Editing Snowmobile

{{Short description|Land vehicle designed for travel on snow}}
[[File:SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg|thumb|A snowmobile tour at [[Yellowstone National Park]]]]
[[File:First person view from a snowmobile driven by the FBI Hostage Rescue Team in Yellowstone National Park.webm|thumb|First person view of a snowmobile driven through [[Yellowstone National Park]].]]

A '''snowmobile''', also known as a '''snowmachine''' (chiefly Alaskan), '''motor sled''' (chiefly Canadian), '''motor sledge''', '''skimobile''', '''snow scooter''', or simply a '''sled''' is a [[Motor vehicle|motorized vehicle]] designed for winter travel and recreation on [[snow]].

Their engines normally drive a [[continuous track]] at the rear, while [[ski]]s at the front provide directional control. The earliest snowmobiles were powered by readily available industrial [[four-stroke engine|four-stroke]], [[air-cooled engine]]s. These would quickly be replaced by lighter and more powerful [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[gasoline]] [[internal combustion engine]]s and since the mid-2000s [[four-stroke engine]]s had re-entered the market.

The challenges of cross-country transportation in the winter led to the invention of an all-terrain vehicle specifically designed for travel across deep snow where other vehicles foundered.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Smowest Magazines| title = Snowmachine| year = 2002| url = http://babel.uoregon.edu/slang/pub_search.lasso?&RecordIDNumber=13066&Process=detail01| access-date = 25 March 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060830113422/http://babel.uoregon.edu/slang/pub_search.lasso?&RecordIDNumber=13066&Process=detail01| archive-date = 30 August 2006}}</ref>

{{As of|2003}}, the snowmobile market has been shared between the four large North American makers ([[Bombardier Recreational Products]] (BRP), [[Arctic Cat]], [[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]], and [[Polaris Industries|Polaris]]) and some specialized makers like the Quebec-based AD Boivin, manufacturer of the Snow Hawk<ref name="Boivin">{{Cite web| url=http://www.snow-hawk.com| title=Snow Hawk| publisher=AD Boivin| access-date=2008-09-05| year=2003| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827231828/http://www.snow-hawk.com/| archive-date=2008-08-27}}</ref> and the European Alpina snowmobile.<ref name="Musée-stat">{{Cite web| url=http://www.fjab.qc.ca/en/content/motoneige/hautetbasdelindustrie.htm| title=Industry Highs and Lows| publisher=Musée J-Armand Bombardier| access-date=2007-04-23| year=2003| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127200248/http://www.fjab.qc.ca/en/content/motoneige/hautetbasdelindustrie.htm| archive-date=2007-01-27}}</ref><ref name="ISMA-stat">{{Cite web| url=http://www.snowmobile.org/facts_snfcts.asp| title=Snowmobiling Facts| publisher=International Snowmobile Manufacturers Associations| access-date=2007-04-23| year=2006| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701002116/http://www.snowmobile.org/facts_snfcts.asp| archive-date=2007-07-01}}</ref>

The second half of the 20th century saw the rise of recreational snowmobiling, whose riders are called ''snowmobilers'', ''sledders'', or ''slednecks''. Recreational riding is known as snowcross/racing, trail riding, freestyle, boondocking, ditchbanging and grass drags. In the summertime snowmobilers can [[drag racing|drag race]] on [[grass]], [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] strips, or even across water (as in [[snowmobile skipping]]).  Snowmobiles are sometimes modified to compete in long-distance [[off-road]] races.

== History ==
[[File:Coanda snow sleigh.jpg|thumb|Motor sled powered by a [[Coandă-1910|Coandă ducted fan]]]]

=== Early designs ===
[[file:Harold J Kalenze.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Harry Kalenze, inventor of the Vehicle Propeller]]
[[file:Kegresse tsar17.jpg|thumb|Nicholas II Packard Twin-6 with Kégresse track]]

A patent (554.482) for the Sled-Propeller design, without a model, was submitted on Sept. 5, 1895 by inventors William J. Culman and William B. Follis of [[Brule, Wisconsin]].<ref>Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office United States. Page 778. January 1, 1896; U.S. Patent Office.</ref>

The [[American Motor Sleigh]] was a short-lived novelty vehicle produced in [[Boston]] in 1905. Designed for travel on snow, it consisted of a sleigh body mounted on a framework that held an engine, a drive-shaft system, and runners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/scientific-american-1905-01-28/scientific-american-v92-n04-1905-01-28#page/n31/mode/2up/search/sleigh|title=Scientific American Volume 92 Number 04 (January 1905)|website=archive.org|date=28 January 1905|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref> Although considered an interesting novelty, sales were low and production ceased in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.american-automobiles.com/American-Motor-Sleigh.html|title=The American Motor Sleigh & The American Motor Sleigh Co.|website=www.american-automobiles.com|access-date=2017-03-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044335/http://www.american-automobiles.com/American-Motor-Sleigh.html|archive-date=2017-03-12}}</ref>

