing is done at commercial or club tracks.
* 1:32 scale cars are smaller and more suited to home-sized race courses, but they are also widely raced on commercial tracks, in hobby shops or in clubs. This scale is the most popular in Europe, and is equivalent to the old #1 gauge (or "standard size") of toy trains. A Jaguar XK-E would be about {{convert|5.8|in|cm}} in 1:32 scale.
* HO-sized cars vary in scale. Because they were marketed as model railroad accessories, the original small slot cars of the early 1960s very roughly approximated either American and European [[HO scale]] (1:87) or British [[OO scale]] (1:76). As racing in this size evolved, the cars were enlarged to take more powerful motors, and today they are often 1:64 or larger in scale; but they still run on track of approximately the same width, and are generically referred to as HO slot cars. They are usually not accurate scale models, since the proportions of the tiny bodies must often be stretched to accommodate a standard motor and mechanism. The E-Jaguar scales out to {{convert|2.1|in|cm}} long in 1:87 and {{convert|2.9|in|cm}} in 1:64). Although there is HO racing on commercial and shop-tracks, probably most HO racing occurs on home racetracks.

In addition to the major scales, slot cars have been commercially produced in [[1:48 scale]] and [[1:43 scale]], corresponding to [[O scale|O gauge]] model trains. 1:48 cars were promoted briefly in the 1960s, and 1:43 slot car sets are generally marketed today (2007) as children's toys. So far, there is little organized competition in 1:43, but the scale is gaining some acceptance among adult hobbyists for its affordability and moderate space requirements. The E-Jaguar would be {{convert|4.3|in|cm}} long in 1:43.

== History ==
[[Image:Early lionel slotcars.png|right|thumb|The earliest known commercial slotcars (Lionel Corp., 1912). They appeared on the cover of the 1913 and 1914 Lionel catalogues.<ref name="Hertz, L.H. 1967, p. 24">{{cite book|last=Hertz|first=Louis. H.|title=The Complete Book of Model Raceways and Roadways|edition=2|year=1967|page=24}}</ref>]]
The first commercial slot cars were made by [[Lionel Corporation|Lionel]] and appeared in their catalogues from 1912,<ref>{{cite web |last = The Lionel Corp.| title = Lionel History - The 1910s |url= http://www.lionel.com/CentralStation/LionelPastAndPresent/1910.cfm |access-date = 2008-06-16 }}</ref> drawing power from a toy train rail sunk in a trough or wide slot between the rails.<ref name="Hertz, L.H. 1967, p. 24"/> They were surprisingly similar to modern slot cars, but independent speed control was available only as an optional extra. Production was discontinued after 1915. Sporadically over the next forty years, several other electrically powered commercial products came and went.<ref>[http://www.slotforum.com/forums/blog/slotcars/index.php?showentry=71 SlotForum -> Kokomo Electricar<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064218/http://www.slotforum.com/forums/blog/slotcars/index.php?showentry=71 |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> Although a patent was registered as far back as March 1936 for a slot car,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.professormotor.com/slotpatent.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230024226/http://www.professormotor.com/slotpatent.shtml|url-status=dead|title=Slot Car Patent Applied for March 27, 1936|archivedate=December 30, 2006}}</ref> until the late 1950s, nearly all powered toy vehicles were guided by raised rails, either at the wheels (railroad-style), or at the lane center, or edge.

