Editing Sona (constructed language)

{{Short description|Language created by Kenneth Searight in 1935}}
{{Distinguish|Sona language (Papua New Guinea)}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Sona 
|creator= [[Kenneth Searight]]
|created=1935
|setting=[[international auxiliary language]]
|fam2=[[International auxiliary language|auxiliary language]]
|posteriori=The language has 375 radicals or root words based on the terms in Roget's original thesaurus. Ideas and sentences are formed by juxtaposing the radicals.
|iso3=none
|glotto=none
|ietf = [https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/ art-x-sona]
}}

'''Sona''' is an [[international auxiliary language]] created by [[Kenneth Searight]] and described in a book he published in 1935. The word {{lang|art|Sona}} in the language itself means "auxiliary neutral [[object (philosophy)|thing]]". The similarity to the English word 'sonorous' is superficial.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Searight |first=Kenneth |url=https://www.panix.com/~bartlett/Sona_book_scan.pdf |title=Sona |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. |year=1935 |editor-last=Ogden |editor-first=C.K. |location=London |page=16 |language=en}}</ref>

Searight created Sona as a response to the [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentricity]] of other [[Artificial language|artificial]] [[International auxiliary language|auxiliary languages]] of his time, such as [[Esperanto]] and [[Ido]].<ref name=aldrich>{{citation |title=Colonialism and Homosexuality |last=Aldrich |first=Robert |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=0-415-19616-7 |pages=279–81 }}</ref> At the same time, Searight intended his language to be more practical than most ''[[A priori (languages)|a priori]]'' languages like [[Solresol]] or [[Ro (language)|Ro]], which were intended to be unbiased by any particular group of natural languages.  Thus, ''Sona'' sacrificed familiarity of grammar and lexicon for some measure of "universality", while at the same time preserving basic notions common to grammars around the world such as compounding as a method of word formation. Searight used inspiration from many diverse languages, including [[English language|English]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], to create his eclectic yet regular and logical language.<ref name=hyam>{{citation |title=Understanding the British Empire |last=Hyam |first=Ronald |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-13290-9 |pages=454–5 }}</ref>

Searight specifically chose only sounds that speakers of many languages could say, therefore making it a true universal language. He hoped that in a perfect world, Sona would be taught to young children everywhere.

Sona is an [[agglutinative language]] with a strong tendency towards being an [[isolating language]]. The language has 360 ''radicals'' or root words whose meanings are based on the categories in [[Roget]]'s original [[Roget's Thesaurus|thesaurus]], plus an additional 15 particles. Ideas and sentences are formed by juxtaposing the radicals. Thus, ''ra'' "male" plus ''ko'' "child" makes ''rako'' "boy".

Searight's book, ''Sona; an auxiliary neutral language'' (London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd., 1935, LCCN: 35016722) is the only published example of this language. There is a small community on the Internet interested in reviving and using Sona.

== Writing ==
Sona uses the Latin alphabet and contains 24 letters. Although the author provides the rules for writing in Sona in his text, he also specifies that Sona has "few hard and fast rules."<ref name=":0" /> One mentioned rule in regards to writing covered by Searight is that foreign words are written with a capital. Even in regards to punctuation, Searight claims it is "desirable that we leave the matter more or less opened to choice."<ref name=":0" />

== Alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; table-layout:fixed"
|+ Sona alphabet
! Number ||1||2||3||4||5||6||8||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19||20||21||22||23||24
|-
![[Upper case]]
|[[A]]||[[B]]||[[C]]||[[D]]||[[E]]||[[F]]||[[G]]||[[H]]||[[I]]||[[J]]||[[K]]||[[L]]||[[M]]||[[N]]||[[O]]||[[P]]||[[R]]||[[S]]||[[T]]||[[U]]||[[V]]||[[X]]||[[Y]]||[[Z]]
|-
![[Lower case]]
|a||b||c||d||e||f||g||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||p||r||s||t||u||v||x||y||z
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [[phoneme]]
|{{IPAlink|a}}
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|style="background-color:#fcc"|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|f}}
|{{IPAlink|g}}
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|style="background-color:#fcc"|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}, {{IPAlink|ʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|style="background-color:#fcc"|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|style="background-color:#fcc"|{{IPAlink|j}}, {{IPAlink|ə}}
|{{IPAlink|z}}
|}

