Editing Southern Bug

{{Short description|River in Ukraine}}
{{about|the river in southern Ukraine|the tributary of the Vistula River in [[Eastern Europe]]|Bug (river)}}
{{Infobox river
| name               = Southern Bug
| name_native        = {{native name|uk|Південний Буг}}
| name_native_lang   =
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = the Slavic hydronym *bugъ/*buga
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image              = Sunset S Bug Vinnitsa 2007 G1.jpg
| image_size         = 270
| image_caption      = The Southern Bug in the vicinity of [[Vinnytsia]], [[Ukraine]]
| map                = PietinisBugas.png
| map_size           = 270px
| map_caption        = Southern Bug through Ukraine
| pushpin_map        =
| pushpin_map_size   =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe          = yes
| mapframe-zoom     = 5
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1  = Country
| subdivision_name1  = [[Ukraine]]
| subdivision_type2  = Cities
| subdivision_name2  = [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], [[Khmilnyk]], [[Vinnytsia]], [[Haivoron]], [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|Pervomaisk]], [[Voznesensk]], [[Mykolaiv]]
| subdivision_type3  = Oblast
| subdivision_name3  =
| subdivision_type4  =
| subdivision_name4  =
| subdivision_type5  =
| subdivision_name5  =
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length             = {{convert|806|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min          =
| width_avg          =
| width_max          =
| depth_min          =
| depth_avg          =
| depth_max          =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min     =
| discharge1_avg     = 108 m3/s
| discharge1_max     =
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1            =
| source1_location   = [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation  =
| mouth              =
| mouth_location     = [[Bug estuary]], [[Ukraine]]
| mouth_coordinates  =
| mouth_elevation    =
| progression        = {{PDnieper–Bug estuary}}
| river_system       =
| basin_size         = {{convert|63700|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left   =
| tributaries_right  =
| custom_label       =
| custom_data        =
| extra              = 
}}
[[File:Yedisan.jpg|thumb|right|The river is named as ''Bog Fl[uss]'' on this 1791 German map.]]
[[File:Confluence of the rivers Southern Bug and Dnieper.jpg|thumb|right|The river is named as ''Bog'' on this 1788 French map showing the [[Dnieper–Bug estuary]] (Liman)]]

The '''Southern Bug''', also called '''Southern Buh'''<ref name="EB-Southern_Buh">{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556686/Southern-Buh | title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Southern Buh (River) | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=May 8, 2011}}</ref> ({{langx|uk|Південний Буг|Pivdennyi Buh}}; {{langx|ru|Южный Буг|Yuzhny Bug}}; {{langx|crh|Aq Suv}}; {{langx|ro|Bugul de Sud}} or just {{lang|ro|Bug}}),<ref name="EB-Southern_Buh"/> and sometimes '''Boh River''' ({{langx|uk|Бог|link=no}}; {{langx|pl|Boh}}),<ref name=eou>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBohRiver.htm Boh River] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]</ref> is a navigable river located in [[Ukraine]]. It is the [[List of longest rivers of Ukraine|second-longest river]] flowing exclusively in Ukraine.

While located in relatively close proximity, the river should not be confused with [[Western Bug]] or Bug which flows in opposite direction towards [[Baltics]]. The source of the Southern Bug is in the west of Ukraine, in the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland]], about {{convert|145|km|mi|abbr=off}} from the Polish border, from where it flows southeasterly into the [[Bug Estuary]] ([[Black Sea]] basin) through the southern [[steppes]] (see [[Granite-steppe lands of Buh]] park). It is {{convert|806|km|mi|abbr=off}} long and drains {{convert|63700|km2}}.<ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article127687.html Южный Буг], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref>

Several regionally important cities and towns in Ukraine are located on the Southern Bug. Beginning in Western Ukraine and moving downstream, in a southeasterly direction, they are: [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]], [[Khmilnyk]], [[Vinnytsia]], [[Haivoron]], [[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|Pervomaisk]], [[Voznesensk]] and [[Mykolaiv]].<ref name=bse/>

On several occasions the river served as an international border. At least following the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|1768–1774 Russo-Turkish War]], and more narrowly the Chyhyryn campaigns, the river became a border between the Imperial Russia and Ottomans. Some 200 years later between 1941 and 1944 during [[World War II]] the Southern Bug formed the border between German-occupied Ukraine ([[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]) and the Romanian-occupied part of Ukraine, called [[Transnistria Governorate|Transnistria]].