By the late 1930s, serious craftsmen/hobbyists were racing relatively large (1:16 to 1:18 scale) model cars, powered by small internal combustion engines,<ref>{{cite book |last=Dempewolff |first=Richard F |title=Table-Top Car Racing |edition=1 |year=1963 |publisher=Popular Mechanics Company |location=New York |page=22}}</ref> originally with spark-ignition, later with [[glow plug (model engine)|glow plug]] engines. For guidance, the cars were clamped to a single center rail, or [[tether car|tethered]] from the center of a circular track, then they were started and let go for timed runs. There was no driver control of either the speed or steering, so "gas car" racing was largely a mechanic's hobby.<ref name="Hertz, L.H. 1965"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madmalc.screaming.net/slots.htm |title=Slots |publisher=Madmalc.screaming.net |access-date=2010-03-20}}</ref> In the 1940s hobbyists in Britain began to experiment with controllable electric cars using handbuilt motors,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.geocities.com/historicslot/wallis1942.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921031422/http://uk.geocities.com/historicslot/wallis1942.html |archive-date=2007-09-21 |title=Slot Racing 1942 Style|date=September 21, 2007}}</ref> and in the 1950s using the small model train motors that had become available.<ref name="Model Maker100">{{cite journal |last =Laidlaw-Dickson  |first =D.J.  |date=December 1954 |title =Table Top Rail Racing Track & Cars |journal =Model Maker |volume =4 |issue =49 |pages =694–696 }}</ref> In 1954, the Southport Model Engineering Society in the UK was challenged by a patent-holder for using rail-guided gas-car exhibitions to raise funds,<ref>J.R. Davies, quoted at http://www.ddavid.com/slot-car-gallery/passion.htm</ref> so, as a replacement, the members constructed an electric racecourse, a groundbreaking six-lane layout nearly 60 feet long, for 1:32 rail-guided cars, which is widely considered to be the progenitor of electric rail- and slot-racing. In 1955–1956, several clubs in the UK and US, inspired by the Southport layout,<ref>{{cite book |last=Dempewolff |first=Richard F |title=Table-Top Car Racing |edition=1 |year=1963 |publisher=Popular Mechanics Company |location=New York |pages=26–31}}</ref> were also racing electric cars guided by center rails, and soon after, by slots in the track surface.<ref name="Model Maker200">{{cite journal |last =Sinclair |first =V.N. |date=February 1957 |title =A Pioneer Electric Rail Track |journal =Model Maker |volume =7 |issue =75 |pages =64–66 }}</ref> The term "slot car" was coined to differentiate these from the earlier "rail cars".<ref name="Model Maker300">{{cite journal |last =Laidlaw-Dickson |first =D.J. |date=November 1957 |title =Slot-Racing De Luxe |journal =Model Maker |volume =7 |issue =84 |pages =538–539 }}</ref> As the member-built club layouts proliferated, the relative advantages of rail and slot were debated for several years, but the obtrusive appearance of the rails and their blocking of the car's rear wheels when sliding through corners were powerful disadvantages.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dempewolff |first=Richard F |title=Table-Top Car Racing |edition=1 |year=1963 |publisher=Popular Mechanics Company |location=New York |pages=48–50}}</ref> New clubs increasingly chose the slot system. By 1963, even the pioneer rail-racing clubs had begun to switch to slots.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dempewolff |first=Richard F |title=Table-Top Car Racing |edition=1 |year=1963 |publisher=Popular Mechanics Company |location=New York |pages=46–47}}</ref>

[[Image:Scalextric-Tin-Cars-restored.png|left|thumb|Very early Scalextric slot car models in 1:30 scale, circa 1957. These metal-bodied racers were electrified versions of Scalex clockwork cars, and are among the first commercially offered slot cars of the modern era. They represent the [[Maserati 250F]] (left) and the [[Ferrari 375]] Grand Prix cars.]]
In 1957, Minimodels converted its Scalex 1:30 (later, 1:32) clockwork racers to electricity, creating the famous [[Scalextric]] line of slot-guided models,<ref name="Model Maker400">{{cite journal |last =Laidlaw-Dickson |first =D.J. |date=April 1957 |title =Scalex Goes Electric |journal =Model Maker |volume =7 |issue =77 |pages =168–169 }}</ref> and Victory Industries introduced the VIP line,<ref name="Model Maker500">{{cite journal |last =Laidlaw-Dickson |first =D.J.  |date=October 1957  | title =Introducing VIP | journal =Model Maker |volume =7 |issue =83 |pages =487–489 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Parker |first = Malcolm |title = Victory Industries of Guilford | url = http://www.madmalc.screaming.net/1945.html |access-date = 2011-04-12}}</ref> both companies eventually using the new plastic-molding technologies to provide controllable slot racers with authentic bodies in 1:32 scale for the mass market. Both lines included versatile sectional track for the home racer - or the home motorist; VIP produced sports cars and accessories slanted toward a "model roadways" theme,<ref>{{cite web |last = Parker |first = Malcolm |title = The Origins of Slot Car Racing |url = http://www.madmalc.screaming.net/slots.htm |access-date = 2011-04-12}}</ref> while Scalextric more successfully focused on Grand Prix racing.<ref>{{cite web |title = Slot Car Portal - Scalextric 1960 Catalogue (UK) |url = http://www.ukslotcars.co.uk/scalextricweb/EngCat01/cat01p01.htm |access-date = 2008-07-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080702060133/http://www.ukslotcars.co.uk/scalextricweb/EngCat01/cat01p01.htm |archive-date = July 2, 2008}}</ref>

