Editing Somnus

{{Short description|Roman deity, god of sleep}}
{{About|the Roman god of sleep|other uses|Somnus (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox deity
| type             = Roman
| name             = Somnus
| image            = Waterhouse-sleep and his half-brother death-1874.jpg
| alt              = 
| caption          = Somnus and Mors, ''Sleep and His Half-Brother Death'' by [[John William Waterhouse]]
| god_of           = God of sleep
| abode            = [[Underworld]]
| children         = The [[Oneiros|Somnia]], which included [[Morpheus]], [[Phobetor]], and [[Phantasos]]
}}

In [[Roman mythology]], '''Somnus''' ("sleep") is the personification of sleep.<ref>Jordan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aqDC5bwx4_wC&pg=PA291 s.v. Somnus p. 291]; Tripp, s.v. Somnus, p. 534.</ref> His Greek counterpart is [[Hypnos]].<ref>Tripp, s.vv. Somnus, Hypnos.</ref> Somnus resided in the underworld. According to [[Virgil]], Somnus was the brother of Death ([[Mors (mythology)|Mors]]),<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng2:6.268-6.281 6.278]</ref> and according to [[Ovid]], Somnus had a 'thousand' sons,<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.165.xml 11.633].</ref> the '''Somnia''' ('dream shapes'), who appear in dreams 'mimicking many forms'.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.163.xml 11.613].</ref> Ovid named three of the sons of Somnus: [[Morpheus]], who appears in human guise, [[Phobetor|Icelos / Phobetor]], who appears as beasts, and [[Phantasos]], who appears as inanimate objects.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.165.xml 11.633&ndash;643].</ref>

==Greek tradition==
In the Greek tradition, [[Hypnos]] (Sleep) was the brother of [[Thanatos]] (Death), and the son of [[Nyx]] (Night).<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 211&ndash;212]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.193-14.241 14.231], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:16.659-16.697 16.672].</ref> According to Hesiod, Sleep, along with Death, live in the underworld,<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:729-766 758&ndash;759].</ref> while in the [[Homeric]] tradition, although "the land of dreams" was located on the road to the underworld, near the great world-encircling river [[Oceanus]], nearby the city of [[Cimmerians]],<ref>Griffin, p. 234; [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.1-11.50 11.13&ndash;14], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:24.1-24.34 24.11&ndash;14].</ref> Sleep himself lived on the island of [[Lemnos]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.193-14.241 14.230&ndash;231], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311 14.281].</ref>

==Virgil==

Following the Greek tradition, [[Virgil]] makes Sleep and Death brothers, and locates their dwellings next to each other, near the entrance of the underworld:
::In the first courts and entrances of Hell
::Sorrows and vengeful Cares on couches lie :
::There sad Old Age abides, Diseases pale,
::And Fear, and Hunger, temptress to all crime;
::Want, base and vile, and, two dread shapes to see,
::Bondage and Death : then Sleep, Death's next of kin;<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng2:6.268-6.281 6.273&ndash;278]</ref>

Somnus makes a brief appearance in [[Virgil]]'s  ''[[Aeneid]]''. Virgil has Somnus cause [[Palinurus]], the [[helmsman]] of [[Aeneas]]'s ship, to fall asleep while steering the ship at night.<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng2:5.827-5.851 5.838&ndash;860].</ref> Somnus, in the guise of Phorbas, a shipmate, appears to Palinurus and offers to take over, so that Palinurus might rest awhile. But Palinurus refused the offer, so Somnus uses a branch, "imbued" with the power of underworld's river [[Styx]], to sprinkle Palinurus with water from the river [[Lethe]], the underworld's river of forgetfulness. Palinurus then falls asleep, and Somnus pushes him overboard.

