Editing Southern Cross Cable

{{Short description|Submarine communications cable system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cable
| cable_name             = Southern Cross Cable
| cable_logo             = 
| cable_type             = Fibre-optic
| fate                   = Active
| predecessor            = 
| successor              = 
| construction_beginning = 1999
| construction_finished  = 2000
| first_traffic          = 2000
| design_capacity        = >20&nbsp;Tbit/s (Jan 2020, based on 100G+ Technology)
| lit_capacity           = 92&nbsp;Tbit/s (2023)
| built_by               = Alcatel-Lucent/Fujitsu
| defunct                = 
| landings               = 
| area_served            = Southern Pacific, US Pacific coast
| owner                  = Southern Cross Cables Limited (Spark, Singtel/Optus, Telstra, Verizon Business)
| homepage               = {{url|https://www.southerncrosscables.com}}
| footnotes              = 
}}

[[Image:Southern Cross Cable route.svg|right|thumb|375px|The route of the cables. The blue are submarine; the red are terrestrial.]]

The '''Southern Cross Cable''' is a trans-[[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] network of telecommunications cables commissioned in 2000. The network is operated by the [[Bermuda]]-registered company ''Southern Cross Cables Limited''. The network has {{Convert|28,900|km|abbr=on}} of [[Submarine communications cable|submarine]] and {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of terrestrial [[Optical fiber|fiber optic]] cables, all which operate in a triple-ring configuration. Initially, each cable had a bandwidth capacity of 120 gigabit/s. Southern Cross offers capacity services from 100M/STM-1 to 100&nbsp;Gbit/s OTU-4, including 1G, 10G and 40G Ethernet Private Line services.

==History==
In April 2008 this capacity was doubled, and was once again upgraded to 860 gigabit/s at the end of 2008. Southern Cross upgraded the existing system to 1.2&nbsp;Tbit/s in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.southerncrosscables.com/public/News/newsdetail.cfm?StoryID=172 Broadband in for another price fall and capacity boost]</ref> After successful trials of 40G technology the first 400G of a planned 800G upgrade has been completed in February 2012, and the remaining 400G was completed in December 2012.<ref>[http://www.southerncrosscables.com/public/home/whatsnewdetail.cfm?WhatsNewID=87 Southern Cross committed to Ultra Fast Broadband and National Broadband Network]</ref> 

An additional 400G was deployed utilizing 100G coherent wavelength technology in July 2013, taking total system capacity to 2.6&nbsp;Tbit/s, with an additional 500&nbsp;Gbit/s to be deployed per segment by Q2 2014, increasing total system capacity to 3.6&nbsp;Tbit/s. About every two or three years, the Southern Cross Company makes an effort to upgrade the cables in some way or another.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|url=https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/faq|title=FAQ|website=www.southerncrosscables.com|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> In June 2014 a further 900&nbsp;Gbps was added.<ref name=":022"/> The system currently runs at circa 10Tbs employing a mix of 100Gbs, 200Gbs and 250Gbs wavelengths.

==Landing points==
*[[Alexandria, New South Wales|Alexandria]], [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales|NSW]], Australia
*[[Brookvale, New South Wales|Brookvale]], [[Sydney]], NSW, Australia
*[[Suva]], [[Fiji]]
*[[North West Point]], [[Kiribati]]
*[[Whenuapai]], New Zealand
*[[Takapuna]], New Zealand
*Kahe Point, [[Oahu]], [[Hawaii]], United States
*[[Samuel M. Spencer]] Beach, Hawaiʻi island, Hawaii, United States
*[[Nedonna Beach, Oregon]], United States
*[[Morro Bay, California|Morro Bay]], California, United States

==Access points==
*[[Equinix]], [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], Australia (terrestrial connection only)
*[[Westin Building]], [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States (terrestrial connection only)
*[[CoreSite]], [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[California]], United States (terrestrial connection only)

==Network segments==
The network comprises 12 segments (length of segment in brackets):

===Submarine===
*A. Alexandria-Whenuapai ({{Convert|2280|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
*C. Takapuna-Spencer Beach ({{Convert|8000|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
*D. Spencer Beach-Morro Bay ({{Convert|4135|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
*F. Kahe Point-Hillsboro, Oregon ({{Convert|4540|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
*G1. Suva-Kahe Point ({{Convert|5830|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
*G2. Brookvale-Suva ({{Convert|3540|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
*I. Spencer Beach-Kahe Point ({{Convert|460|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})

===Terrestrial===
*B. Whenuapai-Takapuna ({{Convert|15|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
*E. Hillsboro, Oregon-Morro Bay ({{Convert|1590|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
**E1. Morro Bay-San Jose ({{Convert|350|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
**E2. San Jose-Hillsboro, Oregon ({{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
*H. Alexandria-Brookvale ({{Convert|30|km|abbr=on|disp=comma}})

[[Image:Southern Cross Cable cross section.svg|right|thumb|300px|[[Diagram]] of cross section of the cable]]

==Topology==
The [[network topology]] is configured to have redundant paths and be [[Self-healing ring|self-healing]] in case of physical damage.

