Editing Southernmost settlements

{{Short description|World's most southerly settlements}}
[[Image:Cities of Tierra del Fuego.png|thumb|300px|Location of [[Punta Arenas]], [[Porvenir, Chile|Porvenir]], [[Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego|Río Grande]], [[Ushuaia]] and [[Puerto Williams]] in the southern tip of South America.]]
'''Southernmost settlements''' are cities, towns, weather stations or permanent military bases which are farther south than [[45th parallel south|latitude 45°S]]. They are closely related to the [[Southern Ocean]] or either the [[Roaring Forties]] or [[Furious Fifties]]. Antarctic bases are excluded due to not having a permanent population.

Unlike the northern hemisphere, where several major metropolitan areas such as [[Moscow]], [[Harbin]], [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Seattle]], and [[Montreal]] are all located north of the [[45th parallel north|45°N parallel]], the only permanently populated areas south of the [[45th parallel south|45°S parallel]] are the small and sparsely populated regions of southern [[Patagonia]] in [[South America]], the [[Falkland Islands]], and the southernmost tip of [[New Zealand]].

==Southernmost city==
''The southernmost city in the world'' is mainly a slogan used for tourism purposes to attract visitors to a city as well as the tourists headed for Antarctica. ''Ciudad'' (city) is not a legal designation in Chile and Argentina, except for the [[Autonomous City of Buenos Aires]]. Currently, three places use this slogan: [[Ushuaia]] in [[Argentina]] as well as [[Punta Arenas]] and [[Puerto Williams]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/1998/06/30/e-04801d.htm|title=Ushuaia ya no será la ciudad más austral del mundo|date=30 June 1998|publisher=|accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="turismopaliaike.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.turismopaliaike.com/williams.htm |title=Puerto Williams: ubicada entre Tierra del Fuego por el norte y el Cabo de Hornos por el sur , por lo tanto es la cuidad mas Austral del país y del mundo |access-date=2012-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084244/http://www.turismopaliaike.com/williams.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="http://www.infinito-sur.com">[http://www.infinito-sur.com/spanish/chile/chile.html http://www.infinito-sur.com/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422042924/http://www.infinito-sur.com/spanish/chile/chile.html |date=2013-04-22 }}, retrieved 9 April 2012</ref><ref name="subpesca.cl">[http://www.subpesca.cl/controls/neochannels/neo_ch1089/appinstances/media1278/Tercera_edici%C3%B3n.pdf Puerto Williams espera una gran temporada de centolla]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, retrieved 9 April 2012</ref><ref name="Escritorio Estudiantes">[http://www.educarchile.cl/Portal.Base/Web/VerContenido.aspx?ID=194305 Escritorio Estudiantes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228063546/http://www.educarchile.cl/Portal.Base/Web/VerContenido.aspx?ID=194305 |date=2009-02-28 }}, retrieved 9 April 2012</ref><ref name="dibam">[http://www.dibam.cl/dinamicas/DocAdjunto_1242.pdf dibam], retrieved 9 April 2012</ref><ref name="Times Online">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110908210410/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/latin_america/article5370077.ece Times Online]</ref><ref name="thisischile.cl">Website thisischile.cl [http://www.thisischile.cl/1116/2/249/puerto-williams,-the-southernmost-town-in-the-world/Article.aspx Puerto Williams, the southernmost town in the world]</ref> in [[Chile]], with the last being the absolute southernmost town by latitude (see table below). There are several more settlements further south but none are considered to be large enough to be classified as a '[[city]]'. The three contending cities are from north to south:

*'''[[Punta Arenas]]''' ({{coord|53|10|S|70|56|W}}, population: 123,403), literally in Spanish: "Sandy Point", is the oldest and largest city in Southern [[Patagonia]], at the [[Strait of Magellan]] and the capital of the [[Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region]]. It is the largest of the three contenders with around 130,000 permanent residents<ref>[http://www.ine.cl/ine/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/censo2002/mapa_interactivo/mapa_interactivo.htm Interactive map, INE Census 2002, Chile. (Click on XII Region and then on Punta Arenas)]</ref> and it is called the southernmost city by some media outlets. The basis of its claim to be the southernmost city rests on it being larger than [[Ushuaia]], [[Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego|Río Grande]], and [[Puerto Williams]], all of which are farther south.
*'''[[Ushuaia]]''' ({{coord|54|48|S|68|18|W}}, population: 82,615), the capital of the [[Tierra del Fuego Province (Argentina)|Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego]], is more commonly regarded as the southernmost city in the world due to its sufficiently large population, its infrastructure, and its accepted classification as a city.<ref name="Boston Globe 2008">[http://www.boston.com/travel/specials/cruises/articles/2008/09/21/to_the_end_of_the_world_in_magellans_wake/?page=3 Boston Globe 2008]</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 |title        = Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
 |encyclopedia = Encarta
 |url          = http://encarta.msn.com/media_461538660/Tierra_del_Fuego_Argentina.html
 |access-date   = 2008-09-11
 |date         = 
 |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20081206035648/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461538660/Tierra_del_Fuego_Argentina.html
 |archive-date  = 2008-12-06
 |url-status      = dead
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia
  | title = Ushuaia
  | encyclopedia = Britannica
  | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620331/Ushuaia
  | accessdate = 2009-05-23 }}</ref> Ushuaia is located in a wide bay on the southern coast of the island of [[Tierra del Fuego]], on the northern shore of the Beagle Channel; hence, it is further north than Puerto Williams.

*'''[[Puerto Williams]]''' ({{coord|54|56|S|67|37|W}}, population: 1,868), located on [[Isla Navarino]],  is the southernmost town in the world on the southern shore of the [[Beagle Channel]]. It is the capital of the [[Antártica Chilena Province]], one of four provinces located in the [[Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region]].<ref name="ptowilliams.cl">{{cite web |author=WillySol |title=Puerto Williams - Chile |url=http://www.ptowilliams.cl/Puerto_Williams.html |accessdate=1 November 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> Puerto Williams is sometimes considered the southernmost city in the world by Chilean media and some large media international organisations,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/una-localidad-chilena-le-roba-ushuaia-etiqueta-nid2252719|title = Una localidad chilena le roba a Ushuaia la etiqueta de ciudad más austral del mundo|date = 29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clarin.com/viajes/ushuaia-perdio-titulo-ciudad-austral-mundo_0_aYQmqaR4Q.html |title = Por qué Ushuaia perdió el título de "la ciudad más austral del mundo"|date = 30 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-magallanes/2019/05/30/argentinos-admiten-derrota-reconocen-a-puerto-williams-como-la-ciudad-mas-austral-del-mundo.shtml|title=Argentinos admiten derrota: Reconocen a Puerto Williams como la ciudad más austral del mundo|date=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="turismopaliaike.com"/><ref name="http://www.infinito-sur.com"/><ref name="subpesca.cl"/><ref name="Escritorio Estudiantes"/><ref name="dibam"/><ref name="Times Online"/> although it promotes itself with the slogan ''Puerto Williams, the southernmost town in the world''<ref name="thisischile.cl"/> in its tourism campaigns. It has a [[Naval Hospital of Puerto Williams]], the [[Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum]], the [[Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport]] and a [[University of Magallanes|university campus]] and it is a naval base of the [[Chilean Navy]].