The Sona alphabet has 24 letters. Searight lists no official order but presents the following chart:
{| class="wikitable"
|six  vowels
|''a''
|''e''
|''i''
|''o''
|''u''
|''y''
|-
|six aspirates
|''c''
|''j''
|''x''
|''f''
|''v''
|''h''
|-
|six consonants (i)
|''g''
|''d''
|''z''
|''m''
|''b''
|''l''
|-
|six consonants (ii)
|''k''
|''t''
|''s''
|''n''
|''p''
|''r''
|}
The vowels are sounded as in Italian. British English equivalents are ''fast, fete, machine, fort, rule''. ''y'' is the neutral vowel of Welsh, but before another vowel, it is pronounced as the English ''y'' (e.g. ''yard'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sona: an auxiliary neutral language|last=Searight|first=Kenneth|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.|year=1935|location=London|pages=31}}</ref>  The alphabet letters are "named" by adding the vowel ''y''. For the vowels of the alphabet, the y is initial, such as ''ya, ye, yi, yo, yu, y'', and is final for aspirates and consonants, such as ''cy, gy, ky,'' etc. The ''y'' is also useful for separating two like vowels in a word and for separating an -n radical from a vowel. For instance, ''ta-ata'' becomes ''tayata'' and ''ta-o'' becomes ''tayo''. This helps reduce confusion by distinguishing words from other similar combined radicals. ''i'' and ''u'' are shortened before a vowel. The only consonant that is final allowed is ''-n.''<ref name=":0" />

== Radicals ==
The language consists of 360 radicals and 15 particles, each of which represents a single unit of meaning. Every word in Sona can be decomposed into radicals and, conversely, new words can be constructed by combining them in various ways. Radicals are meant to represent symbolic ideas or groups of ideas, and this simplifies the language by connecting words to one another based on universal concepts.

The radicals are organized into groups of five which share both a consonant-vowel root and a fundamental meaning. Each radical in the group is created by attaching a-, u-, or i- or -n. For example, the group ''ta'' (increase) also contains the radicals ''tan'' (bulk), ''ata'' (extension), ''ita'' (filling), and ''uta'' (swelling).

When radicals are combined, their order affects the resulting meaning. A radical used as a prefix will be dominant, while one used as a suffix will be subordinate, hence ''tara'' "big man" versus ''rata'' "giant."

A radical can change meaning depending on its context. Some radicals take on a different meaning when used as an affix, e.g. when used as a prefix, the meaning of ''ka'' changes from "lead" to a [[Causative|causal maker]]. Many compounds take on set meanings beyond that of their component parts. For example, ''akizu'', literally "fast animal," signifies "horse."<ref name=":0" />

== Phonetics and phonology ==
The 360 radicals are split up into consonants and aspirates. Of the 12 consonants, each can be categorized five different ways, isolated and with the four possible affixes. This gives us 300 radicals. The 6 aspirates, ''c, j, x, f, v,'' and ''h'', have only the ''-n'' form, which gives us the remaining 60 radicals. Searight decided to exclude diphthongs from Sona in order to maintain its universality. Here is an example of how radicals are modified with prefixes and suffixes to create new words.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Primary
!
!''TA'' (augment)
!''TE'' (grasp)
!''TO'' (passing)
|-
|''-n''
|
|''tan'' (bulk)
|''ten'' (reception)
|''ton'' (exhaust) 
|-
|''a-''
|
|''ata'' (extension)
|''ate'' (tube)
|''ato'' (senility) 
|-
|''i-''
|
|''ita'' (filling)
|''ite'' (flap) 
|''ito'' (expiring) 
|-
|''u-''
|
|''uta'' (swelling)
|''ute'' (pocket)
|''uto'' (excess) 
|}

There are 180 disyllables, and the remaining 5 monosyllables are the particles ''au, ua, ue, ui,'' and ''uo''. The only vowels allowed as radical prefixes are ''a, i,'' and ''u.''