An Aerosledge, a propeller-driven and running on skis, was built in 1909–1910 by Russian inventor [[Igor Sikorsky]] of helicopter fame.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/propsleigh/propsleigh.htm| title=The Propeller-Driven Sleigh| publisher=SelfSite| date=26 July 2005| access-date=2008-09-10| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710222219/http://www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/propsleigh/propsleigh.htm| archive-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> Aerosanis were used by the Soviet [[Red Army]] during the [[Winter War]] and [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.battlefield.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=216&Itemid=123&lang=en| title=Soviet Combat Snowmobiles| publisher=The Russian Battlefield| author=Valeri Potapov Translated by: James F. Gebhardt| work=BATTLEFIELD.RU - всё о Великой Отечественной войне| year=1998| access-date=2008-09-10| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126023643/http://www.battlefield.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=216&Itemid=123&lang=en| archive-date=2009-01-26}}</ref> There is some dispute over whether Aerosanis count as snowmobiles because they were not propelled by tracks.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.journal-a-day.com/Automotive/359658-enjoying-a-snowmobile-at-full.html| title=Enjoying A Snowmobile At Full| date=December 18, 2006| quote=Not only are snowmobiles popular in the United States and Canada, USSR has their very own version of the snowmobile, which can be seen in the Aerosani. Aerosani, when interpreted, intends "aero sleigh." The Russians usage this propeller-powered snowmobile for delivering the mail, patrolling the metes, as well as for recreational intents.| publisher=Journal-a-day| access-date=2008-03-01| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107134525/http://www.journal-a-day.com/Automotive/359658-enjoying-a-snowmobile-at-full.html| archive-date=January 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.vanishingpoint.biz/productdetail.asp?productID=790| title=Soviet Aerosani RF 8 (for 3D Studio Max)| quote=An aerosani (Russian: aerosani, literally 'aerosled') is a type of propeller-powered snowmobile, running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation. Aerosanis were used by the Soviet Red Army during the Winter War and the Second World War.| publisher=Vanishing Point| access-date=2008-03-01| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107135340/http://www.vanishingpoint.biz/productdetail.asp?productID=790| archive-date=2009-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{ webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518143304/http://www.experiencefestival.com/aerosan/articleindex |date=2009-05-18 }}</ref>

[[Adolphe Kégresse]] designed an original [[caterpillar track]]s system, called the [[Kégresse track]], while working for Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] between 1906 and 1916. These used a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments and could be fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a [[half-track]], suitable for use over soft ground, including snow. Conventional front wheels and steering were used but the wheel could be fitted with skis as seen in the upper right image. He applied it to several cars in the Royal garage including [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] cars and [[Packard]] trucks. Although this was not a snowmobile, it is an ancestor of the modern concept.

In 1911 a 24-year-old, Harold J. Kalenze (pronounced Collins), patented the Vehicle Propeller in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/150493/summary.html?type=number_search&tabs1Index=tabs1_1|title=Canadian Patent Database / Base de données sur les brevets canadiens|first=Government of Canada, Industry Canada, Office of the Deputy Minister, Canadian Intellectual Property|last=Office|website=www.ic.gc.ca|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110224905/http://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/150493/summary.html?type=number_search&tabs1Index=tabs1_1|archive-date=10 November 2017}}</ref>

In 1914, O. M. Erickson and Art Olsen of the P.N. Bushnell company in [[Aberdeen, South Dakota|Aberdeen]], South Dakota, built an open two-seater "motor-bob" out of an [[Indian (motorcycle)|Indian motorcycle]] modified with a cowl-cover, side-by-side seating, and a set of sled-runners fore and aft. While it did not have the tracks of a true snowmobile, its appearance was otherwise similar to the modern version and is one of the earliest examples of a personal motorized snow-vehicle.<ref>Aberdeen American News 1914-02-04</ref>

In 1915 Ray H. Muscott of [[Waters, Michigan|Waters]], Michigan, received the Canadian patent for his motor sleigh, or "traineau automobile", and on June 27, 1916, he received the first United States [[patent]] for a snow-vehicle using the now recognized format of rear track(s) and front skis.<ref>{{US patent|1188981}}</ref> Many individuals later modified [[Ford Model T]]s with the undercarriage replaced by tracks and skis following this design. They were popular for rural mail delivery for a time. The common name for these conversion of cars and small trucks was ''Snowflyers''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yt8DAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA878 "Snowflyers Replace Dogs in Frozen North" ''Popular Mechanics'', December 1934]</ref>

=== Development of modern designs ===
[[file:1921 Ford Model T Snowmobile.jpg|thumb|left|1921 Ford Model T snowmobile]]
[[file:Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-Pf008245.jpg|thumb|Snowmobile running on the [[Mississippi River]] near [[Hastings, Minnesota]], 1910]]
[[file:Snowmobile Taxi - John Miller 1937 Red Lake.jpg|thumb|upright|Airplane-engine-powered skimobile taxi in Red Lake, Canada, 1937]]

Carl Eliason of [[Sayner, Wisconsin|Sayner]] developed the prototype of the modern snowmobile in the 1920s when he mounted a two-cylinder motorcycle engine on a long sled, steered it with skis under the front, and propelled it with single, endless track.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lame hunter invents swift motorized sled|journal=Popular Science|date=December 1928|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dicDAAAAMBAJ&q=lame%20hunter%20invents%20swift%20motorized%20sled&pg=PA62|access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> Eliason made 40 snowmobiles, patented in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eliason|first=Carl J.|title=U.S. Patent #1650334|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1650334|access-date=21 March 2013|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Upon receiving an order for 200 from [[Finland]], he sold his patent to the [[Four Wheel Drive|FWD Company]] of [[Clintonville, Wisconsin|Clintonville]]. They made 300 for military use, then transferred the patent to a Canadian subsidiary.

In 1917, Virgil D. White set up to create a patent for his conversion kit that changed the Ford Model T into a "snowmobile". He also trademarked the term "snowmobile". At the time, the conversion kit was expensive, costing about $395. Virgil White applied his patent in 1918 and created his own snowmobile. In 1922, his conversion kit was on the markets and available only through Ford dealerships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhsnocar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=62|title=NHSNOCAR.COM – Classic Model T and Model A Snow Car Parts|website=NH Snocar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206033526/https://www.nhsnocar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=62|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>

The relatively dry snow conditions of the [[United States Midwest]] suited the converted Ford Model Ts and other like vehicles, but they were not suitable for humid snow areas such as southern [[Quebec]] and [[New England]]. This led [[Joseph-Armand Bombardier]] from the small town of [[Valcourt (city)|Valcourt]], [[Quebec]], to invent a different [[caterpillar track]] system suitable for all kinds of snow conditions. Bombardier had already made some "metal" tracked vehicles since 1928, but his new revolutionary track traction system (a toothed wheel covered in rubber, and a rubber-and-cotton track that wraps around the back wheels) was his first major invention. He started production of the B-7, an enclosed, seven-passenger snowmobile, in 1937, and introduced the B-12, a twelve-passenger model, in 1942. The B-7 had a V-8 [[flathead engine]] from [[Ford Motor Company]]. The B-12 had a flathead in line six-cylinder engine from [[Chrysler]] industrial, and 2,817 units were produced until 1951. It was used in many applications, such as ambulances, [[Canada Post]] vehicles, winter "school buses", forestry machines, and even army vehicles in [[World War II]]. Bombardier had always dreamed of a smaller version, more like the size of a [[motor scooter]].