As Scalextric became an instant hit, American hobbyists and manufacturers were adapting 1:24 car models to slots,<ref name="Model Maker600">{{cite journal |last =Hope |first =J.F.  |date=May 1958 |title =Slotracing |journal =Model Maker |volume =8 |issue =90 |pages =242–244 }}</ref> and British-American engineer Derek Brand developed a tiny vibrator motor small enough to power model cars roughly in scale with HO and OO electric trains. In 1959, Playcraft division of [[Mettoy-Corgi|Mettoy]] produced these in the UK, and a year later, [[Aurora Plastics Corp.]] released HO vibrator sets with huge success in the US. The tiny cars fascinated the public, and their cost and space requirements were better suited to the average consumer than the larger scales. In only a year or two, Scalextric's 1:32 cars and Aurora's "Model Motoring" HO line had set off the "slot car craze" of the 1960s.<ref name="Graham 1995">{{cite book |last=Graham |first=Thomas |title=Greenberg's Guide to Aurora Slot Cars |year=1995 |publisher=Greenberg Books |isbn=0-89778-400-6}}</ref>
[[Image:aurora tjet chassis.jpg|right|thumb|An Aurora "Thunderjet-500" HO chassis and motor, 1963-1971.]] The slot car craze was largely a US phenomenon,<ref>{{cite book |last=Preston |first=Geoff |title=Race Aurora AFX |edition=1 |year=1982 |publisher=Model & Allied Publications |isbn=0-85242-727-1}}</ref> but, commercially, it was a huge one. In 1963, after a million and a half<ref name="Graham 1995"/> had been produced, Aurora replaced the trouble-prone vibrator cars with an innovative flat-[[commutator (electric)|commutator]] [[Pancake (slot car)|("pancake") motor]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fauxtoys.com/fascar/09-tjets.html |title=FASCAR 500 - Thunderjet Slotcars |publisher=Fauxtoys.com |access-date=2010-03-20}}</ref> also created by Brand, and what is probably the best-selling slot car in history, the Aurora Thunderjet-500 was born. [[Faller]] produced it for sale in Europe, and competing companies tried in vain to match the speed and reliability of Brand's design. The Thunderjets and their improved versions, the [[Aurora AFX|AFX]], sold in the tens of millions,<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregory Braun |url=http://www.hoslotcarracing.com/History.html |title=HO Racing History |publisher=HO Slot Car Racing |date=2010-01-04 |access-date=2010-03-20}}</ref> completely dominating the HO market for almost a decade, until challenged by [[Tyco Toys|Tyco]] cars in the early 1970s.<ref name="Graham 1995"/>

By the late 1970s the slot car boom was well over, the model train tie-ins and miniature motoring concepts largely forgotten, and the market returned to the more serious racing hobbyist, with local and national racing organizations evolving to set standards and rules for different classes of competition. Technological innovation brought much higher speeds in all scales, with faster motors, better tires, and traction magnets to hold the cars down in curves, though some of the 1960s enthusiasts thought that slot racing had become too specialized for the casual hobbyist, and fondly remembered the more primitive cars of their youth as not as fast, but more fun.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

In the 1990s, computer design and methods of printing on 3-D objects helped create much more detailed and authentic models than the simple shapes and rudimentary graphics of the slot car boom. In addition, newly manufactured replicas of Aurora's HO slot cars of the 1960s and 1970s appeared on the market and consumers gained the option of racing either the modern high-tech wondercars or the more basic designs of an earlier time. In 2004, the [[Digital Command Control]] (DCC) systems, which had revolutionized model railroading in the 1990s, began to appear in 1:32 slot cars, offering the ability to race multiple cars per lane with more realistic passing.

