Editing Species reintroduction

{{Short description|Wildlife conservation technique}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Návrat divokých koní 2013 10.jpg|thumb|A [[Przewalski's horse]] being released into the wild in [[Mongolia]], as part of the [[Return of the Wild Horses]] project.]]
'''Species reintroduction''' is the deliberate release of a [[species]] into the wild, from captivity or other areas where the organism is capable of survival.<ref name="Campbell-Palmer 2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Campbell-Palmer | first1 = R. | last2 = Rosell | first2 = F. | year = 2010 | title = Conservation of the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber: an olfactory perspective | journal = Mammal Review | volume = 40 | issue = 4| pages = 293–312 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00165.x }}</ref> The goal of species reintroduction is to establish a healthy, [[Genetic diversity|genetically diverse]], self-sustaining population to an area where it has been extirpated, or to augment an existing [[population]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Conservation Genetics|last1=Frankham|first1=Richard|last2=Ballou|first2=Jon|last3=Briscoe|first3=David|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-70271-3|location=United Kingdom|pages=419–470|oclc=965796229}}</ref> Species that may be eligible for reintroduction are typically [[Threatened species|threatened or endangered]] in the wild. However, reintroduction of a species can also be for [[pest control]]; for example, wolves being reintroduced to a wild area to curb an [[overpopulation]] of deer. Because reintroduction may involve returning native species to localities where they had been extirpated, some prefer the term "'''reestablishment'''".<ref name="Campbell-Palmer 2010"/>

Humans have been reintroducing species for food and pest control for thousands of years. However, the practice of reintroducing for conservation is much younger, starting in the 20th century.<ref name="Seddon 2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Seddon | year = 2007 | title =   Developing the Science of Reintroduction Biology | journal = Conservation Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 2| pages = 303–312 | doi = 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00627.x | pmid = 17391180 | last2 = Armstrong | first2 = DP | last3 = Maloney | first3 = RF | bibcode = 2007ConBi..21..303S | s2cid = 10434140 }}</ref>

==Methods for sourcing individuals==
There are a variety of approaches to species reintroduction. The optimal strategy will depend on the biology of the organism.<ref name="IUCN 2017 Guidelines">{{cite web|title=IUCN Guidelines for Restorations and Other Conservation Translocations|url=http://www.iucn-whsg.org/sites/default/files/IUCN%20Guidelines%20to%20Reintroduction%20and%20Other%20Conservation%20Translocations.pdf|website=IUCN|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> The first matter to address when beginning a species reintroduction is whether to source individuals ''in situ'', from wild populations, or ''ex situ'', from captivity in a zoo or botanic garden, for example.

===''In situ'' sourcing===
''[[In-situ conservation|In situ]]'' sourcing for restorations involves moving individuals from an existing wild population to a new site where the species was formerly [[Local extinction|extirpated]]. Ideally, populations should be sourced ''in situ'' when possible due to the numerous risks associated with reintroducing organisms from captive populations to the wild.<ref name="IUCN 2017 Ex Situ">{{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=Mike|last2=Byers|first2=Onnie|title=The IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation: reflecting major changes in the application of ex situ conservation|journal=Oryx|date=January 2005|volume=39|issue=1|pages=95–98|doi=10.1017/S0030605305000177|doi-access=free}}</ref> To ensure that reintroduced populations have the best chance of surviving and reproducing, individuals should be sourced from populations that genetically and ecologically resemble the recipient population.<ref name=":1" /> Generally, sourcing from populations with similar environmental conditions to the reintroduction site will maximize the chance that reintroduced individuals are well adapted to the habitat of the reintroduction site otherwise there are possibilities that they will not take to their environment. .<ref name="Houde et al 2017">{{cite journal|last1=Houde|first1=Aimee|last2=Garner|first2=Shawn|last3=Neff|first3=Bryan|title=Restoring species through reintroductions: strategies for source population selection|journal=Restoration Ecology|date=2015|volume=23|issue=6|pages=746–753|doi=10.1111/rec.12280|bibcode=2015ResEc..23..746H |s2cid=83859097 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Montalvo|first1=Arlee M.|last2=Ellstrand|first2=Norman C.|date=2000-08-15|title=Transplantation of the Subshrub Lotus scoparius: Testing the Home-Site Advantage Hypothesis|journal=Conservation Biology|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=1034–1045|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99250.x|bibcode=2000ConBi..14.1034M |s2cid=84203019 |issn=0888-8892}}</ref>