=== Post-war developments ===
[[file:1951B12a.jpg|thumb|left|Early [[Bombardier Recreational Products|Bombardier]] snowmobile]]

In 1951 Fritz Riemerschmid devised what he called a snow scooter. The machine had a track mounted beneath a [[snowboard]]-like base, on top of which were an enclosed engine with motorcycle like seat and fuel tank. the vehicle was steered via a steering wheel and cables linked to two small skis on outriggers either side of the vehicle.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thorpe|first=John|date=28 January 1953|title=Continental Report|journal=Motor Cycling|publisher=Temple Press Ltd|location=London|volume=89|issue=2296|pages=407, 424}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/PopularMechanics1951/Popular_Mechanics_03_1951#page/n95/mode/2up/search/Snow-Cycle|title=Snow-Cycle|date=March 1951|work=Popular Mechanics|publisher=Popular Mechanics Company|page=95|access-date=12 September 2017|location=Chicago}}</ref>

In the mid-1950s, a United States firm built a "snowmobile the [[Arctic Alaska|arctic area]] of [[Alaska]] that had the drive train reversed of today's snowmobiles with two front wheels—the larger one behind the smaller one—with tires driving an endless loop track". Little is known about this "snowmobile" meant to haul cargo and trade goods to isolated settlements.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nNwDAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA114 "American Snowmobile Ends Need for Dogs in Arctic."] ''Popular Mechanics'', March 1954, p. 114</ref>

An odd version of snowmobile is the Swedish ''[[Larven]]'', made by the [[Lenko Company]] of [[Östersund]], from the 1960s until the end of the 1980s. It was a very small and basic design, with just an engine in the rear and a track. The driver sat on it and steered using skis on his feet.<ref name="Larven">{{Cite web| url=http://www.larvenklubben.se| title=Larsen Klubben| access-date=2007-10-08| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194654/http://larvenklubben.se/| archive-date=2007-10-16}}</ref>

== Design ==

Most modern snowmobiles are powered by either a four- or two-stroke [[internal combustion engine]], with the exception of the Taiga TS2.  Historically, snowmobiles have always used two-stroke engines because of their reduced complexity, weight and cost, compared to a similarly powered four-stroke. However, four-stroke powered snowmobiles have been gaining popularity steadily in the last fifteen or so years, with manufacturer Yamaha producing four-stroke snowmobiles only. The [[Whistler Blackcomb]] ski resort is testing Taiga's [[Electric vehicle|electric]] snowmobiles with lower noise<!--62 dB-->,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whistlerquestion.com/news/local-news/electric-snowmobiles-to-be-used-in-whistler-next-winter-1.14860855|title=Electric snowmobiles to be used in Whistler next winter|first=Megan|last=Lalonde|website=whistlerquestion.com|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703165732/http://www.whistlerquestion.com/news/local-news/electric-snowmobiles-to-be-used-in-whistler-next-winter-1.14860855|archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref> and similar vehicles exist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snowxpark.ch/esnowmobile|title=snowXpark|access-date=19 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045329/http://www.snowxpark.ch/esnowmobile|archive-date=20 April 2017}}</ref>

Early snowmobiles used simple rubber tracks, but modern snowmobiles' tracks are usually made of a [[Kevlar]] [[composite material|composite]] construction.

Older snowmobiles could generally accommodate two people; however, most snowmobiles manufactured since the 1990s have been designed to only accommodate one person. Snowmobiles built with the ability to accommodate two people are referred to as "2-up" snowmobiles or "touring" models and make up an extremely small share of the market.

Most snowmobiles do not have any enclosures, except for a [[windshield]].

== Performance ==

The first snowmobiles made do with as little as {{convert|5|hp}} engines, but engine sizes and efficiency have improved drastically. In the early 1990s, the biggest engines available (typically 600cc-800cc displacement range) produced around {{convert|115|hp|abbr=on}}. As of 2022, several snowmobiles are available with engines sizes up to 1,200 cc, producing 150+ hp, as well as several models with up to 1,000 cc engines producing closer to {{convert|210|hp|kW|abbr=on}}. Recently, some models are [[turbo charged|turbo-charged]], resulting in dramatic increase of engine horsepower. Snowmobiles are capable of moving across steep hillsides without sliding down-slope if the rider transfers their weight towards the uphill side, a process called ''side-hilling''.

Higher-powered modern snowmobiles can achieve speeds over {{convert|150|mph|abbr=on}}. Drag racing snowmobiles can reach speeds over {{convert|200|mph|abbr=on}}.

Mountain sleds permit access in remote areas with deep snow, which was nearly impossible a few decades ago. This is mainly due to alterations, enhancements, and additions of original trail model designs such as weight, weight distribution, track length, paddle depth, and power. Technology and design advances in mountain snowmobiles have improved since 2003 with Ski-Doo's introduction of the "REV" framework platform. Most two-stroke mountain snowmobiles have a top engine size of 800 cc, producing around {{convert|150|hp|abbr=on}}, although some 1,000 cc factory machines have been produced. These may not be as popular as many 800 cc models outperform them because of weight and an increase of unneeded power.

Cornices and other kinds of jumps are sought after for aerial maneuvers. Riders often search for non-tracked, virgin terrain and are known to "trailblaze" or "boondock" deep into remote territory where there is absolutely no visible path to follow. However, this type of trailblazing is dangerous as contact with buried rocks, logs, and frozen ground can cause extensive damage and injuries. Riders look for large open fields of fresh snow where they can [[carve turn|carve]]. Some riders use extensively modified snowmobiles, customized with [[Aftermarket (automotive)|aftermarket]] accessories like handle-bar risers, handguards, custom/lightweight hoods, windshields, and seats, running board supports, [[Snowmobile stud|studs]], and numerous other modifications that increase power and maneuverability. Many of these customizations can now be purchased straight off the showroom floor on stock models.