In the [[Cross section (geometry)|cross section]] diagram shown:
# Insulating high density [[polyethylene]] ({{Convert|17|mm|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
# [[Copper]] tubing ({{Convert|8.3|mm|abbr=on|disp=comma}})
# [[Steel]] wires
# [[Optical fiber]]s in water resistant jelly ({{Convert|2.3|mm|abbr=on|disp=comma}})

==Spying and interception==
{{Further|Global surveillance}}
In 2013 the ''[[New Zealand Herald]]'' reported that the owners of the Southern Cross cable had asked the United States [[National Security Agency]] to pay them for [[mass surveillance]] of New Zealand internet activity through the cable.<ref name="nzh-jm">{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11222413|title=GCSB holding doors open while US buddies invade our privacy|date=2014-05-14|publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]]|author=John Minto|author-link=John Minto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709191057/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/john-minto-gcsb-holding-doors-open-while-us-buddies-invade-our-privacy/JHCIWLWLUM5DSZRFKSYOAEX4CE/?c_id=1&objectid=11222413 |archive-date=2022-07-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref> In May 2014, [[John Minto]], vice-president of the New Zealand [[Mana Party]], alleged that the NSA was carrying out mass surveillance on all meta-data and content that went out of New Zealand through the cable.<ref name="nzh-jm" />

In August 2014, [[Russel Norman]], New Zealand [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Green Party]] co-leader, stated that an interception point was being established on the Southern Cross Cable.<ref name="rnz-rn">{{cite news |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/251191/govt-called-to-account-for-spy-claims |title=Govt called to account for spy claims |author=Liz Banas |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=2014-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306150414/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/251191/govt-called-to-account-for-spy-claims |archive-date=2020-03-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Norman said that as the cable is the only point of telecommunications access from New Zealand, this would allow the Government to spy on all phone calls and internet traffic from New Zealand.<ref name="rnz-rn" /> Norman's claims followed the revelation that an engineer from the NSA had visited New Zealand earlier in the year to discuss how to intercept traffic on the Southern Cross cable.<ref name="rnz-rn" />

The office of [[John Key]], New Zealand Prime Minister, denied the claims but admitted that they were negotiating a "cable access programme" with the NSA but refused to clarify what that was or why the NSA was involved.<ref name="rnz-rn" />

== Damage incidents ==

There have been few incidents damaging sections of the Southern Cross Cable, despite it traversing the Pacific Ocean's [[Pacific Ring of Fire|Ring of Fire]] and its long length.

In late 2007, Southern Cross Cable's operations vice president, Dean Veverka, confirmed that hurricane strength storms and flooding had wiped out the carrier's Oregon cable route and halved its bandwidth capability between Australia/New Zealand/[[Fiji]] and United States for a short period of time, albeit customer services were restored via the systems alternate path. A Southern Cross customer ([[iiNet]]) said that emergency works have been organised to perform a more permanent fix for the damage to the cable. These works were performed on 3 February 2008 at 12 midnight AEST.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iinet.net.au/status/faultinfo/136665.html |title=iiNet status page: information regarding Southern Cross cable repairs |date=2008-02-03 |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615052705/http://www.iinet.net.au/status/faultinfo/136665.html |archive-date=2009-06-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2008, the then head of Telecom Wholesale, Matt Crockett, mentioned to the [[National Business Review]] that there had been a recent undersea earthquake that impacted a shunt on the Southern Cross Cable. However, due to the Cable's redundancy and spare capacity, users experienced no change in access or speed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/opinion/chris-keall/earthquake-hits-southern-cross-cable |title=Earthquake hits Southern Cross Cable |author=Keall, Chris |date=6 March 2009 |work=[[National Business Review]] |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

==Construction and ownership==
Construction of the cable began in July 1999, laid by the ship [[CS Chamarel|CS ''Vercors'']], and the system was in use by customers by November 2000. Additional works and upgrades have since taken place to increase the network's capacity to 480&nbsp;[[Bit rate|Gbit/s]]. In August 2007, SC Cables contracted with [[Alcatel-Lucent]] to upgrade the cable to 660&nbsp;Gbit/s by the end of the first quarter 2008 and to 860 [[gigabit|Gbit]]/s by the end of 2008, with future upgrade also by Alcatel-Lucent to 1.2&nbsp;Tbit/s in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php?id=762726550&eid=-255 Contract awarded to upgrade Southern Cross cable network: New technology facilitated further upgrades up to 2.4&nbsp;Tbit/s.], [[Computerworld]], accessed 24 August 2007</ref> The cable has since been upgraded to over 10Tbs of capacity with a further >10Tbs of capability available on the existing system. The Southern Cross NEXT system will add a further 72Tbs of capability to the network by the end of 2021.