<gallery>
File:Ushuaia 2009.jpg|[[Ushuaia]]
File:Punta_Arenas_city_view.jpg|[[Punta Arenas]] city view
File:Micalvi yacht club navarino chile.jpg|[[Puerto Williams]], Micalvi yacht club
</gallery>

==Settlements of more than 1,000 inhabitants south of 45°S==
{{Location map-line|lat=-45}}
This is a list of all settlements south of the [[45th parallel south]] with over 1,000 permanent inhabitants.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank!!Settlement name!!Country!!Population!!Latitude/longitude!!Köppen climate classification
|-
|1||[[Puerto Williams]] || [[Chile]]||align="right"|{{Nts|1868}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ciudades, pueblos, aldeas y caseríos 2019 |url=https://geoarchivos.ine.cl/File/pub/Cd_Pb_Al_Cs_2019.pdf |access-date=October 17, 2023 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (Chile) |page=132 |language=es |format=pdf |publication-date=March 2019}}</ref>||{{coord|54|56|S|67|37|W}} || [[Tundra climate|ET]]
|-
|2||[[Ushuaia]] || [[Argentina]]||align="right"|{{Nts|82615}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2022. Resultados provisionales |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/poblacion/cnphv2022_resultados_provisionales.pdf |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Censo 2022. República Argentina |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC) |page=32 |language=es |format=pdf |publication-place=Buenos Aires |publication-date=January 2023}}</ref>||{{coord|54|48|S|68|18|W}} || [[Tundra climate|ET]]
|-
|3||[[Tolhuin]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|9879}}<ref name=":1" />||{{coord|54|32|S|67|12|W}} || [[Tundra climate|ET]]
|-
|4||[[Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego|Río Grande]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|98017}}<ref name=":1" />||{{coord|53|47|S|67|42|W}} || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|5||[[Porvenir, Chile|Porvenir]] || Chile||align="right"|{{Nts|4807}}||{{coord|53|17|S|70|22|W}} || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|6||[[Punta Arenas]] || Chile||align="right"|{{Nts|123403}}<ref name=":0" />||{{coord|53|10|S|70|56|W}} || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|7||[[Puerto Natales]] || Chile||align="right"|{{Nts|19116}}||{{coord|51|44|S|72|31|W}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|8||[[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]] || [[Falkland Islands]]||align="right"|{{Nts|2115}}||{{coord|51|41|S|57|51|W}} || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|9||[[Veintiocho de Noviembre]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|4686}}||{{coord|51|39|S|69|13|W}} || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|10||[[Río Gallegos]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|110435}}||{{coord|51|38|S|69|13|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|11||[[Río Turbio, Santa Cruz Province|Río Turbio]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|6650}}||{{coord|51|31|S|72|17|W}} || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|11||[[El Calafate]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|6410}}||{{coord|50|19|S|72|17|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|12||[[Puerto Santa Cruz]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|3397}}||{{coord|50|01|S|68|31|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|13||[[Comandante Luis Piedrabuena]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|4175}}||{{coord|49|50|S|68|54|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|14||[[Puerto San Julián]] || Argentina|| align="right" |{{Nts|6143}}||{{coord|49|18|S|67|43|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|15||[[Gobernador Gregores]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|2519}}||{{coord|48|45|S|70|16|W}}|| [[Cold desert climate|BWk]]
|-
|16||[[Puerto Deseado]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|10237}}||{{coord|47|45|S|65|55|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|17||[[Cochrane, Chile|Cochrane]] || Chile||align="right"|{{Nts|2217}}||{{coord|47|15|S|72|34|W}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|18||[[Pico Truncado]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|14985}}||{{coord|46|47|S|67|58|W}} || [[Cold desert climate|BWk]]
|-
|19||[[Bluff, New Zealand|Bluff]] || [[New Zealand]]||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Bluff|y}}}}||{{coord|46|36|S|168|20|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|20||[[Perito Moreno, Santa Cruz|Perito Moreno]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|3588}}||{{coord|46|36|S|70|55|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|21||[[Las Heras, Santa Cruz|Las Heras]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|10688}}||{{coord|46|33|S|68|57|W}} || [[Cold desert climate|BWk]]