Trail snowmobiles improved in the past 15 years{{when|date=December 2011}} as well (many of them borrowed from endeavors to produce winning mountain sleds). Heavy "muscle sleds" can produce speeds in excess of {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} due to powerful engines (up to 1,200 cc stock, and custom engines exceeding 1,200 cc), short tracks, and good traction on groomed trails. Sno-cross oriented snowmobiles often have an engine size cap of 440 or 600 cc, but lighter machines with redesigned stances, formats, and weight control have produced extremely fast and quickly accelerating race sleds.

== Brands ==
[[file:Motoneige img 5583.jpg|thumb|A snowmobile used by [[emergency services]] in ski areas in [[Vercors Plateau|Vercors]], French Alps. It carries emergency equipment and tows a [[stretcher]].]]
[[file:Eerste kennismaking snowmobielraces Weeknummer, 79-13 - Open Beelden - 51230.ogv|thumb|Snow mobile race in 1979, Dutch newsreel]]
[[file:TTM-1901-40 snowmobile during the "Armiya 2020" exhibition (front view).jpg|thumb|Arctic snowmobile with heated cabin]]
[[file:Snowmobiling (6817922334).jpg|thumb|A family with snowmobiles at the forest of [[Rukatunturi|Ruka]] in [[Kuusamo]], [[Finland]]]]
{{Update|section|reason=Data is 17 years old|date=August 2020}}

According to the research center RISE, approximately 135,000 snowmobiles will be sold worldwide yearly.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lindeberg |first=Rafaela |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-20/sweden-s-green-push-now-includes-electrifying-snowmobiles |title=Sweden's Green Push Now Includes Electrifying Snowmobiles |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=2023-05-20 |accessdate=2023-05-22 }}</ref>

Snowmobiles are widely used in [[arctic]] territories for travel. However, the tiny Arctic population means a correspondingly small market. Most snowmobiles are sold for recreational purposes in places where snow cover is stable during winter. The number of snowmobiles in Europe and other parts of the world is low.

Snowmobiles designed to perform various work tasks have been available for many years with dual tracks from such manufacturers as Aktiv (Sweden), who made [[Aktiv Grizzly|the Grizzly]], Ockelbo (Sweden), who made the 8000, and Bombardier who made the Alpine and later the Alpine II. Currently, there are two manufacturers of dual-track snowmobiles; Russia's Buran{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} and the Italian Alpina snowmobiles (under the name ''Sherpa'' and ''Superclass'').

=== Polaris ===

Edgar and Allen Hetteen and David Johnson of [[Roseau, Minnesota|Roseau]], Minnesota, invented what we now know as the modern snowmobile in 1955–1956, but the early machines were heavy ({{convert|1000|lb|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and slow ({{convert|20|mph|disp=or|abbr=on}}). Their company, Hetteen Hoist & Derrick Co., became [[Polaris Industries]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.polarisindustries.com/en-us/ourcompany/aboutpolaris/historyandheritage.html| title= Polaris Company history| access-date=2007-08-11| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070718152621/http://www.polarisindustries.com/en-us/ourcompany/aboutpolaris/historyandheritage.html | archive-date = July 18, 2007}}</ref> which introduced their first commercial model, the Polaris Sno Traveler in 1957.

=== Ski-Doo ===

In 1960, [[Joseph-Armand Bombardier]] introduced his own snowmobile using an open-cockpit one- or two-person form, similar to the 1957 Polaris Sno Traveler, and started selling it under the brand name [[Ski-Doo]] through his company [[Bombardier Inc.]] (now manufactured by [[Bombardier Recreational Products]]). Competitors copied and improved his design; in the 1970s there were over a hundred snowmobile manufacturers.<ref name=" Musée-stat"/> From 1970 to 1973, two million machines were sold, peaking at 500,000 sold in 1971.<ref name="Musée-stat"/> Many of the snowmobile companies were small and the biggest manufacturers were often attempts by [[motorcycle]] makers and [[outboard motor]] makers to branch off in a new market. Most of these companies went [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]] or were acquired by larger companies during the [[1973 oil crisis]] and succeeding recessions. Sales rebounded to 260,000 in 1997 but gradually decreased afterward, influenced by warmer winters and the use during all four seasons of small one- or two-person [[all-terrain vehicle|ATV]]s.

=== Alpina ===
[[file:Dual-track snowmobile.jpg|thumb|right|Alpina Sherpa, a dual track snowmobile]]

Alpina Snowmobiles are manufactured in [[Vicenza]], [[Italy]], by Alpina s.r.l., a manufacturer of various on-snow implements that had been building dual-track snowmobiles since 1995.<ref>[http://www.alpina-snowmobiles.com Alpina s.r.l.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513010805/http://www.alpina-snowmobiles.com/ |date=2007-05-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trailgroom.com|title=TRAILGROOM.COM...The Best in Trail Grooming Machinery|website=www.trailgroom.com|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017063041/http://www.trailgroom.com/|archive-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>

Alpina manufactures one basic dual-track snowmobile design. In 2002 the ''Sherpa'' was introduced and is the model name for the four-stroke machine. Prior to introducing the Sherpa, Alpina offered a two-stroke series designated the ''Superclass''. The four-stroke Sherpa is currently the top machine in production. A new version of the Superclass has been released in 2017, with a lot of innovations and a new four-stroke engine. The ''Sherpa'' and ''Superclass'' series shared the same basic dual-track platform, twin {{convert|20|x|156|in|mm|abbr=on}} tracks with dual skis up front. Power for the Sherpa is supplied by a 1.6L in-line four-cylinder gasoline automotive engine. The new Superclass power is provided by a 1.2L 3-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine. The ''Sherpa'' and ''Superclass'' are designed as working snowmobiles for carrying supplies, pulling cargo sleds, pulling trail grooming implements, carrying several passengers, and negotiating deep snow. Engine and transmission combination are designed to deliver optimum power to pull or carry large loads while top-end speeds are kept below {{Convert|52|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, depending on the model. The large footprint of the dual tracks and dual skis allows the ''Sherpa'' and ''Superclass'' to "float" on top of deep snow and not sink in and get stuck.

