Editing Snub-nosed monkey

{{Short description|Genus of mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Snub-nosed monkeys
| image =Goldstumpfnasen (Rhinopithecus roxellana).jpg
| image_caption = [[Golden snub-nosed monkey]]<br/>(''Rhinopithecus roxellana'')
| taxon = Rhinopithecus
| authority = [[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]], 1872
| type_species = ''[[Golden snub-nosed monkey|Semnopithecus roxellana]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]], 1872
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}

'''Snub-nosed monkeys''' are a group of [[Old World monkey]]s and make up the entirety of the [[genus]] '''''Rhinopithecus'''''. The genus is rare and not fully researched. Some taxonomists group snub-nosed [[monkey]]s together with the genus ''[[Pygathrix]]''.

== Distribution and habitat ==
Snub-nosed monkeys live in [[Asia]], with a range covering southern [[China]] (especially [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[Sichuan]], [[Yunnan]], and [[Guizhou]]) extending into the northern parts of [[Myanmar]] and [[Vietnam]]. Snub-nosed monkeys inhabit mountain forests up to elevations of more than {{cvt|4,000|m}}. In the winter, they move into the deeply secluded regions. Higher elevation areas are more remote and difficult for humans to access and utilize and other studies have found less [[deforestation]], more [[reforestation]] and [[afforestation]], less range contraction, and less extinction in topographically steep areas. All ''Rhinopithecus'' species inhabit primary forest and grid cells with tree cover ≥ 75% might constitute important potential habitat.<ref name="Nuchel">{{Cite journal |last1=Nüchel |first1=Jonas |last2=Bøcher |first2=Peder Klith |last3=Xiao |first3=Wen |last4=Zhu |first4=A-Xing |last5=Svenning |first5=Jens-Christian |display-authors=3 |date=2018-01-23 |title=Snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus): potential distribution and its implication for conservation |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1517–1538 |doi=10.1007/s10531-018-1507-0 |issn=0960-3115 |pmc=6560942 |pmid=31258260 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Description ==
These monkeys are named for the short stump of a nose on their round faces, with nostrils arranged forward. They have relatively multicolored and long fur, particularly at the shoulders and backs. They grow to a length of {{cvt|51|–|83|cm}} with a tail of {{cvt|55|–|97|cm}}.

== Behavior ==
Snub-nosed monkeys spend the majority of their life in the trees. They live together in very large groups of up to 600 members, splitting up into smaller groups in times of food-scarcity, such as in the winter. Groups consist of many more males than females. They have territorial instincts, defending their territory mostly with shouts. They have a large vocal repertoire, calling sometimes solo while at other times together in choir-like fashion.

== Diet ==
The diet of these animals consists mainly of tree needles, [[bamboo]] buds, fruits and leaves. A multi-chambered stomach helps them with digesting their food.

== Breeding ==
The impulse for mating starts with the female. She takes up eye contact with the male and runs away a short bit, then flashes her genitals. If the male shows interest (which does not always occur), he joins the female and they mate. The 200-day gestation period ends with a single birth in late spring or early summer. Young animals become fully mature in about six to seven years. Zoologists know little about their lifespan.

== Conservation ==
The [[golden snub-nosed monkey|golden]]<ref name="IUCNGoldensnub-nosedmonkey"/> and [[black-and-white snub-nosed monkey]]s<ref name="IUCNBlack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkey"/> are both [[endangered species]], while the other three species are [[critically endangered]].<ref name="IUCNGraysnub-nosedmonkey"/><ref name="IUCNTonkinsnub-nosedmonkey"/><ref name="IUCNMyanmarsnub-nosedmonkey"/>

Golden snub-nosed monkey communities with large populations have high genetic diversity, but also show higher levels of recent inbreeding than other snub-nosed monkeys.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Kuang|first1= W.|last2= Hu|first2= J.|display-authors=etal |date= December 2020|title= Genetic diversity, inbreeding level, and genetic load in endangered snub-nosed monkeys (''Rhinopithecus'') |journal= Frontiers in Genetics|volume= 11 |pages= 615926|doi= 10.3389/fgene.2020.615926|doi-access= free}}</ref>