In 2012, Hong Kong Chinese inventor Mak Wing Kwong introduced the "Dynamic Motion Express" slot car system. The DMX track has a series of parallel slots, allowing drivers to choose lanes on the inside, middle, or outside of the raceway, passing or blocking other racers. DMXslot cars have a rotating mechanism underneath each car with four pins that retract and protrude as the driver commands the car to move left or right. The car disengages its pin with one lane’s slot, moves to one side or the other, and reinserts a pin in the new lane’s slot.<ref name="dmxslot">{{Cite web|url=http://dmxslots.com/index.php?route=news/news_event/get_news&news_event_id=56|title = News and Event}}</ref>

== Developments ==
[[Image:slotcar digital track.jpg|thumb|left|Digital track (SCX, 1995). Digital technology allows cars to change lanes at crossing points and passing-lane sections.]]
A number of technological developments have been tried over the years to overcome the traditional slot car's limitations. Most lasted only a few years, and are now merely historical curiosities.

Around 1962, [[Aluminum Metal Toys|AMT]]'s Turnpike system used multiple electrical pickups within the slot to allow drivers to control, to a limited extent, the steering of special 1:25 cars.

In the late 1960s the [[Arnold (models)|Arnold]] Minimobil system, also marketed as the [[Matchbox (toy company)|Matchbox]] Motorway, used a long hidden coil, powered by track-side motors, to move die-cast or plastic cars down the track via a slot and detachable pin. Cars in different lanes could race, but cars in the same lane moved at the same speed, separated by a fixed distance.

Also in the 1960s [[Eldon (toy company)|Eldon Industries, Inc.]] produced 1:32 scale slot cars and sets with a lane change system for analogue cars branded Selectronc that used lane change sections with a dedicated lane change controller. The cars and transformer used diodes to separate the control signals from the hand controllers that allowed for both cars to run independently in the same lane.

In the mid and late 1970s several manufacturers including [[Aurora Plastics Corp.|Aurora]], [[Lionel Corporation|Lionel]], and [[Ideal Toy Company|Ideal]] introduced slotless racing systems that theoretically allowed cars to pass one another from the same lane. Most used a system of multiple power rails that allowed one car to speed up momentarily and move to the outside to pass. Though briefly successful as toy products, none of these systems worked well enough to be taken up by serious hobbyists.<ref name="Graham 1995"/>

In 2004, a number of traditional slot car manufacturers introduced digital control systems, which enable multiple cars to run in the same lane and to change lanes at certain points on the course. Digitally coded signals sent along the power strips allow each car to respond only to its own controller.<ref name="Teardown">{{cite web|url=http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/8661/DigitalSlotcarsTeardown.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213095425/https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/8661/DigitalSlotcarsTeardown.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 13, 2024|title=Analysis and comparison of Scalextric, SCX, and Carrera Digital slot car systems: A mechatronic engineering design case study|last=Scott|first=Jonathan|work=Technical Report, School of Engineering, University of Waikato Research Commons | id=Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10289/8661 |date=May 2014|access-date=23 May 2014|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

In addition, manufacturers have used the slot track system to allow the racing of a variety of unusual things, including motorcycles,<ref name="Hertz, L.H. 1965"/> boats,<ref>"Model Car Science" magazine, October 1965.</ref> airplanes,<ref name="Greenslade85">{{cite book|last=Greenslade|first=Roger. W.|title=A History of Electric Model Roads and Racetracks|year=1985|isbn=0-948793-00-7}}</ref> spacecraft,<ref name="Greenslade85"/> horses,<ref name="Hertz, L.H. 1965"/> fictional and cartoon vehicles,<ref name="Graham 1995"/> snowmobiles,<ref name="Graham 1995"/> and futuristic railroad trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ho-scaletrains.net/tycoelectricstrolleysturbos/id25.html|title=Tyco Twin Turbo Trains (No.7438)|last=Cook|first=Tony|work=Tony Cook's HO-Scale Trains Resource|access-date=19 October 2010}}</ref>

== Tracks ==
[[Image:Three lane slot car track.jpg|thumb|right|Three-lane routed track inspired by the [[Targa Florio]]]]
[[Image:Lemar Raceway.jpg|thumb|upright|Plastic track created for charity event]]
The first sectional slot tracks from Scalextric and VIP were molded rubber and folded metal, respectively, but modern slot tracks fall into two main categories: plastic tracks and routed tracks.