|-
|22||[[Los Antiguos]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|2047}}||{{coord|46|32|S|71|37|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|23||[[Chile Chico]] || Chile||align="right"|{{Nts|3042}}||{{coord|46|32|S|71|43|W}} || [[Warm-summer mediterranean climate|Csb]]
|-
|24||[[Caleta Olivia]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|36077}}||{{coord|46|26|S|67|32|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|25||[[Invercargill]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Invercargill|y}}}}||{{coord|46|25|S|168|18|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|26||[[Riverton, New Zealand|Riverton]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Riverton|y}}}}||{{coord|46|21|S|168|01|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|27||[[Balclutha, New Zealand|Balclutha]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Balclutha|y}}}}||{{coord|46|14|S|169|45|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|28||[[Fairfax, New Zealand|Fairfax]] ||New Zealand|| align="right"|{{Nts|1,911}}||{{coord|46|12|S|168|2|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|29||[[Mataura]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Mataura|y}}}}||{{coord|46|11|S|168|52|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|30||[[Winton, New Zealand|Winton]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Winton|y}}}}||{{coord|46|08|S|168|20|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|31||[[Milton, New Zealand|Milton]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Milton|y}}}}||{{coord|46|07|S|169|58|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|32||[[Gore, New Zealand|Gore]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Gore|y}}}}||{{coord|46|05|S|168|56|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|33||[[Rada Tilly]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|6208}}||{{coord|45|55|S|67|33|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|34||[[Comodoro Rivadavia]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|182631}}||{{coord|45|52|S|67|30|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|35||[[Dunedin]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Dunedin|y}}}}||{{coord|45|52|S|170|30|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|36||[[Río Mayo, Chubut|Río Mayo]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|2939}}||{{coord|45|40|S|70|16|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|37||[[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]] || Argentina||align="right"|{{Nts|8028}}||{{coord|45|35|S|69|05|W}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|38||[[Waikouaiti]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Waikouaiti|y}}}}||{{coord|45|35|S|170|40|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|39||[[Coihaique]] || Chile||align="right"|{{Nts|50041}}||{{coord|45|34|S|72|04|W}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|40||[[Puerto Chacabuco]] || Chile||align="right"|{{Nts|1243}}||{{coord|45|29|S|72|50|W}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|41||[[Te Anau]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Te Anau|y}}}}||{{coord|45|25|S|167|43|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|42||[[Puerto Aisen]] || Chile||align="right"|{{Nts|16936}}||{{coord|45|24|S|72|41|W}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|43||[[Alexandra, New Zealand|Alexandra]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Alexandra|y}}}}||{{coord|45|14|S|169|22|E}} || [[Cold semi-arid climate|BSk]]
|-
|44||[[Clyde, New Zealand|Clyde]] || New Zealand||align="right"|{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Clyde|y}}}}||{{coord|45|11|S|169|19|E}} || [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|45||[[Oamaru]]|| New Zealand|| align="right" |{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Oamaru|y}}}}||{{coord|45|05|S|170|58|E}}|| [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|46||[[Cromwell, New Zealand|Cromwell]]|| New Zealand|| align="right" |{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Cromwell|y}}}}||{{coord|45|04|S|169|20|E}}|| [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|47||[[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]]|| New Zealand|| align="right" |{{Nts|{{NZ population data 2018|Queenstown|y}}}}||{{coord|45|01|S|168|39|E}}|| [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|-
|48||[[Alto Río Senguer]]|| Argentina|| align="right" |{{Nts|1454}}||{{coord|45|01|S|70|49|W}}|| [[Cold-summer mediterranean climate|Csc]]/[[Subarctic climate|Dsc]]
|}