Sona does not use a formal suffix for possession, but one may add ''-si'' for emphasis, which is the equivalent of an English ''-'s''.

The epithet is always placed before its head word, so one would say "the big dog," as in English, and not "the dog big," as in Spanish.

While radicals may be compounded, they also can be isolated words. For instance, ''te'' alone means "hand," but compounding it creates ''tebi'' (handle), ''bute'' (nose), and ''tega'' (arm).

As for the aspirates, ''h'' is aspirated, ''x'' is pronounced like the ''sh'' in "shin," ''j'' may be sounded as in the English "ʤ" or the French "[[Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant|ʒ"]]. Since there is already a letter ''k'' in Sona, ''c'' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in "chin." ''f'' and ''v'' are pronounced how English speakers pronounce them.

As for the consonants, only three of them need mentioning. ''g'' is always a hard G, meaning it is pronounced like the G in Gary as opposed to the G in Gym. ''z'' is pronounced like the Z in "zeal," but it can vary to the Italian variation of ''dz'', or the German variation of ''ts''. Also, ''s'' is always sharp, meaning it never sounds like a Z as in "as." The remaining consonants are pronounced as English speakers would pronounce them. Sona also has no double consonants or digraphs.<ref name=":0" />

Sona utilizes elision, meaning when a radical with a vowel prefix is followed by its own primary or ''-n'' form, the common vowel is dropped. For example, ''ata-ta'' becomes ''atta'', and ''ata-tan'' becomes ''attan''.

For foreign sounds and words, Sona uses the phonetic symbol for that word and writes it with an initial capital letter. Sona rarely utilizes capital letters, and ''Sona'' is the only word in Sona spelled with a capital letter. For technical and scientific terms, such as Greek and Latin words, Sona leaves them as is, occasionally changing an initial C to K to match the sounds, for instance ''Carnival'' becomes ''Karnival''. These words are spelled in accordance with the language of origin, and last names are not altered.<ref name=":0" />

Sona is not a tonal language and therefore the tonic accent is evenly distributed throughout speech, such as Japanese and French.

Punctuation is not a necessary part of the language since there are prefixes and suffixes for questions and emphasis. However, in Sona it is up to a person's preference whether or not they would like to use punctuation.

For nouns, the definite article is ''en'', meaning "it," and is optionally used for emphasis. For instance, ''ra'' stands for "man", but ''en ra'' means "the (very) man." There is no indefinite article in Sona. It does, however, borrow an Honorific from Japanese. O is used before names, words of address, and verbs as an expression of politeness. For instance, ''O ra'' means "honorable man." It can also mean "please."

For naming, the radical ''ha'', meaning "name," converts another radical into a name that addresses a person. For instance, ''hara'' (name and man) signifies Mr. Monsieur, Signor, Herr, Sir, etc. Inanimate objects have no gender. Sex is marked by ''ra'', meaning male or man, and ''zan'', meaning female or woman.<ref name=":0" />

== Morphology ==
All words can be fully analyzed into their constituent radicals (with the exception of proper nouns and borrowed words). As a result, the morphology of the language is a combination of [[Isolating language|isolating]] and [[Agglutinative language|agglutinating]], and contains no [[Fusional language|fusional]] element.

