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Southern Yan
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{{Short description|Xianbei-led Chinese dynastic state (398–410)}} {{More references|date=March 2009}} {{Infobox country | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh|燕|nocat=true}}}} | conventional_long_name = Yan | common_name = Southern Yan| | era = <!--- Use: "Napoleonic Wars", "Cold War", etc. ---> | status = | government_type = [[Monarchy]]||<!--- Rise and fall, events, years and dates --->|<!-- only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration"-->| | year_start = 398 | year_end = 410| | year_exile_start = <!--- Year of start of exile (if dealing with exiled government - status="Exile") ---> | year_exile_end = <!--- Year of end of exile (leave blank if still in exile) --->| | event_start = <!--- Default: "Established" ---> | date_start = <!--- Optional: Date of establishment, enter dates in this format 1 January 1801---> | event_end = <!--- Default: "Disestablished" ---> | date_end = <!--- Optional: Date of disestablishment --->| | event1 = Capturing of Guanggu | date_event1 = 399 | event2 = | date_event2 = | event3 = | date_event3 = | event4 = | date_event4 = | | event_pre = <!--- Optional: A crucial event that took place before before "event_start"---> | date_pre = | event_post = <!--- Optional: A crucial event that took place before after "event_end"---> | date_post = ||<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 ---> | p1 = Later Yan | flag_p1 = <!--- Default: "Flag of {{{p1}}}.svg" (size 30) ---> | image_p1 = <!--- Use: [[Image:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] ---> | p2 = | flag_p2 = | p3 = | flag_p3 = | p4 = | flag_p4 = | p5 = | flag_p5 = | s1 = Jin Dynasty (266–420) | flag_s1 = <!--- Default: "Flag of {{{S1}}}.svg" (size 30) ---> | image_s1 = <!--- Use: [[Image:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] ---> | s2 = | flag_s2 = | s3 = | flag_s3 = | s4 = | flag_s4 = | s5 = | flag_s5 = | | image_flag = <!--- Default: Flag of {{{Common_name}}}.svg ---> | flag = <!--- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{Common_name}}} ---> | flag_type = <!--- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" --->| | image_coat = <!--- Default: Coat of arms of {{{Common_name}}}.svg ---> | symbol = <!--- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{Common_name}}} ---> | symbol_type = <!--- Displayed text for link under symbol. Default "Coat of arms" --->| | image_map = Sixteen Kingdoms 400 AD (2).jpg | image_map_caption = Southern Yan in 400 AD| | image_map2 = <!-- If second map is needed - does not appear by default --> | image_map2_caption = | | capital = Huatai (398–399)<br>Guanggu (399–410) | capital_exile = <!-- If status="Exile" --> | latd = | latm = | latNS = | longd = | longm = | longEW = | | national_motto = | national_anthem = | common_languages = | religion = | currency = ||<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies ---> | leader1 = [[Murong De]] | leader2 = [[Murong Chao]] | leader3 = | leader4 = | year_leader1 = 398–405 | year_leader2 = 405–410 | year_leader3 = | year_leader4 = | title_leader = Emperor | representative1 = <!--- Name of representative of head of state (eg. colonial governor) ---> | representative2 = | representative3 = | representative4 = | year_representative1 = <!--- Years served ---> | year_representative2 = | year_representative3 = | year_representative4 = | title_representative = <!--- Default: "Governor"---> | deputy1 = <!--- Name of prime minister ---> | deputy2 = | deputy3 = | deputy4 = | year_deputy1 = <!--- Years served ---> | year_deputy2 = | year_deputy3 = | year_deputy4 = | title_deputy = <!--- Default: "Prime minister" --->||<!--- Legislature ---> | legislature = <!--- Name of legislature ---> | house1 = <!--- Name of first chamber ---> | type_house1 = <!--- Default: "Upper house"---> | house2 = <!--- Name of second chamber ---> | type_house2 = <!--- Default: "Lower house"--->||<!--- Area and population of a given year ---> | stat_year1 = <!--- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both ---> | stat_area1 = <!--- area in square kílometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated ---> | stat_pop1 = <!--- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given ---> | stat_year2 = | stat_area2 = | stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = | stat_area3 = | stat_pop3 = | stat_year4 = | stat_area4 = | stat_pop4 = | stat_year5 = | stat_area5 = | stat_pop5 = | footnotes = <!--- Accepts wikilinks ---> | today = [[China]] }} '''Yan''', known in historiography as the '''Southern Yan''' ({{zh|s=南燕|t=南燕|p=Nán Yān}}; 398–410), was a [[Dynasties of China|dynastic state of China]] ruled by the Murong clan of the [[Xianbei]] during the era of [[Sixteen Kingdoms]]. Its founder [[Murong De]] (Emperor Xianwu) was a son of [[Murong Huang]] (Emperor Wenming) and brother of [[Murong Jun]] (Emperor Jingzhao) and [[Murong Chui]] (Emperor Chengwu), and therefore was an imperial prince of both the [[Former Yan]] and [[Later Yan]] dynasties. All rulers of the Southern Yan declared themselves "[[Emperor of China|emperors]]". Initially ruling from Huatai (滑台, in modern [[Anyang]], [[Henan]]) in northern [[Henan]], they later moved to [[Shandong]] and established Guanggu (廣固, in modern [[Qingzhou]], Shandong) as their capital. As one of many Yan states from the period, they were given the prefix of "Southern" by historiographers to distinguish them with the others as they were based south of the [[Yellow