==Southernmost settlements outside Antarctica==
This list of settlements excludes [[research stations in Antarctica]] and its surrounding islands.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! Location
! [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
! Settlement<br />type
! [[Latitude]]
! Population
! Population as of
!Köppen climate classification
|-
|1 || Estación Naval<br />[[Diego Ramírez Islands|Islas Diego Ramirez]] || [[Chile]] || Naval station || 56°30′ S ||align=right| 4 ||2017 || [[Tundra climate|ET]]
|-
|2 || Estación Meteorológica<br />de [[Cape Horn|Cabo de Hornos]] || [[Chile]] || Weather station || 55°59′ S ||align=right| 4<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=289567|title=Vida al fin del mundo: Una familia chilena haciendo soberanía en Cabo de Hornos|work=Emol|accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> || 2008 || [[Tundra climate|ET]]
|-
|3 || [[Puerto Toro]] || [[Chile]] || [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]] || 55°05′ S ||align=right| 36<ref name="DEMOGRAFÍA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/demografia/demografia.php|title=DEMOGRAFÍA|publisher=|accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> || 2002 || [[Tundra climate|ET]]
|-
|4 || [[Caleta Wulaia]]|| [[Chile]] || [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]]  || 55°02′ S ||align=right| ? || ? || [[Tundra climate|ET]]
|-
|5 || [[Caleta Eugenia]]|| [[Chile]] || [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]] || 54°56′ S ||align=right| ? || ? || ?
|-
|6 || [[Puerto Williams]] || [[Chile]] || [[City|Town]]|| 54°56′ S ||align=right| 1,868<ref name=":0" />|| 2002 || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|7 || [[Puerto Navarino]] || [[Chile]] || [[Village]] || 54°55′ S ||align=right| ? || ? || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|8 || [[Puerto Almanza]] || [[Argentina]] || [[Village]] || 54°52′ S ||align=right| 200 || ? || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|9 || [[Ushuaia]] || [[Argentina]] || [[City]] || 54°48′ S ||align=right| 82,615<ref name=":1" />|| 2010 || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|10 || [[Tolhuin]] || [[Argentina]] || [[Town]] || 54°31′ S ||align=right| 9,879<ref name=":1" />|| ? || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|11 || [[Macquarie Island Station]] || [[Australia]] || Scientific research station || 54°30′ S ||align=right| 20 to 40 || ? || [[Tundra climate|ET]]
|-
|12 || [[Grytviken]] || [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] || [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]] || 54°19′ S ||align=right| up to 18 || ? || [[Tundra climate|ET]]
|-
|13 || [[Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego|Río Grande]] || [[Argentina]] || [[City]] || 53°45′ S ||align=right| 98,017<ref name=":1" />|| 2010 || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]/[[Subarctic climate|Dfc]]
|-
|14 || [[Porvenir, Chile|Porvenir]] || [[Chile]] || [[City|Town]] || 53°17′ S ||align=right| 5,465 || ? || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|-
|15 || [[Punta Arenas]] || [[Chile]] || [[City]] || 53°17′ S ||align=right| 123,403<ref name=":0" />|| 2002 || [[Subpolar oceanic climate|Cfc]]
|}

*The former Argentine base [[Corbeta Uruguay]] (59°28′ S) in [[South Sandwich Islands]] was the southernmost settlement outside Antarctica from 1976–1982.

==Settlements on the Antarctic continent==

There are many research stations in Antarctica, both permanent and summer only. Many of the stations are staffed all year. [[McMurdo Station]] is the largest with an average population of 1200.

A total of 30 countries (as of October 2006), all signatory to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]], operate seasonal (summer) or year-round research stations on the continent and on its surrounding islands. In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each austral summer to support specific one-off projects.<ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/4past.htm 4.0 Antarctica – Past and Present<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The full list is available at:
[[Research stations in Antarctica]].

==See also==
* [[Northernmost settlements]]
* [[Extremes on Earth]]
* [[List of southernmost items]]
* [[Research stations in Antarctica]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Extreme points of Earth]]
[[Category:Geography of the Southern Ocean]]
[[Category:Geography of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Populated places in Antarctica| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in South America| ]]
[[Category:Lists of extreme points|Southernmost]]

==Bibliography==
* L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova. Southernmost city. In: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364087925_The_World_of_Antarctica ''The World of Antarctica''.] Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 126-130. {{ISBN|979-8-88676-403-1}}