Most word formation is done by compounding. When compounding radicals, the first one is said to be the "governing radical," and the following ones act as modifiers. The language also permits the compounding of polysyllabic words.<ref name=":0" />

=== Inflectional morphology ===

==== Nouns ====
There are twelve [[Grammatical case|cases]]. For [[Nominative case|nominative]] and [[Accusative case|accusative]], the noun and the verb are compounded. For the former, the noun comes first and for the latter, the verb. For [[possessive]], the possessor is simply placed before the possessed, but the suffix ''-si'' can be added to the possessor if needed for clarification. Three of the cases are formed with affixes: the [[Vocative case|vocative]] with ''-ha'', the [[Directive Case|directive]] with ''-li'', and the [[Locative case|locative]] with ''a-.'' The remaining cases are formed analytically with a word placed before the noun: ''dili'' for the [[Motive Case|motive]], ''li'' for the [[Dative case|dative]], ''ne'' for the [[Ablative case|ablative]], ''bi'' for [[Instrumental case|instrumental]], ''vi'' for [[Genitive case|genitive]], and ''di'' for [[Partitive case|partitive]].

Nouns can optionally be marked for [[plural]] (''-e''), [[Collective noun|collective]] (-''gi'').

Only [[Animacy (linguistics)|animate]] nouns are marked for gender: ''ra'' for male, ''zan'' for female, and ''-ji'' or ''-ci'' for neuter, with the latter having an additional [[Agent noun|agentive]] meaning. The inanimates have special noun affixes which mark them as either inorganic (''-na'') or organic (''-ga'').

The [[augmentative]] is ''-ta-'' and the [[diminutive]] is ''-ko-''. The [[approbative]] is marked by ''-xa'' and the disapprobative is marked by ''-ze''.<ref name=":0" />

===== Adjectives =====
The comparative is formed by ''e-'' and superlative is formed by ''en e-'' (with ''en'' meaning "the"). However, they do not have to be marked explicitly. Compare ''koyo ra'' "small man", ''ekoyo ra'' "smaller man", and ''en ekoyo ra'' "the smallest man."<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Table of Comparison of Adjectives
|-
!
!''e-'' (comparative)
!''en e-'' (superlative)
|-
|''ko'' (small)
|''eko'' (less, smaller)
|''en eko'' (least, smallest)
|-
|''ta'' (big)
|''eta'' (more, bigger)
|''en eta'' (most, biggest
|}

==== Verbs ====
Both prepositions and pronouns may be optionally attached to the end of the verb.

Three different radicals can be used to mark transitivity: -ka- ("cause"), -ba ("strike, forceful"), -ru ("go, get").<ref name=":0" />

Searight gives this verb paradigm using the root ''ru'', "move," as an example:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Verb Paradigm
|'''Broad'''
|'''Specific'''
|'''Example'''
|'''Translation'''
|-
|Infinitive
|General
|da ru
|"to go"
|-
|
|Intention
|ua da ru
|"in order to go'
|-
|
|Past
|da to ru
|"to have gone"
|-
|
|Future
|da va ru
|"to be about to go"
|-
|Imperative
|Command
|ruha, ru
|"go!"
|-
|
|Proposal
|dami ru
|"let me go"
|-
|Participle
|Relative
|ruci
|"who (which) is going"
|-
|Adverbial
|Gerund
|rui
|"(while) going"
|-
|
|Absolute
|rutio
|"having gone"
|-
|Indicative
|Present
|ru
|"go/goes"
|-
|
|Actual
|ruci
|"am/is/are going"
|-
|
|Past
|ruto
|"went"
|-
|
|Perfect
|to ru
|"have/has gone"
|-
|
|Imperfect
|to ruci
|"were/was going"
|-
|
|Pluperfect
|to ruto
|"had gone"
|-
|Conditional
|Probable
|va to ru
|"would have gone"
|-
|
|Possible
|fa to ru
|"may, might have gone"
|-
|Future
|Intention
|va ru
|"will go"
|-
|Aorist
|Possible
|fa ru
|"may go"
|}

=== Derivational morphology ===

==== Nouns ====
Instrumental nouns can be formed with ''-bi''; places are denoted by ''-a, -ma,'' or ''-ca''; buildings by ''-kan''; times are formed with ''-ri.''