==Ovid==

Somnus, and his sons the Somnia appear in [[Ovid]]'s poem ''[[Metamorphoses]]''.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.161.xml 11.573&ndash;677]; for a detailed discussion, see Griffin, pp. 234&ndash;256. Ovid's Somnus episode became the model for, what Griffin, p. 236, describes as  "Statius' exercise in ''imatatio''", see [[Statius]], ''[[Thebaid]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/statius-thebaid/2004/pb_LCL498.133.xml 10.84&ndash;131].
</ref> Ovid, like Virgil before him, followed Hesiod in making Sleep a denizen of the underworld.<ref>Griffin, p. 234.</ref> However, recalling the location of the 'land of dreams' in the ''[[Odyssey]]'', [[Ovid]] also locates the dwelling of Somnus "near the land of the [[Cimmerians]]".<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.163.xml 11.592].</ref> Ovid has Somnus live in a cave, describing "the home and chamber of sluggish Sleep"<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.163.xml 11.593].</ref> as a place where:
:Phoebus [the Sun] can never enter ... with his rising, noontide, or setting rays. Clouds of vapour breathe forth from the earth, and dusky twilight shadows. There no wakeful, crested cock with his loud crowing summons the dawn; no watch-dog breaks the deep silence with his baying, or goose, more watchful than the dog. There is no sound of wild beast or of cattle, of branches rustling in the breeze, no clamorous tongues of men. There mute silence dwells.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.163.xml 11.594&ndash;602].</ref>
In keeping with this theme of "silence", Ovid says that Somnus' house has no doors, "lest some turning hinge should creak".<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.163.xml 11.608&ndash;609].</ref>

Like Virgil, Ovid associates Somnus with the underworld's river Lethe, which Ovid has flowing from the bottom of Somnus' cave, and "whose waves, gently murmuring over the gravelly bed, invite to slumber."<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.163.xml 11.602&ndash;604].</ref> Near the entrance bloom sleep-inducing poppies and other herbs, which Nox (Night) uses to spread sleep over "the darkened lands."<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.163.xml 11.605&ndash;607].</ref> Although Ovid connects Night with Sleep, he makes no mention of Night being Sleep's mother as she is in Hesiod.<ref>Griffin, p. 234.</ref>

In the center of the main chamber, Somnus lies "in languorous repose" on a "downy-soft" black couch, surrounded by his innumerable sons, the "empty dream-shapes [''Somnia vana''], mimicking many forms, many as ears of grain in harvest-time, as leaves upon the trees, as sands cast on the shore."<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.163.xml 11.610&ndash;615].</ref> Ovid names three of these form-mimicking "dream shapes": Morpheus, Icelos/Phobetor, and Phantasos. About Morpheus, Ovid says "no other is more skilled than he in representing the gait, the features, and the speech of men; the clothing also and the accustomed words of each he represents."<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.165.xml 11.633&ndash;638].</ref> Another son called Icelos by the gods, but Phobetor by men, "takes the form of beast or bird or the long serpent", and a third son named Phantasos "puts on deceptive shapes of earth, rocks, water, trees, all lifeless things".<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.165.xml 11.638&ndash;643].</ref>

In Book 11 of the ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', Somnus becomes involved in Ovid's telling of the love story of [[Ceyx]] and his wife [[Alcyone]]. Ceyx has died in a storm at sea. [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] the queen of the gods, sends her messenger [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]] to the sleeping Somnus' cave, to command Somnus to send a dream to [[Alcyone]], in the form of Alcyone's husband [[Ceyx]].<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.163.xml 11.585&ndash;587];  Griffin, p. 232, note to line 587.</ref> Arriving at the cave, Iris brushes aside the many sleeping Somnia blocking her way, and her brightly gleaming clothes wake Somnus from his deep slumber.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.165.xml 11.616&ndash;622].</ref> Iris addresses Somnus as "thou rest of all things, Sleep, mildest of the gods, balm of the soul, who puttest care to flight, soothest our bodies worn with hard ministries, and preparest them for toil again!", then orders Somnus to "Fashion a shape that shall seem true form" to be sent to Alcyone.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.165.xml 11.623&ndash;629].</ref> Iris immediately leaves before she herself is overcome with sleep, and Somnus wakes Morpheus to carry out what Juno has commanded, then goes back to sleep on his couch.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.165.xml 11.630&ndash;649].</ref>

Like other gods associated with sleep, Ovid makes Somnus winged.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL042.463.xml?rskey=mRHai7&result=9 8.823].</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation|last=Griffin| first=A. H. F.| title=A Commentary on Ovid, Metamorphoses XI| series=Hermathena| volume=162/163| location=Dublin| year=1997| issue=162/163| jstor=23041237}}.
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Jordan, Michael, ''Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses'', Infobase Publishing, 2014. {{ISBN| 9781438109855}}
* [[Ovid]]. ''[[Metamorphoses]], Volume II: Books 9-15''. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 43. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1916. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL043/1916/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Statius]], ''[[Thebaid]], Volume II: Thebaid: Books 8-12. Achilleid.'' Edited and translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 498. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL498/2004/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Tripp, Edward, ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|069022608X}}.
* [[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'', Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]

{{Roman religion|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Personifications in Roman mythology]]
[[Category:Night gods]]
[[Category:Roman gods]]
[[Category:Sleep gods]]