=== Taiga Electric ===

[[Taiga Motors]] in Montreal created the first commercially produced electric snowmobile.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lindeman |first1=Tracy |title=These Canadians Are Building the First Commercial Electric Snowmobile |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/taiga-motors-is-making-the-first-electric-snowmobile-ts2/ |website=Motherboard |date=17 March 2018 |publisher=Vice Media |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref> The Taiga TS2 can go from zero to {{Convert|100|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} in 3 seconds, with {{Convert|250|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} of instant torque. The Taiga TS2 weighs {{Convert|470|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stone |first1=Emily |title=Electric snowmobile manufacturer Taiga Motors plans to electrify the sledding scene |url=https://www.revelstokemountaineer.com/electric-snowmobile-manufacturer-taiga-motors-plans-to-electrify-the-sledding-scene/ |website=Revelstoke Mountaineer |publisher=Revelstoke Mountaineer Magazine |access-date=6 July 2018 |date=29 Mar 2018}}</ref> 

== Sport ==
[[file:Zwei Schneemobile.jpg|thumb|Snowmobile race]]

* The [[International 500]] is a large racing event held annually in [[Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan|Sault Sainte Marie]], Michigan. It is a {{convert| 500| mi| km| adj=on}} race on a track, with the current purse being in excess of $40,000. It has been running since February 1969.
* Drag racing is common with snowmobiles year-round, with summer and fall often with grass or closed-course (asphalt or concrete) drag strips. The largest event is Hay Days in [[North Branch, Minnesota|North Branch]], Minnesota, on the first weekend following [[Labor Day]].
* The [[World Championship]] [[Watercross]] or [[snowmobile skipping]] races are held in [[Grantsburg, Wisconsin|Grantsburg]], Wisconsin, in July. The snowmobiles are raced on a marked course, similar to [[motocross]] courses, without the ramps and on water.
* The Snocross racing series are snowmobile races on a motocross-like course. The races are held during the winter season in Northern United States and Canada. One of the largest in [[New York (state)|New York]] is the Northeast SnoX Challenge in early January in [[Malone (village), New York|Malone]], New York, and run by Rock Maple Racing and sponsored by the Malone [[Chamber of Commerce]].
* Snowmobiles are used for [[ice racing]]. The racing is held on an "Ice [[Oval track racing|Oval]]" track. The [[World Championship Snowmobile Derby]] is held each winter in [[Eagle River, Wisconsin|Eagle River]], Wisconsin.
* [[Alaska]]'s "[[Iron Dog]]" is the longest snowmachine race in the world. It is {{convert|2031|mi|km}} long and runs from [[Big Lake, Alaska|Big Lake]] to [[Nome, Alaska|Nome]] to [[Fairbanks]]. The name refers to dog [[mushing]], long popular in Alaska.
* Vintage Snowmobile Racing is the racing of vintage snowmobiles and has grown in popularity as a sporting event on the Canadian prairie and in America.
* The World Championship Hill Climb competition is held in [[Jackson, Wyoming|Jackson]], Wyoming, at the [[Snow King Mountain]] resort each year in March. 2019 was the 43rd year of the four-day event and drew around 10,000 in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://snowdevils.org/AboutSnowDevils.htm|title=Welcome|website=snowdevils.org|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>

== Variants ==

A snow bike takes a typical dirt bike and replaces the rear wheel with a single tread system similar to a snowmobile and the front wheel with a large ski. It is much smaller and nimbler than a snowmobile, and it has a tighter turning radius, which lets the rider go where many snowmobiles cannot. The first prototype of motorcycles with a rear tread date to the 1920s, with subsequent failed attempts to bring them to market. Many motorcycles made after the 1990s can be fitted with kits that transform them into snow bikes.

In 2017, [[Winter X Games XXI]] introduced the first snow bike event in the form of a SnowBikeCross race. The following year they introduced a Best Trick event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/outdoors/a13974686/the-snow-bikes-are-coming/|title=What Are Snow Bikes and How Are They So Awesome?|last=Rose|first=Brent|date=November 29, 2017|website=Popular Mechanics|access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>

== Accidents and safety ==

As a result of their inherent maneuverability, acceleration, and high-speed abilities, skill and physical strength are both required to operate a snowmobile.

Snowmobile injuries and fatalities are high compared to those caused by on road motor vehicle traffic.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hortemo GS, Brattebø G, Hellesnes S | title=[The snowmobile—only for fun? Registration of snowmobile accidents in Western Finnmark 1988–89] | language=no |journal=Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. |volume=110 |issue=10 |pages=1196–8 |date=April 1990 |pmid=2333642 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/phr/114.1.48 |vauthors=Landen MG, Middaugh J, Dannenberg AL |title=Injuries associated with snowmobiles, Alaska, 1993–1994 |journal=Public Health Rep |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=48–52 |year=1999 |doi-broken-date=5 February 2025 |pmid=9925171 |pmc=1308343 }}</ref> Losing control of a snowmobile could easily cause extensive damage, injury, or death. One such cause of snowmobile accidents is loss of control from a loose grip. If the rider falls off, the loss of control can easily result in the snowmobile colliding with a nearby object, such as a rock or tree. Most snowmobiles are fitted with a cord connected to a kill switch, which would stop the snowmobile if the rider falls off; however, not all riders use this device every time they operate a snowmobile.

Swerving off of the path may result in rolling the snowmobile or crashing into an obstacle. In unfamiliar areas, riders may crash into suspended barbed wire or haywire fences at high speeds. Each year a number of serious or fatal accidents are caused by these factors.