Abstract nouns may be formed in several ways. A noun of state is produced with ''-ne'', a [[verbal noun]] is produced with -''da'', and a noun of quality is produced with ''-vi''. For example, starting with the radical ''di'', "divide," one can create ''dine,'' "division;"  ''dida'', "dividing;" and ''divi'', "particularity."<ref name=":0" />

==== Adjectives ====
The primary method of adjective formation is the suffix ''-(y)o'', as in ''tayo'', "great." They can be [[Adjective#Types of use|used as predicates]] by omitting the o, as in ''ra ta'', "the man is big."<ref name=":0" />

Adjectives with more specific meanings can be derived in several other ways. Searight gives the following list, using ''ra'', "man," to generate an example of each:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Adjectival suffixes
!Suffix
!Meaning
!Example
|-
|''-vio''
|of the quality of
|''ravio'', "virile"
|-
|''-bio''
|used for
|''rabio'', "phallic"
|-
|''-dio''
|of, belonging to
|''radio'', "masculine"
|-
|''-lio''
|able to
|''ralio'', "potent"
|-
|''-sio''
|like, ish
|''rasio'', "manly"
|-
|''-kio''
|beginning to
|''rakio'', "adolescent"
|-
|''-fio''
|not quite, hardly
|''rafio'', "effeminate"
|-
| -''cio'' or -''ci''
|[[participle]]
|''racio'', "one who acts like a man" or "brave"
|-
| -''nio'' or -''ni''
|passive adjective, -ized
|''ranio'', "virilized"
|-
|''-beyo''
|without, -less
|''rabeyo'', "without a man"
|-
| -''noyo''
|bearing
|''ranoyo'', "bearing sons"
|-
| -''panyo''
|full of, -ful
|''rapanyo'', "manful"
|}

==== Adverbs ====
Some adverbial forms are derived by a suffix, like adjectives, while others are formed analytically. The default method of creating an adverb is the word ''po'' preceding it. Searight offers the following adverb derivations:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Adverbial suffix
!Derivation
!Meaning
!Example
|-
|''-(y)u''
|manner
|''irau'', "strongly"
|-
|''bi''
|means
|''bi ira'', "by force"
|-
|''po''
|general
|''po ira'', "in strength"
|-
|''a-''
|rest
|''afu'', "outside"
|-
|''-li''
|motion
|''fuli'', "outwards"
|-
|''-i''
|gerund
|''fui'', "while putting out"
|-
|''-ua''
|emphatic
|''naua'', "not at all"
|-
|''-ui''
|affirmative
|''naui'', "yet"
|}

==== Verbs ====
Radicals can be converted into verbs analytically by the addition of ''da'' before the root.<ref name=":0" />

== Syntax ==
Searight's central claim on syntax in Sona is that "the construction of the Sona sentence is based upon the logical sequence of ideas."<ref name=":0" /> The syntactical structure of Sona is intended to be as intuitive and logical as possible, although Searight does present some rules in his text under the "Syntax" section. According to Searight, the [[word order]] is [[Subject–verb–object|SVO]], with qualifying words preceding the words they qualify. Searight stresses that "the construction of the Sona sentence must not be confined to European models."<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131906/http://www.rickharrison.com/language/sonabook.html ''Sona: an auxiliary neutral language''] - Original book, Web Version
* [http://sonasojigin.freeoda.com/ Online Sona/English dictionary and translation aid]
* [http://www.panix.com/~bartlett/sona8x.html Table of radicals in Sona]
* [https://archive.today/20130209171148/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sona_language/ Sona Mailing List]
* [http://sonasokasama.proboards.com/ A Sona Message Board]
* [https://sona-lasin.fandom.com/wiki/Sona_Lasin_Wiki Wiki in Sona]
* [https://sonagona.carrd.co sonagona.carrd.co] - A reconstruction of the original Sonagona website
{{Constructed languages}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Constructed languages]]