River]]. == History == === Background === [[Murong De]] was the son of [[Murong Huang]], the founder of the [[Former Yan|Former Yan dynasty]]. He was an accomplished military general for the Former Yan, then the [[Di (Five Barbarians)|Di]]-led [[Former Qin]] after they conquered Yan in 370, and finally the [[Later Yan]], a restoration of the Former Yan founded by his brother, [[Murong Chui]]. Under Later Yan, De was trusted by Chui as a key advisor in his administration, and after Chui's son, [[Murong Bao]], ascended the throne in 396, he was made to overlook the southern empire from [[Ye (Hebei)|Ye]]. However, soon after Bao's succession, the [[Northern Wei]] launched a large-scale invasion of Later Yan. The [[Zhongyuan|Central Plains]] was quickly overran by Wei, and Murong Bao was forced to abandon his capital, Zhongshan (中山, in modern [[Baoding]], [[Hebei]]) and evacuate to [[Longcheng District|Longcheng]] in [[Liaoning]]. Initially, Murong De held firmly to Ye and parts of the south, but at the advice of his nephew, [[Murong Lin]], who previously declared himself emperor at Zhongshan but fled to Ye as Wei captured the city, he decided to abdondon Ye for Huatai (滑台, in modern [[Anyang]], [[Henan]]) in 398.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Southern Yan Dynasty 南燕 (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/rulers-nanyan.html|access-date=2021-03-06|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}</ref> === Reign of Murong De === At Huatai, Murong De took the title of Prince of Yan, thus splitting the Yan into two. Historiographers distinguish Murong De's state with the other Yan states as the Southern Yan. De nearly captured and killed Murong Bao when the latter came to Huatai, unaware that his uncle had declared independence, but Bao managed to escape back north. In 399, disorder broke out in Southern Yan when Fu Guang (苻廣), a remnant of the Fu clan of Former Qin, rebelled in an attempt to restore his state. Murong De campaigned against and defeated him, but while he was away, a traitor opened the gates of Huatai to Northern Wei forces, leaving Murong De stranded without any territory. He decided to attack [[Qingzhou (ancient China)|Qing Province]] of the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Eastern Jin dynasty]], which corresponds to modern central and eastern [[Shandong]]. He took the province with ease, establishing the city of Guanggu (廣固, in modern [[Qingzhou]], Shandong) as his new capital. In 400, he elevated his title to Emperor of Yan and changed his name to Murong Beide. For the rest of Murong Beide's reign, Southern Yan was peaceful and prosperous to live in. As Yan had a much smaller population compared to the neighbouring Wei and Jin, Beide enacted policies to encourage manpower movement such as corvee exemptions while also rectifying the household registry. At the time, Jin was in turmoil due to [[Huan Xuan|Huan Xuan's]] rebellion, and Southern Yan welcomed a number of Jin exiles into their territory. Murong De also planned to take advantage of the situation in Jin by launching an invasion, but became ill and died in 405. === Reign of Murong Chao === Murong De did not have any living sons prior to his death, the throne was passed on to his nephew, [[Murong Chao]]. Chao had previously been a beggar in [[Later Qin]] and was almost immediately made heir when he arrived at Guanggu in 405. Records accuse Chao of initially having great potential, but turning cruel and capricious upon becoming emperor. During his reign, Chao purged his uncle's retainers like [[Murong Zhong (Southern Yan)|Murong Zhong]] while elevating his own confidants, particularly [[Gongsun Wulou]], to power, which brought the government into disarray. In 407, wanting to retrieve his mother and wife who were still in Later Qin, Chao agreed to become a vassal and give up his court musicians in return for their safe passage to Southern Yan. In 409, Murong Chao attacked the Jin for prisoners to be trained as new musicians. This prompted an [[Conquest of Southern Yan by Jin|invasion of Southern Yan]] by the Jin general [[Emperor Wu of Song|Liu Yu]]. Liu Yu defeated the Southern Yan army at the Battle of Linqu and then besieged Guanggu. The Later Qin, held down by their war with the [[Helian Xia]], was unable to send reinforcements to Southern Yan, and Liu Yu eventually took Guanggu in 410. Murong Chao was captured and executed and Southern Yan was annexed by Jin. ==Rulers of the Southern Yan== {{see also|Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Yan states and Tuyuhun|label 1= Emperors family tree }} {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Temple name]] !! [[Posthumous name]] !! Personal name !! Durations of reign !! [[Era name]]s |- | Shizong|| Xianwu || [[Murong De]]|| 398–405 || Yanwang ({{lang|zh|燕王}}) 398–400<br> Jianxing ({{lang|zh|建平}}) 400–405 |- | colspan=2|– || [[Murong Chao]] || 405–410 || Taishang ({{lang|zh|太上}}) 405–410 |} ==See also== *[[Xianbei]] *[[List of past Chinese ethnic groups]] *[[Five Barbarians|Wu Hu]] *[[Emperor Wu of Liu Song]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{-}} {{16 Kingdoms}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yan, Southern}} [[Category:Southern Yan| ]] [[Category:Dynasties of China]] [[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]] [[Category:398 establishments]] [[Category:4th-century establishments in China]] [[Category:5th-century disestablishments in China]] [[Category:410 disestablishments]]
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