== Nomenclature and etymology ==
{{bulleted list
|{{langx|uk|Південний Буг|Pivdennyi Buh}}
|{{langx|pl|Boh}}
|{{langx|ro|Bugul de Sud}} or just {{lang|ro|Bug}}
|{{langx|ru|Южный Буг|Yuzhny Bug}}
|Ottoman {{langx|tr|Aksu}}
}}

[[Herodotus]] (c. 484–425 BCE) refers to the river using its [[ancient Greek]] name: Hypanis.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTCrx1KB3HQC&pg=PA165 |title=The Histories | page = 165 |date= 2009-01-30 |isbn=9781596258778 |access-date= 2013-01-05|author1= Herodotus|publisher=Digireads.com }}</ref> During the [[Migration Period]] of the 5th to the 8th centuries CE the Southern Bug represented a major obstacle to all the migrating peoples in the area. In his work [[Getica]], [[Jordanes]] calls the river '''Bogossola'''.<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Bogossola%22+river+Jordanes&sca_esv=5c8da1462f10d2e2&biw=1358&bih=608&sxsrf=ADLYWIJUNVfV9rllsiy6lvXYKeXUeoBk7A%3A1730751109790&ei=hSopZ4njL-newN4PpYSuiQ4&ved=0ahUKEwjJud-ovsOJAxVpL9AFHSWCK-EQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=%22Bogossola%22+river+Jordanes&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiGiJCb2dvc3NvbGEiIHJpdmVyIEpvcmRhbmVzMgUQIRigATIFECEYoAEyBRAhGKABMgUQIRigATIFECEYoAFIzglQ5wJYowVwAXgAkAEAmAHRAaABmQOqAQMyLTK4AQPIAQD4AQH4AQKYAgOgAr4DwgILEAAYgAQYsAMYogTCAgsQABiwAxiiBBiJBZgDAIgGAZAGBZIHBTEuMC4yoAfcBw&sclient=gws-wiz-serp Google search ("Bogossola" river Jordanes)].</ref><ref name=bogossola>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141806/http://www.tourclub.com.ua/ru/info/local-lore/southern_buh/river_peculiarities Southern Bug (Южный Буг)]. www.tourclub.com.ua.</ref> Mentioning of Bogossola could also be found in works of [[Guido of Pisa]].<ref name=bogossola/>

The long-standing local Slavic name of the river, ''Boh'' ([[Cyrillic]]: Бог),<ref name=eou/> according to [[Zbigniew Gołąb]] as ''*bugъ''/''*buga'' derives from Indo-European verbal root ''*bheug-'' (having cognates in old [[Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] word ''*bheugh-'' etc. with meaning of "bend, turn, moves away"), with hypothetical original meaning of "pertaining to a (river) bend", and derivatives in Russian ''búga'' ("low banks of a river, overgrown with bushes"), Polish ''bugaj'' ("bushes or woods in a river valley or on a steep river bank"), Latvian ''bauga'' ("marshy place by a river").<ref>{{citation |first=Zbigniew |last=Gołąb |author-link = Zbigniew Gołąb |year=1992 |title=The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View |url=https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/39006 |location=[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] |publisher=Slavica |pages=258–260 |isbn=9780893572310}}</ref> The Polish linguist [[Jan Michał Rozwadowski]] was explaining that the name derived from the Indo-European root "water", "source", "swamp".<ref name=bogossola/> The 17th-century French military engineer and geographer [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]] recorded the name of the river as ''Bog''.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1                 = Le Vasseur de Beauplan
| first1                = Guillaume
| author-link1          = Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan
| year              = 1651
| editor1-last          = Golitsyn
| editor1-first         = Avgustin Petrovich
| title                 = Description de l'Vkranie depvis les confins de la Moscovie jvsqu'avx limites de la Transylvanie
|trans-title=Description of Ukraine from the borders of Muscovy to the limits of Transylvania
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=-isEAAAAYAAJ
| series                = Bibliothèque russienne
| language              = fr
| location              = Paris
| publisher             = J. Techener
| publication-date      = 1861
| page                  = 57
| access-date            = 2014-10-30
| quote                 = A trois lieues audessus de Douczakow [Ochakiv] est l'emboucheure du Bog où se trouve vne isle en forme de triangle, viron de demi lieue de long le trauers de Semenwiruk. [...] Au dessus de Semenwirut, il y a sur le Bog Winaradnakricza, qui est vne fontaine sur un précipice, lieu beau et propre à habiter, tant pour le bois qui est à commodité que pour les moulins qui s'y pourraient faire.}}</ref>

== History ==
{{expand section|date=March 2024}}
From the 16th to the 18th centuries most of the south of Ukraine was under Turkish imperial domination and the colonists renamed the river using their language to the ''Aq-su'', meaning the "White river". Indigenous Slavic toponyms were re-established after the conquest of the Pontic region from Turkish domination in the 17th and 18th centuries.

On March 6, 1918, the [[Central Council of Ukraine|Central Council]] of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] adopted a law on the "administrative-territorial division of Ukraine", dividing it into regional districts. One of these, Pobozhia (meaning lands of the ''Boh'', {{langx |uk|Побожжя}}), was in the upstream lands of the Southern Bug, near the source of the river.

