Editing Spanish-based creole languages

{{Short description|Creole language family}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Spanish language}}

A '''Spanish creole''' ({{langx|es|criollo}}), or '''Spanish-based creole language''', is a [[creole language]] (contact language with native speakers) for which [[Spanish language|Spanish]] serves as its substantial ''[[lexifier]]''.

A number of creole languages are influenced to varying degrees by the Spanish language, including varieties  known as [[Bozal Spanish]], [[Chavacano]], and [[Palenquero]]. Spanish also influenced other creole languages like [[Annobonese Creole|Annobonese]], [[Papiamento]], and [[Pichinglis]].

Any number of Spanish-based pidgins have arisen due to contact between Spanish and other languages, especially in America, such as the {{vanchor|Panare Trade Spanish}} used by the [[Panare people]] of Venezuela<ref>{{glottolog|pana1311|Panare Trade Spanish}}</ref> and [[Roquetas Pidgin Spanish]] used by agricultural workers in Spain. However, few Spanish pidgins ever [[creolization|creolized]] with speakers of most pidgins eventually adopting Spanish or other language as their main tongue.

==Spanish creole languages==

===Bozal Spanish===
[[Bozal Spanish]] is a possibly extinct Spanish-based creole language that may have been a mixture of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Kongo language|Kikongo]], with [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] influences.{{sfn|Clements|2009|p=}}{{page missing|date=October 2024}} Attestation is insufficient to indicate whether Bozal Spanish was ever a single, coherent or stable language, or if the term merely referred to any idiolect of Spanish that included African elements.

Bozal Spanish was spoken by [[Atlantic slave trade|African slaves]] in the [[Spanish Caribbean]]{{sfn|Clements|2009|p=}}{{page missing|date=October 2024}} and other areas of [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]] from the 17th century up until its possible extinction at around 1850.{{sfn|Lipski|2007a|p=}}{{page missing|date=October 2024}} It's influenced the variety spoken in [[Chota, Ecuador|the Chota Valley]] in [[Ecuador]],{{sfnp|Lipski|1987}} and a Spanish-based creole is still spoken in the [[Bolivian Yungas]].{{sfn|Lipski|2007b|p=}}{{page missing|date=October 2024}}

===Chavacano===

'''[[Chavacano]]''' (also Chabacano) is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the [[Philippines]] that emerged during the 18th century following the colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines. While Chavacano refers to a large number of varieties, there are three main varieties: Ternate, Manila/Cavite, and Zamboanga.Ternate and Manila/Cavite are Northern dialects from Manila Bay on Luzon Island, while Zamboanga is a Southern dialect from Mindanao Island; both of these dialects are genetically related. The variety found in Zamboanga City has the largest number of speakers and is considered to be the most stable while the other varieties are considered to be either endangered or extinct (i.e. Ermitaño).

Creole varieties are spoken in Cavite City and Ternate (both on Luzon); Zamboanga, Cotabato and Davao (on Mindanao), [[Isabela, Basilan|Isabela City]] and other parts of province of Basilan and elsewhere. According to a 2007 [[census]], there are 2,502,185 speakers in the Philippines. It is the major language of [[Zamboanga City]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

While the different varieties of Chavacano are mostly intelligible to one another, they differ slightly in certain aspects such as in the usage of certain words and certain grammatical syntax. Most of the vocabulary comes from [[Spanish language|Spanish]], while the [[grammar]] is mostly based on the Austronesian structure. In Zamboanga, its variant is used in [[primary education]], [[television]], and [[radio]]. Recently English and Filipino words have been infiltrating the language and [[code-switching]] between these three languages is common among younger speakers.

The name of the language stems from the Spanish word ''Chabacano'' which roughly means "tasteless", "common", or "vulgar", this Spanish word, however, has lost its original meaning and carries no negative connotation among contemporary speakers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

For more information see the article on [[Chavacano]], or the [[Ethnologue|Ethnologue Report]] on Chavacano.

===Palenquero===
[[File:Palenquero1.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|right|Palenquero]]

'''[[Palenquero]]''' (also [[Palenque]]) is a Spanish-based creole spoken in [[Colombia]].

The ethnic group which speaks this creole consisted only of 2,500 people in 1989.

It is spoken in [[Colombia]], in the village of [[San Basilio de Palenque]] which is south and east of [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], and in some neighborhoods of [[Barranquilla]].

The village was founded by fugitive slaves ([[maroon (slavery)|Maroon]]s) and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. Since many slaves had been only slightly exposed to contact with European people, the ''palenqueros'' spoke creole languages derived from Spanish and from their ancestral African languages.

Spanish speakers are unable to understand Palenquero. There is some influence from the [[Kongo language]] of the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. In 1998, only 10% of the population younger than 25 spoke Palenquero. It is most commonly spoken by the elderly.