The cable was a private investment and there was in estimated $1.5 billion spent on the initial system development.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/trans-pacific/southern-cross|title=Southern Cross - Submarine Networks|website=www.submarinenetworks.com|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> The company is owned by [[Spark New Zealand]], [[Optus|SingTel/Optus]], [[Telstra]] (as of December 2019) and [[Verizon Communications#MCI acquisition|Verizon Business]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/company| title=About Southern Cross| publisher=Southern Cross| access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> The cables are the result of an agreement between companies [[Spark New Zealand|Spark Trading]], [[Optus]], MFS Globenet, and Southern Cross. [[Internet in New Zealand|The agreement]] was reached between the companies in 1997 as a response to unexpected growth of the internet that created a need for a submarine cable link connecting the West Coast and [[Australasia]].<ref name=":022"/>

== Southern Cross NEXT ==
{{update|section|date=September 2023}}
Southern Cross NEXT is a new route addition to the Southern Cross cable ecosystem. This new addition began construction in 2019 and was completed July 7th 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Southern Cross NEXT - Submarine Networks |url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/trans-pacific/southern-cross-next |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306122337/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/trans-pacific/southern-cross-next |archive-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.submarinenetworks.com |language=en}}</ref> The link will be able to carry up to 72 terabits per second,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-01 |title=Southern Cross NEXT Cable Enters Construction Phase |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191001006002/en/Southern-Cross-Cable-Enters-Construction-Phase |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004013949/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191001006002/en/Southern-Cross-Cable-Enters-Construction-Phase |archive-date=2019-10-04 |access-date=2023-08-01 |publisher=Business Wire |language=en}}</ref> becoming the largest capacity data link between Sydney, Auckland, and Los Angeles at {{Convert|16,148|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2" /> The cable is predicted to cost around $300 million and is owned by the Southern Cross group of companies.<ref name=":2" /> 

The NEXT cable will not be marketed as a stand-alone cable, but rather is designed to be an extension of the original Southern Cross network. The Southern Cross group companies are funding this new segment, through debt and equity arrangements, with the Australian Telecommunication company, Telstra, entering as a new shareholder of the Southern Cross companies.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparknz.co.nz/news/Agreements_signed_build_Southern_Cross_NEXT/|title=Agreements signed for build of new Southern Cross NEXT cable|website=www.sparknz.co.nz|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> Spark New Zealand announced that Telstra was becoming a 25% stakeholder in the cables in August 2019, at the same press conference they announced that Southern Cross NEXT was fully approved.<ref name=":5" />

Southern Cross NEXT entered service in July 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/trans-pacific/southern-cross-next|title=Southern Cross NEXT - Submarine Networks|accessdate=13 August 2022}}</ref> The cable starts from the [[Clovelly, New South Wales|Clovelly]] in Sydney to Los Angeles, where it will give carriers lower latency connections between Australia and the US. Branching units on the way link New Zealand, [[Fiji]] (to the islands of [[Suva]] and [[Savusavu]]), [[Kiribati]] and [[Tokelau]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.crn.com.au/news/southern-cross-next-cable-completed-579953 |title=Southern Cross NEXT cable completed |date=2022-05-05 |website=www.crn.com.au |language=en |access-date=2023-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729090434/https://www.crn.com.au/news/southern-cross-next-cable-completed-579953 |archive-date=2023-07-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Interconnected cables==

A number of Pacific Island cables interconnect with Southern Cross, including the [[Tonga Cable System]], the [[Interchange Cable Network|Interchange Cable System]] to Vanuatu, the [http://www.ssccsamoa.com/ TUI-Samoa cable] linking Samoa to Fiji, and the [[Gondwana-1|Gondwana-1 system]] linking Australia to New Caledonia. The [[Honotua|Honotua cable system]] links French Polynesia to the Southern Cross system in Hawaii.

==See also==

* [[List of international submarine communications cables]]
* Other Australian international submarine cables (and year of first service):
** [[Pipe Pacific Cable]] (2009)
** [[Telstra Endeavour]] (2008)
** [[Australia–Japan Cable]] (2001)
** [[SEA-ME-WE 3]] (2000, Australian portion in service earlier)
** [[JASURAUS]] (1997)
** [[PacRimWest]] (1995)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.southerncrosscables.com/}}

{{Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean}}
{{Australia–United States relations}}

[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Australia–United States relations]]
[[Category:Australia–New Zealand relations]]
[[Category:Australia–Fiji relations]]
[[Category:New Zealand–United States relations]]
[[Category:Fiji–United States relations]]
[[Category:Fiji–New Zealand relations]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in North America]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Oceania]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Australia]]