Each year, riders are killed by hitting other snowmobiles, automobiles, pedestrians, rocks, trees, or fences, or falling through thin ice. On average, 10 people a year have died in such crashes in [[Minnesota]] alone, with [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] a contributing factor in many cases.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} In [[Saskatchewan]], 16 out of 21 deaths in snowmobile collisions between 1996 and 2000 were caused by the effects of alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beirness DJ |title=Alcohol involvement in snowmobile operator fatalities in Canada |journal=Can J Public Health |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=359–60 |year=2001 |doi=10.1007/BF03404979 |pmid=11702489 |pmc=6979823 |url=http://journal.cpha.ca/index.php/cjph/article/view/43/43 |format=PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704174904/http://journal.cpha.ca/index.php/cjph/article/view/43/43 |archive-date=2011-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart RL, Black GB |title=Snowmobile trauma: 10 years' experience at Manitoba's tertiary trauma centre |journal=Can J Surg |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=90–4 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15132460 |url=http://www.cma.ca/multimedia/staticContent/HTML/N0/l2/cjs/vol-47/issue-2/pdf/pg90.pdf |quote=We identified 480 injuries in 294 patients, and 81 (27.6%) of these patients died. Collisions accounted for 72% of the injury mechanisms. Of the injuries sustained, 31% occurred on roads. Excessive speed was a risk factor in 54% of patients, suboptimal lighting in 86% and a blood alcohol level greater than 0.08 in 70%. |pmc=3211931 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320235532/https://www.cma.ca/multimedia/staticcontent/html/n0/l2/cjs/vol-47/issue-2/pdf/pg90.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-20 }}</ref> Wrestler [[Lindsey Durlacher]] died in 2011 following surgery for a broken [[sternum]] he sustained in a snowmobile accident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&page=showarticle&ArticleID=23674|title=USA Wrestling – Features, Events, Results – Team USA|website=themat.com|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227024902/http://www.themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&page=showarticle&ArticleID=23674|archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

Fatal collisions with trains can also occur when a snowmobile operator engages in the illegal practice of "rail riding", riding between railroad track rails over snow-covered [[Railroad tie|sleepers]]. Inability to hear the sound of an oncoming train over the engine noise of a snowmobile makes this activity extremely dangerous. Collision with large animals such as moose and deer, which may venture onto a snowmobile trail, is another major cause of snowmobile accidents. Most often such encounters occur at night or in low-visibility conditions when the animal could not be seen in time to prevent a collision. Also even when successful, a sudden maneuver to miss hitting the animal could still result in the operator losing control of the snowmobile.

The next leading cause of injury and death is [[avalanches]], which can result from the practice of [[highmarking]], or driving a snowmobile as far up a hill as it can go.<ref>{{cite web| title=Avalanches kill more snowmobilers than skiers| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/avalanches-kill-more-snowmobilers-than-skiers-1.1041095| access-date=13 January 2014| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113195400/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/avalanches-kill-more-snowmobilers-than-skiers-1.1041095| archive-date=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title=Avalanche deaths in the United States: a 45-year analysis.| pmid=10560307 | volume=10 | journal=Wilderness Environ Med| pages=146–51 | last1 = Page | first1 = CE | last2 = Atkins | first2 = D | last3 = Shockley | first3 = LW | last4 = Yaron | first4 = M | year=1999 | issue=3 | doi=10.1580/1080-6032(1999)010[0146:aditus]2.3.co;2| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_us.php|title=CAIC|website=avalanche.state.co.us|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> During the 2018–2019 season, 7 snowmobilers in the United States were killed. Avalanche safety education is critical for those accessing the backcountry.

Risks can be reduced through education, proper training, appropriate gear, attention to published avalanche warnings and avoiding drinking alcohol. In some areas of Western U.S., organizations provide avalanche training, some of which is free. It is recommended that snowmobile riders wear a helmet and a [[snowmobile suit]].

== Legislation ==

Depending on jurisdiction, there may be penalties for driving outside permitted areas, without an approved helmet, without a driver's license, with an unregistered snowmobile, or while under the influence of alcohol or other substances. There may also be regulations regarding noise and wildlife.

In some jurisdictions, a [[driver's license]] is required to operate a snowmobile. A specific snowmobile driver's license is required in, for example, Norway and Sweden. In Finland, a snowmobile driver's license is not required if the driver already has another type of appropriate driver's license (for example car or tractor).

== Environmental impact ==

The [[natural environment|environment]]al impact of snowmobiles has been the subject of much debate. Governments have been reacting slowly to [[Noise pollution|noise]] and [[air pollution]], partly because of [[lobbying]] from manufacturers and snowmobilers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} For instance, in 1999, the Canadian government adopted the ''[[Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999]]'', but the set of rules governing pollution emissions for off-road vehicles was only released in January 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vehicle and Engine Regulations|date = 21 July 2006|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/air/default.asp?lang=En&n=AE4ECEC1-1|publisher=Environment Canada|access-date=14 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204021549/http://www.ec.gc.ca/air/default.asp?lang=En&n=AE4ECEC1-1|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>  In another example of regulation, only four-stroke snowmobiles are allowed in [[Yellowstone National Park]] since a bylaw was recently passed to minimize CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and noise.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.deq.mt.gov/CleanSnowmobile/news/115-Certified%20Snowmobiles.pdf| title=Cleaner, Quieter Snowmobiles Approved For Use In Yellowstone National Park This Winter| access-date=2014-03-03| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011172223/http://www.deq.mt.gov/CleanSnowmobile/news/115-Certified%20Snowmobiles.pdf| archive-date=October 11, 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Yellowstone]], snowmobiles account for 80% of total hydrocarbon emissions and 50% of carbon monoxide emissions in the winter. This is just less than 2% and 1% respectively of the overall annual pollution within the park. Snowmobiles are only allowed to be ridden on the unplowed roads used in the summer, and riding off the roads is prohibited. This accounts for less than 1% (0.002%) of the park area.