For more information see the [[Ethnologue|Ethnologue Report]] on Palenquero.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pln |title=Palenquero |publisher=Ethnologue |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2015-10-08}}</ref>

==Spanish-influenced creole languages==

===Annobonese Creole===
The '''[[Annobonese Creole]]''', locally called '''Fa d'Ambö''' ('''Fa d'Ambu''' or even '''Fá d'Ambô''') is a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]], similar to [[Forro language|Forro]], with some borrowings from Spanish. It is spoken by 9,000 people on the islands of [[Annobón|Ano Bom]] and [[Bioko]], in [[Equatorial Guinea]]. In fact, Fa d'Ambu shares the same structure of Forro (82% of lexicon).

In the 15th century, the island was uninhabited and discovered by [[Portugal]] but, by the 18th century, Portugal exchanged it and some other territories in Africa for Uruguay with [[Spain]]. Spain wanted to get territory in Africa, and Portugal wanted to enlarge even more the territory that they saw as the "New Portugal" (Brazil). Nevertheless, the populace of Ano Bom was against the shift and was hostile toward the Spaniards. This hostility, combined with their isolation from mainland Equatorial Guinea and their proximity to [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]—just 400&nbsp;km from the island—has assured the maintenance of its identity.

Fa d'Ambu has gained some words of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] origin (10% of lexicon), but some words are dubious in origin because Spanish and Portuguese are closely related languages.

{{See also|History of Equatorial Guinea}}

===Papiamento===
'''[[Papiamento]]''' is spoken in the [[Dutch Caribbean]]. It is a [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese-based creole]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jacobs|first=Bart|date=2009-11-09|title=The Upper Guinea origins of Papiamentu: Linguistic and historical evidence|url=https://www.academia.edu/621021|journal=Diachronica|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=319–379|doi=10.1075/dia.26.3.02jac|issn=0176-4225}}</ref> with a large  influence from [[Spanish language|Spanish]], some influence from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and a little from [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous American languages]], [[English language|English]] and African languages. Spoken in [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], [[Curaçao]], by 341,300 people in 2019.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191023172701/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pap www.ethnologue.com]</ref> It was made the official language, alongside Dutch and English, in 2007.<ref name=Romero/>

Today, the [[Venezuelan Spanish]] influence is very strong, especially on the Aruban dialect, but, due to the [[Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish|similarities between the Iberian Romance languages]], it is difficult to ascertain whether a certain feature is derived from Portuguese or from Spanish.<ref name=Romero>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/world/americas/05curacao.html|title=Willemstad Journal: A Language Thrives in Its Caribbean Home|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Simon|last=Romero|date=2010-07-05}}</ref>

===Pichinglis===
[[Pichinglis]] is spoken on Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea.
It originated with the arrival of [[Krio language|Krio]] speakers from the mainland.
Krio is a creole that derives [[English-based creole|most of its vocabulary from English]], but the [[Spanish Guinea|Spanish colonization of Guinea]] exerted Spanish influence on its lexicon and grammar.

==See also==
Spanish-based [[interlanguage]]s:
* [[Castrapo]] (Galician)
* [[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chipilo]] (Venetian)
* [[Cocoliche]], [[Lunfardo]] (Italian)
* [[Frespañol|Frespañol/Fragnol]] (French)
* [[Jopará]], the standard mixture with [[Guaraní language|Guarani]]
* [[Portuñol|Portuñol/Portunhol]] (Portuguese)
* [[Spanglish]], [[Llanito]] (English)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite book|last=Clements|first=J. Clancy|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL34437801M/Linguistic_Legacy_of_Spanish_and_Portuguese|chapter=Bozal Spanish of Cuba|title=Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese: Colonial Expansion and Language Change|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ol=OL34437801M}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lipski |first1=John M. |author-link=John M. Lipski|title=The Chota Valley: Afro-Hispanic Language in Highland Ecuador |journal=Latin American Research Review |date=1987 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=155–170 |doi=10.1017/S0023879100016460 |issn=0023-8791|jstor=2503546|url=http://johnlipski.github.io/chotal.pdf}}
* {{Citation|last=Lipski|first=John M.|title=20. Where and how does bozal Spanish survive?|date=2007a|work=Spanish in Contact: Policy, Social and Linguistic Inquiries|pages=357–373|editor-last=Potowski|editor-first=Kim|url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/impact.22.26lip|access-date=2024-10-31|series=IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society|volume=22 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|doi=10.1075/impact.22.26lip|isbn=978-90-272-1861-2|editor2-last=Cameron|editor2-first=Richard}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lipski |first1=John M. |title=9. Afro-Bolivian Spanish: The survival of a true creole prototype |journal=Creole Language Library |date=2007b |volume=32 |pages=175–198 |doi=10.1075/cll.32.12lip|isbn=978-90-272-5254-8 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.rae.es Real Academia Española]
* [http://www.acblpe.com/en Association for Portuguese and Spanish Lexically Based Creoles (ACBLPE)]

{{Spanish varieties by continent}}
{{Romance languages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spanish-based creole languages}}
[[Category:Spanish-based pidgins and creoles| ]]