==Tributaries==
The main tributaries of the Southern Bug are, from source to mouth (length in parentheses):
* Left: [[Buzhok River|Buzhok]] (75), [[Ikva (Southern Bug)|Ikva]] (57), [[Snyvoda]] (58), [[Desna (Southern Bug)|Desna]] (80), [[Sob (Southern Bug)|Sob]] (115), [[Udych]] (56), [[Synytsia]] (78), [[Synyukha]] (111), [[Velyka Korabelna]] (45), [[Mertvovid]] (114), [[Hnylyi Yelanets]] (103), [[Inhul]] (354)
* Right: [[Vovk River|Vovk]] (71), [[Zghar]] (95), Riv (104), [[Silnytsia]] (67), [[Dokhna]] (68), [[Savran River|Savran]] (97), [[Kodyma River|Kodyma]] (149), [[Bakshala]] (57), [[Chychyklia]] (156)

==Ecology==
In October 2020, the Southern Bug was stocked with three hundred and fifty kilograms of Hungarian carp and 50 kilograms of silver carp at Khmelnytskyi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=У Південний Буг запустили 350 кілограмів угорського коропа|url=https://khmelnytskyi.name/uk/u-pivdennij-bug-zapustili-350-kilogramiv-ugorskogo-koropa|access-date=2020-10-26|website=khmelnytskyi.name|date=26 October 2020 |language=uk}}</ref>

==Bridges and ferries==
[[File:Varvarovskiy Bridge-1.JPG|thumb|Varvarivskyi Bridge in [[Mykolaiv]].]]
The Varvarivskyi Bridge over Southern Bug in [[Mykolaiv]] is a [[swing bridge]] (facilitating [[ship building]]) with [[Europe]]'s largest span (134 m).<ref name="KYIVDIPROTRANS">{{cite web | url=http://kgt.ua/en/37/39 | title=History | publisher=Kyivdiprotrans Institute | access-date=19 August 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233612/http://kgt.ua/en/37/39 | archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>  It is also the southernmost bridge over the river.

==Navigation==
The river is technically navigable for dozens of kilometers up from its mouth; several [[Inland port|river ports]] (such as [[Mykolaiv]]) exist.

In 2011, plans were announced to revive commercial freight navigation on the Southern Bug upstream of Mykolaiv, to facilitate the increasing [[grain]] export from Ukraine.<ref>[http://delo.ua/business/nibulon-zalozhil-osnovu-sobst-158527/ «НИБУЛОН» заложил основу собственного флота]{{in lang|uk}}</ref> As of April 2018, freight navigation was renewed between the estuary and a newly built grain terminal in the village of Prybuzhany, [[Voznesensk Raion]], in the center of the [[Mykolaiv Oblast]].

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Southern Bug under ice.JPG|Winter-frozen Southern Bug in [[Mykolaiv]].
File:Rika Ploska vpadaye v Pivdenny Bug, Khmelnitsky, 2005 07 28.jpg|The {{Ill|Ploska River|uk|Плоска (річка)}} emptying into the Southern Bug.
File:South Bug Vinnitsa 2006 G1.JPG|Southern Bug in [[Vinnytsia]].
File:Ship M I Pirogov Vinnitsa 2006 G2.jpg|A [[riverboat]] on the river in Vinnytsia (2006).
File:South bug08.jpg|Riverside skyline of [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]].
File:Yujni bug 2.jpg|Southern Bug in vicinity of the [[Granite-steppe lands of Buh|Granite-steppe lands of Bug]] landscape park.
File:Меджибізький замок (травень 2011).jpg|Southern Bug in Medzhybizh
File:Confluence of the rivers Southern Bug and Dnieper.jpg|Historical map of the confluence of the rivers Southern Bug and Dnieper.
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Southern Bug}}
* [http://www.tourclub.com.ua/en/tours/rafting/south-bug Southern Buh rafting]
* {{in lang|pl}} [http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_I/284 Boh] in the [[Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland]] (1880)
* {{in lang|ru}} [http://ukrainian.su/photogallery.html?func=detail&id=669 Photos of the Southern Buh coasts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609234951/http://ukrainian.su/photogallery.html?func=detail&id=669 |date=2010-06-09 }}
* {{in lang|ru}} [http://lostworld.com.ua/tours/rafting/rafting-na-migeyskih-porogah-yujniy-bug.html Southern Buh rafting, photo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205135246/http://lostworld.com.ua/tours/rafting/rafting-na-migeyskih-porogah-yujniy-bug.html |date=2020-02-05 }}

{{coord|46|59|N|31|58|E|display=title|region:UA_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Rivers of Ukraine}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Southern Bug| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Rivers of Khmelnytskyi Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kirovohrad Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mykolaiv Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Odesa Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Vinnytsia Oblast]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Black Sea]]