In 2005 the [[United States Forest Service|US Forest Service]] published a Travel Management Rule<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/ohv/final.pdf 36 CFR Parts 212, 251, 261, and 295. Travel Management; Designated Routes and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use; Final Rule.]</ref> for off-highway vehicles, strengthening the implementation of [[Executive Order]]s issued in the 1970s. However, these rules were not applied to snowmobiles. In 2015, following a decision in a lawsuit brought by Winter Wildlands Alliance against the Forest Service, the rules were extended to snowmobiles, referred to as an over-snow vehicle (OSV).<ref>''[http://idahonews.com/news/local/powder-struggle-federal-judge-orders-snowmobile-regulations Powder Struggle: Federal Judge orders snomobile regulations]'', John Miller &amp; Todd Dvorak, Associated Press, 1 April 2013</ref> National Forests with sufficient snow for winter recreation are now required to designate where OSVs are allowed to travel and where they are prohibited.<ref>[https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/01/28/2015-01573/use-by-over-snow-vehicles-travel-management-rule Use By Over-Snow Vehicles (Travel Management Rule)].</ref> In doing so, the Forest Service must minimize 1) damage to soil, watershed, vegetation, and other forest resources; 2) harassment of wildlife and significant disruption of wildlife habitats; and 3) conflicts between motor vehicle use and existing or proposed recreational uses of National Forest System lands or neighboring Federal lands.

=== Air ===
[[file:ImagineRIT2017SAECleanSnowmobile.jpg|thumb|Student-constructed SAE clean snowmobile at Imagine [[Rochester Institute of Technology|RIT]] 2017]]

Most snowmobiles are still powered by [[two-stroke]] engines, although Alpina and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] have been using [[four-stroke]]s since 2002 and 2003, respectively. However, in the last decade several manufacturers have been successful in designing less polluting motors, and putting most of them in production. Yamaha and Arctic-Cat were the first to mass-produce four-stroke models, which are significantly less polluting than the early two-stroke machines. Alpina offers only four-stroke EFI engines equipped with a [[catalytic converter]] and dual oxygen-probe. Bombardier's E-Tec two-stroke motors emit 85% less pollutants than previous [[carbureted]] two-strokes. Polaris has developed a [[fuel-injection]] technology called "Cleanfire Injection" on their two-strokes. The industry is also working on a direct-injected "clean two strokes" that is better in terms of [[NOx|NO<sub>X</sub>]] emissions.

Independent researchers, undergraduates and graduate students participate in contests to lessen the impact of emissions from snowmobiles. The ''Clean Snow Mobile Challenge'' is held yearly at [[Michigan Technological University]] regrouping the entries from universities from across United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mtukrc.org/snowmobile.htm| title=Clean Snowmobile Challenge| publisher=Keweenaw research Center| access-date=2007-05-01| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523063455/http://mtukrc.org/snowmobile.htm| archive-date=2007-05-23}}</ref> Some of the participants in recent years have been the [[École polytechnique de Montréal]] with a Quasiturbine engine<ref name="UM">{{cite web| url=http://www.quasiturbine.com/PolyMotoneige0203.html| title=Moteur Quasiturbine| author=Erwan Chapelier, Christian De Figueiredo and Pascal Prado| publisher=[[École polytechnique de Montréal]]| access-date=2007-04-29| language=fr| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113144432/http://www.quasiturbine.com/PolyMotoneige0203.html| archive-date=2006-11-13}}</ref> and students from [[École de technologie supérieure]] of the [[Université du Québec à Montréal|UQAM]] with a less polluting two-stroke engine using [[E85]] and direct injection.<ref name="ETS">{{cite web| url=http://www.etsmtl.ca/zone2/clubs/quiets/accueil.html| title=Motoneige écologique| work=Club étudiant scientifique| publisher=[[École de technologie supérieure]] de l'[[université du Québec]]| access-date=2007-05-01| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929130056/http://www.etsmtl.ca/zone2/clubs/quiets/accueil.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-09-29|language=fr}}</ref>

=== Noise ===

Maximum noise restrictions have been enacted by law for both production of snowmobiles and aftermarket components. For instance, in [[Quebec]] (Canada) noise levels must be 78 [[decibel]]s or less at 20 meters from a snowmobile path.<ref name="SRC2">{{cite web| url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/actualite/decouverte/dossiers/30_skidoo/3c.html| title=Les ravages de la motoneige| work=Émission Découverte| publisher=[[Société Radio-Canada]]| access-date=2007-05-01| language=fr| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030611/http://www.radio-canada.ca/actualite/decouverte/dossiers/30_skidoo/3c.html| archive-date=2007-10-01}}</ref> As of 2009, snowmobiles produce 90% less noise than in the 1960s<ref name="ISMA-stat"/> but there are still numerous complaints.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.copreq.qc.ca/bruit.html| title=Étouffons ce bruit agressant| publisher=Comité de protection de l'environnement de Québec| access-date=2007-04-30| language=fr| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930211627/http://www.copreq.qc.ca/bruit.html| archive-date=2008-09-30}}</ref> Efforts to reduce noise focus on suppressing mechanical noise of the suspension components and tracks.<ref name="SRC2"/>  Arctic Cat in 2005 introduced "Silent Track technology" on touring models such as the T660 Turbo, Bearcat, and some M-Series sleds. Ski-Doo has since then also used comparative "silent track technology" on some models.

The use of aftermarket exhaust systems ("cans" or "silencers") is controversial. These replace the stock muffler with a less restrictive system that is usually claimed to increase power output of the engine. However, these aftermarket exhausts are often much louder than those from the factory, with only some being slightly quieter than a completely open, unbaffled system. Most, if not all, local snowmobile clubs (that maintain and groom trail systems) do not recommend them because of noise. Local and state authorities have set up checkpoints on high-traffic trails, checking for excessively loud systems and issuing citations. Typically these systems are installed on two-stroke powered machines (giving the distinctive "braap" sound); however, in recent years aftermarket companies have released silencers for four-stroke models as well.