'''Plastic tracks''' are made from the molded plastic commercial track sections. Sectional track is inexpensive and easy to assemble, and the design of the course can be easily changed. The joints between the sections, however, make a rough running surface, prompting the derisive term "clickety-clack track". The many electrical connections cause voltage drop and contribute to more frequent electrical problems. For a permanent setup, the joints can be filled and smoothed, and the power rails soldered together or even replaced with continuous strips, but the surface is seldom as smooth as a good routed track.

'''Routed tracks''' have the entire racecourse made from one or a few pieces of sheet material (traditionally chipboard or [[Medium-density fibreboard|MDF]], but sometimes polymer materials) with the guide-slots and the grooves for the power strips cut directly into the base material using a [[wood router|router]] or [[Numerical control|CNC]] machining. This provides a smooth and consistent surface, which is generally preferred for serious competition.

== Electrical equipment ==
[[Image:Slot-Controllers.png|thumb|upright|left|'''Types of Slot Car Controllers''' (L to R, from top)
{{bulleted list
|Telegraph key|Thumb button|Wheel or dial rheostat|Carbon disc plunger
|Rheostat plunger|Full grip|Pistol grip rheostat|Electronic controller}}]]
Power for most slot car tracks comes from a power pack. Power packs contain a transformer, which reduces high voltage house current to a safe 12 to 20V, depending on car type) and usually a rectifier, which changes AC to DC, for cooler running and simpler motors. High-capacity lead-acid batteries are sometimes used for hobby slot cars. Toy race sets may use dry cell batteries at 3 to 6 volts.

Controllers ("throttles") vary car speed by modulating the voltage from the power pack. They are usually hand-held and attached by wires to the track. Besides speed control, modern racing controllers usually feature an adjustable "brake", "coast", and "dial-out". Braking works by temporarily connecting the rails together by a switch (or via a resistor for reduced braking); this converts the car's motor into a generator, and the magnetic forces that turned the motor are now slowing it down. Coast allows a certain amount of power to continue to the track after the driver has "let-off" (which would otherwise cut all power to the car). A dial-out allows the driver to limit the maximum power that can reach the car.

The early rail-car tracks used telegraph keys, model-train rheostats and other improvised means to control car speed. The first commercial race sets (1957) used handheld controllers with a thumb-button; like the telegraph key, these were either on or off, requiring the driver to "blip" the throttle for intermediate speeds. Later versions had an intermediate speed, and one late version used a buzzer mechanism to provide full-range speed control.

From 1959 to about 1965, most HO slot sets had a table-mounted controller with a miniature steering wheel or simple dial-knob operating a [[rheostat]] (variable resistor), which gave precise control throughout the car's speed range. This type could be left on a particular speed setting, making it very suitable for model highway layouts, but they were awkward for racing. Around 1960, handheld rheostats began to appear. Most early examples had vertical, thumb-operated plungers with the rheostat in the grip. Aurora had a plunger design in which a stack of carbon/silicon discs replaced the rheostat. Less common styles included a horizontal thumb-plunger and a full-grip squeeze controller. In 1965, Russkit introduced the trigger-operated pistol grip controller. The pistol grip quickly became the standard rheostat-controller style both for race sets and serious hobbyists, and has remained so to the present day. Control is by the index finger, and the heat-generating rheostat is above the grip for comfort and effective ventilation.

For good response, rheostats must be matched to the particular cars involved. To race different classes of cars, several controllers with different resistance ratings are often required. In the 1970s, electronic additions to the rheostat controllers became popular, which allowed them to be tuned to the particular car being raced. Some modern electronic controllers dispense with the rheostat altogether, and can be used for all classes and types of car. Digital slot cars generally use a controller that is trigger operated, though the rheostat housing is replaced by a slim bulge containing the electronics.