==Species==
{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[Rhinopithecus]] |authority-name=[[Alphonse  Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]] |authority-year=1872 |species-count=five}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey]] |binomial=R. bieti
|image=File:Black_Snub-nosed_Monkey_(44489823001).jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]]|authority-not-original= |authority-year=1897 
|range=Southern China |range-image=File:Black_Snub-nosed_Monkey_area.png |range-image-size=161px
|size={{convert|74|–|83|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|51|–|72|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWBlack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNBlack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|hunting=Leaves, fruit, and [[lichen]]<ref name="ADWBlack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=1,000
|direction={{steady|Population steady}}<ref name="IUCNBlack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkey"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Golden snub-nosed monkey]] |binomial=R. roxellana
|image=File:Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkeys,_Qinling_Mountains_-_China.jpg |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]]|authority-not-original=yes |authority-year=1870
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on
| ''R. r. hubeiensis'' (Hubei golden snub-nosed monkey)
| ''R. r. qinlingensis'' (Qinling golden snub-nosed monkey)
| ''R. r. roxellana'' (Moupin golden snub-nosed monkey)
}}
|range=Central China |range-image=File:Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkey_area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|57|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|51|–|72|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWGoldensnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNGoldensnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|hunting=Leaves, bark, and lichen, as well as buds and fruit seeds<ref name="ADWGoldensnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNGoldensnub-nosedmonkey"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Gray snub-nosed monkey]] |binomial=R. brelichi
|image=File:Rhinopithecus_brelichi_Smit.jpg |image-alt=Drawing of brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]] |authority-year=1903
|range=Central China |range-image=File:Gray_Snub-nosed_Monkey_area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size=About {{convert|64|–|73|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|70|–|97|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ARKGraysnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNGraysnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|hunting=Leaves, buds, fruit, seeds and bark, as well as insect larvae<ref name="ARKGraysnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=200
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNGraysnub-nosedmonkey"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Myanmar snub-nosed monkey]] |binomial=R. strykeri
|image=File:Drawing of Rhinopithecus strykeri.jpg |image-alt=Drawing of gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Thomas Geissmann|Geissmann]] et al. |authority-year=2010
|range=Northern [[Myanmar]] |range-image=File:Range Rhinopithecus strykeri.png |range-image-size=180px
|size=About {{convert|56|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|78|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="Myanmarsnub-nosedmonkeylength"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNMyanmarsnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|hunting=Leaves, fruit, seeds, buds, flowers, twigs, and bark<ref name="Myanmarsnub-nosedmonkeyfood"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=350–400
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNMyanmarsnub-nosedmonkey"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]] |binomial=R. avunculus
|image=File:Tonkin_snub-nosed_monkeys_(Rhinopithecus_avunculus).jpg |image-alt=Gray monkeys
|authority-name=[[Guy Dollman|Dollman]] |authority-year=1912 |authority-not-original=
|range=Northern [[Vietnam]] |range-image=File:Tonkin_Snub-nosed_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|51|–|65|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|66|–|92|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWTonkinsnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNTonkinsnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|hunting=Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds<ref name="ADWTonkinsnub-nosedmonkey"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=80–100
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNTonkinsnub-nosedmonkey"/>
}}
{{Species table/end}}

==See also==
*[[Wildlife of China]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="IUCNTonkinsnub-nosedmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Quyet |first1=L. K. |last2=Rawson |first2=B. M. |last3=Duc |first3=H. |last4=Nadler |first4=T. |last5=Covert |first5=H. |last6=Ang |first6=A. |title=''Rhinopithecus avunculus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T19594A17944213 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19594A17944213.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWTonkinsnub-nosedmonkey">{{cite web |first1=Rachel |last1=Cherka |title=''Rhinopithecus avunculus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_avunculus/ |date=2014 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812172838/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_avunculus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNBlack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Long |first1=Y. |last2=Bleisch |first2=W. V. |last3=Richardson |first3=M. |title=''Rhinopithecus bieti'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T19597A17943738 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19597A17943738.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWBlack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkey">{{cite web |first1=Xin |last1=Deng |title=''Rhinopithecus bieti'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_bieti/ |date=2020 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812153212/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_bieti/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNGraysnub-nosedmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Long |first1=Y. |last2=Li |first2=B. |last3=Zhou |first3=J. |last4=Ren |first4=B. |last5=Garber |first5=A. |title=''Rhinopithecus brelichi'' |volume=2022 |page=e.T19595A215621115 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T19595A215621115.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ARKGraysnub-nosedmonkey">{{cite web |title=Grey snub-nosed monkey (''Rhinopithecus brelichi'') |work=ARKive |publisher=Wildscreen |url=http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-brelichi/factsheet |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909235911/http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-brelichi/factsheet | archive-date=September 9, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNMyanmarsnub-nosedmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Geissmann |first1=T. |last2=Momberg |first2=F. |last3=Whitten |first3=T. |title=''Rhinopithecus strykeri'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T13508501A17943490 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T13508501A17943490.en}}</ref>
<ref name="Myanmarsnub-nosedmonkeylength">{{cite journal |last1=Geissmann |first1=T. |last2=Lwin |first2=N. |last3=Aung |first3=S. S. |last4=Aung |first4=T. N. |last5=Aung |first5=Z. M. |last6=Hla |first6=T. H. |last7=Grindley |first7=M. |last8=Momberg |first8=F. |date=2011 |title=A new species of snub-nosed monkey, genus ''Rhinopithecus'' Milne-Edwards, 1872 (Primates, Colobinae), from northern Kachin state, northeastern Myanmar |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20981682 |journal=[[American Journal of Primatology]] |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=96–107 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20894 |pmid=20981682 |s2cid=467234 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608045619/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20981682/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Myanmarsnub-nosedmonkeyfood">{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Y. |last2=Groves |first2=C. |last3=Garber |first3=P. |last4=Wang |first4=X. |last5=Li |first5=H. |last6=Long |first6=Y. |last7=Li |first7=G. |last8=Tian |first8=Y. |last9=Dong |first9=S. |date=2019 |title=First insights into the feeding habits of the Critically Endangered black snub-nosed monkey, ''Rhinopithecus strykeri'' (Colobinae, Primates) |journal=[[Primates (journal)|Primates]] |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=143–153 |doi=10.1007/s10329-019-00717-0 |pmid=30847671 |s2cid=71145324}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNGoldensnub-nosedmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Yongcheng |first1=L. |last2=Richardson |first2=M. |title=''Rhinopithecus roxellana'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |page=e.T19596A196491153 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T19596A196491153.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWGoldensnub-nosedmonkey">{{cite web |first1=Peter |last1=Munoz |title=''Rhinopithecus roxellana'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_roxellana/ |date=2023 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812150712/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_roxellana/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Rhinopithecus|Snub-nosed monkey}}
*{{ARKive|golden-snub-nosed-monkey|rhinopithecus-roxellana}}
*{{ARKive|yunnan-snub-nosed-monkey|rhinopithecus-bieti}}
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/rhinopithecus Primate Info Net ''Rhinopithecus'' Factsheets]

{{C.Colobinae nav}}
{{Haplorhini|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q549325}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:monkey, snub-nosed}}
[[Category:Rhinopithecus| ]]
[[Category:Primates of Asia| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Alphonse Milne-Edwards]]