== Economic impact ==
[[Image:Reindeerhurding.jpg|thumb|Snowmobiles are used by reindeer herders]]

According to the International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association, snowmobilers in Canada and the United States spend over $28 billion on snowmobiling each year. This includes expenditures on equipment, clothing, accessories, snowmobiling vacations (lodging, fuel, and food), maintenance and others. Often this is the only source of income for some smaller towns, such as [[Bralorne, British Columbia|Bralorne]], British Columbia, that rely solely on [[tourism]] during the summer and winter months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snowmobile.org/facts_econ.asp|title=ISMA (International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association) – Welcome|date=6 March 2003|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208021854/http://www.snowmobile.org/facts_econ.asp|archive-date=8 February 2006}}</ref> Once a booming gold mining town, Bralorne is now a very small town with a population of 60,<ref>{{cite web| title=All About Bralorne| url=http://www.sledbralorne.com/aboutbralorne.html| access-date=5 November 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115133217/http://www.sledbralorne.com/aboutbralorne.html| archive-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> and it is relatively inaccessible by car in the winter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting to Bralorne|url=http://www.sledbralorne.com/gettinghere.html|access-date=5 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729214959/http://www.sledbralorne.com/gettinghere.html|archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> The economy relies on visits from snowmobilers, who contribute to the economy by spending money on gas, food, and hotels.<ref>{{cite web| title=Business in Bralorne| url=http://www.sledbralorne.com/business.html| access-date=5 November 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731210009/http://www.sledbralorne.com/business.html| archive-date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

== Social impact ==
[[file:Winter Picnicking, Martin Lake, NWT.JPG|thumb|Snowmobiling near [[Martin Lake (Northwest Territories)|Martin Lake]], [[Northwest Territories]], Canada for a winter picnic in February]]

Since the invention of snowmobiles, isolated communities of northern North America have always had a demand for them. However, the early snowmobiles designs were not economical or functional enough for the harsh environment of northern North America. Joseph-Armand Bombardier started producing the Ski-Doo in 1959 at the request of a priest.<ref name=Reich>{{cite journal| last=Reich| first=Leonard S.|title=Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America|journal=Technology and Culture|date=July 1999| volume=40| issue=3| pages=484–516| doi=10.1353/tech.1999.0152| jstor=25147357| s2cid=109816285}}</ref> The priest had asked Bombardier to make an economical and reliable means of winter travel.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Reich| first=Leonard S.| title=Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America|journal=Technology and Culture|date=July 1999| volume=40| issue=3| pages=484–516| doi=10.1353/tech.1999.0152| jstor=25147357| s2cid=109816285}}</ref> The Ski-Doo greatly changed life in northern North America's isolated communities, where Ski-Doo replaced sled dogs by the end of the 1960s.<ref name="Jozic">{{cite web| last=Jozic| first=Jennifer| title=Transportation in the North| url=http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/northern/content?pg=ex10-2&ln=| publisher=Northern Research Portal| access-date=5 November 2012| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011013554/http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/northern/content?pg=ex10-2&ln=| archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Percy| first=E. C.| title=The Snowmobile: Friend or Foe?| journal=The Journal of Trauma| date=May 1972| volume=12| issue=5| pages=444–6| doi=10.1097/00005373-197205000-00023| pmid=5061609}}</ref> The Ski-Doo also greatly improved communication between isolated communities.<ref name="Reich 1999 485">{{cite journal| last=Reich| first=Leonard S.| title=Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America| journal=Technology and Culture|date=July 1999| volume=40| issue=3| pages=485| doi=10.1353/tech.1999.0152| jstor=25147357| s2cid=109816285}}</ref>

In northern North America, historically, isolated communities depended on [[dog sledding]] and [[snowshoeing]] as their primary method of transportation for hunting during the winter months. The Ski-Doo allowed trappers to travel greater distances faster, allowing them to expand their hunting grounds.<ref name="Reich 1999 485"/> Prospectors, mining companies, foresters, backcountry cabin owners, the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and [[Canadian Army]] also found snowmobiles very effective because they were the most economical method of transportation of small loads.<ref name="Jozic"/><ref name="Reich 1999 489">{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=Leonard S.|title=Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America|journal=Technology and Culture|date=July 1999|volume=40|issue=3|pages=489|doi=10.1353/tech.1999.0152|jstor=25147357|s2cid=109816285}}</ref>

Joseph-Armand Bombardier's tests of Ski-Dog{{explain|reason=what is ski-dog?|date=January 2025}} proved that snowmobiling was fun, and snowmobiling became a new form of outdoor recreation.<ref name="Reich 1999 489"/> People who once sat dormant throughout winter were now given the opportunity in more outdoor activities.<ref name="Reich 1999 494">{{cite journal| last=Reich| first=Leonard S.| title=Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America| journal=Technology and Culture|date=July 1999| volume=40| issue=3| pages=494| doi=10.1353/tech.1999.0152| jstor=25147357| s2cid=109816285}}</ref>

== See also ==

* {{annotated link|Hyanide}}
* {{annotated link|Hydrocopter}}
* {{annotated link|List of Canadian inventions and discoveries}}
* {{annotated link|Non-road engine}}
* {{annotated link|Snow coach}}
* {{annotated link|ZIL-2906}}

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* Descarries, Eric.  "Autoneiges Bombardier: Des patenteux perpétuent la tradition". in ''La Presse''. Monday, March 13, 2006.
* MacDonald, Larry.  ''The Bombardier story: planes, trains, and snowmobiles.'' Toronto: J. Wiley, 2001.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-362/politics_economy/bombardier/ CBC Digital Archives – Bombardier: The Snowmobile Legacy]
* [http://www.eliason-snowmobile.com/ Carl Eliason's snowmobile story] and his [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1650334 Patent]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Snowmobiles}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

* [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/snowmobile.htm How Stuff Works – Snowmobiles]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926043316/http://snowmobile.org/yellowstone-graphs.pdf Environmental Impact Studies]
* [http://www.snowmobile.org The International Association of Snowmobile Manufacturers]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Snowmobiles| ]]
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