On most tracks, a driver will plug or clip his personal controller to his lane's "driver's station", which has wired connections to the power source and track rails. Modern controllers usually require three connections - one to the power terminal of the driver's station (customarily white), one to the brake terminal (red), and one to the track terminal (black). Conventional slot car tracks are wired in one of two ways: with the power terminal connected to the power source positive and the brake terminal negative (called "positive gate"), or the other way around ("negative gate"). Resistance type controllers can be used with either positive or negative track wiring, most electronic controllers can only be used with one or the other, although a few electronic controllers feature a switch that adapts them for either gate configuration.

==Competition==
Slot car racing ranges from casual get-togethers at home tracks, using whatever cars the host makes available, to very serious competitions in which contestants painstakingly build or modify their own cars for maximum performance and compete in a series of races culminating in national and world championships. For information on types of formal competition, racing organizations, standards, etc., see '''[[slot car racing]]'''.

==See also==
* [[Armature (electrical engineering)]]
* [[List of model car brands]]
* [[Tether car]]&nbsp;– Gasoline-powered model cars that also run on guided tracks
* [[Inline (slot car)|Inline]]; [[Pancake (slot car)|Pancake]]; [[Sidewinder (slot car)|Sidewinder]]; [[Anglewinder]]&nbsp;– types of slot car motors and motor arrangements
* [[Mini 4WD]]
* [[Radio-controlled car]]
* [[Rail transport modelling]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Chang|first=Dave|title=The Slot Car Handbook|edition=1|year=2007|publisher=The Crowood Press|isbn=978-1-86126-916-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Clark|first=John A.|title=Aurora Ho Slot Car Identification & Price Guide|edition=1|year=1995|publisher=L W Publishing & Book Sales|isbn=0-89538-030-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Drackett|first=Phil|title=Slot Car Racing|edition=1|year=1968|publisher=Souvenir Press|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Gee|first=Kenneth|title=Your Book of Model Car Racing|edition=1|year=1965|publisher=Faber & Faber Ltd|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Hall|first=Prentice|title=The Complete Handbook of Model Car Racing|edition=1|year=1967|publisher=Prentice Hall Inc|location=New Jersey}}
* {{cite book|last=Laidlaw-Dickson|first=D.J.|title=Electric Model Car Racing|edition=1|year=1965|publisher=Museum Press Ltd|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Laidlaw-Dickson|first=D.J.|title=Model Car Rail Racing|edition=1|year=1959|publisher=Model Aeronautical Press Ltd|location=Watford}}
* {{cite book|last=Plecan|first=Paul|title=Paul Plecan's Model Car Handbook|edition=1|year=1965|publisher=Fawcett Publications|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Schleicher|first=Robert|title=Model Road Racing Handbook|edition=1|year=1967|publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.|location=New Jersey}}
* {{cite book|last=Stambler|first=Irwin|title=A Guide to Model Car Racing|edition=1|year=1967|publisher=W.W Norton & Co Inc.|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Timothy|first=John K|title=The Collector's Quick Reference Series - Volume 1 Aurora Vib's and T-Jets|edition=1|year=1994|publisher=What It Is Pub|isbn=1-883796-04-0}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|toys}}
{{Commons category|Slot cars}}
* [http://www.slotcarracing.org.uk British Slot Car Racing Association] The official website of the British Slot Car Racing Association.
* [http://slotcarhistory.com/slot_car_history1.htm The History of the Slot Car] A well-illustrated history of the slot car hobby by Dennis David.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150118075241/http://www.2fords.net/scaleautoracing.com/SlotHistory/history.html A History of Slot Racing] John Ford's short history of the hobby from the 1940s onward.
* [https://www.sheheryarblogger.com/2022/12/What-is-the-difference-between-digital-and-analog-slot-cars.html Digital Slot Car] Difference between Digital and Analog Slot Cars.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100827060708/http://www.iroquois.free-online.co.uk/memoirs/rail.htm Electric Rail Racing - Thoughts and History] A memoir of rail racing and early slot times in Britain.
* [http://www.madmalc.screaming.net/1956.htm Victory in the Spotlight] The Roadedge system of 1956 that inspired Scalextric and Victory/VIP and started the slot car boom of the late 1950s and early 1960s.
* [http://www.madmalc.screaming.net/vipmodelroads.htm VIP Electric Model Roadways] The main competitor to Scalextric in the early days.
* [http://www.madmalc.screaming.net/slots.htm The Origins of Slot Car Racing]

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