One consideration for ''in situ'' sourcing is at which life stage the organisms should be collected, transported, and reintroduced. For instance, with plants, it is often ideal to transport them as seeds as they have the best chance of surviving translocation at this stage. However, some plants are difficult to establish as seed and may need to be translocated as juveniles or adults.<ref name="IUCN 2017 Guidelines"/>

===''Ex situ'' sourcing===
In situations where ''in situ'' collection of individuals is not feasible, such as for rare and endangered species with too few individuals existing in the wild, [[Ex situ conservation|''ex situ'']] collection is possible.
''Ex situ'' collection methods allow storage of individuals that have high potential for reintroduction. Storage examples include [[germplasm]] stored in seed banks, sperm and egg banks, [[cryopreservation]], and tissue culture.<ref name="IUCN 2017 Ex Situ"/> Methods that allow for storage of a high numbers of individuals also aim to maximize genetic diversity. Stored materials generally have long lifespans in storage, but some species do lose viability when stored as seed.<ref name="Walters 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Walters|first1=Christina|last2=Wheeler|first2=Lana|last3=Grotenhuis|first3=Judith|title=Longevity of seeds stored in a genebank: species characteristics|journal=Seed Science Research|date=2005|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1079/ssr2004195|s2cid=86085929}}</ref> Tissue culture and cryopreservation techniques have only been perfected for a few species.<ref name="Engelmann 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Engelmann|first1=Florent|title=Use of biotechnologies for the conservation of plant biodiversity|journal=In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant|date=2011|volume=47|issue=1|pages=5–16|doi=10.1007/s11627-010-9327-2|s2cid=23582569}}</ref>

Organisms may also be kept in living collections in captivity. Living collections are more costly than storing germplasm and hence can support only a fraction of the individuals that ''ex situ'' sourcing can.<ref name="IUCN 2017 Ex Situ"/> Risk increases when sourcing individuals to add to living collections. Loss of genetic diversity is a concern because fewer individuals stored.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Witzenberger|first1=Kathrin|last2=Hochkirch|first2=Axel|title=Ex situ conservation genetics: a review of molecular studies on the genetic consequences of captive breeding programmes for endangered animal species|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|date=2011|volume=20|issue=9|pages=1843–1861|doi=10.1007/s10531-011-0074-4|bibcode=2011BiCon..20.1843W |s2cid=19255252}}</ref> Individuals may also become genetically adapted to captivity, which often adversely affects the reproductive fitness of individuals. Adaptation to captivity may make individuals less suitable for reintroduction to the wild. Thus, efforts should be made to replicate wild conditions and minimize time spent in captivity whenever possible.<ref name="Frankham 2008">{{cite journal|last1=Frankham|first1=Richard|title=Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs|journal=Molecular Ecology|date=2008|volume=17|issue=1|pages=325–333|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03399.x|pmid=18173504|bibcode=2008MolEc..17..325F |s2cid=8550230}}</ref>

==Successes and failures==
[[File:Reem-Lavan001.jpg|thumb|[[Arabian oryx reintroduction|Arabian oryx were reintroduced]] to Oman and Israel in the 20th century.]]
Reintroduction biology is a relatively young discipline and continues to be a work in progress.  No strict and accepted definition of reintroduction success exists, but it has been proposed that the criteria widely used to assess the conservation status of endangered taxa, such as the [[IUCN Red List]] criteria, should be used to assess reintroduction success.<ref name="Robert 2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Robert A, Colas B, Guigon I, Kerbiriou C, Mihoub JB, Saint-Jalme M, Sarrazin F |year=2015 |title=Defining reintroduction success using IUCN criteria for threatened species: a demographic assessment |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=18 |issue=5| pages=397–406| doi=10.1111/acv.12188|bibcode=2015AnCon..18..397R | s2cid=85603026}}</ref> Successful reintroduction programs should yield viable and self-sustainable populations in the long-term. The IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group & Environment Agency, in their 2011 Global Re-introduction Perspectives, compiled reintroduction case studies from around the world.<ref name="iucnsscrsg.org">Soorae, P. S. (ed.) (2011). Global Re-introduction Perspectives: 2011. More case studies from around the globe. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group and Abu Dhabi, UAE: Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi. xiv + 250 pp.SBN: 978-2-8317-1432-5 https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2011-073.pdf</ref> 184 case studies were reported on a range of species which included [[invertebrate]]s, [[fish]], [[amphibian]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s, [[mammal]]s, and [[plant]]s. Assessments from all of the studies included goals, success indicators, project summary, major difficulties faced, major lessons learned, and success of project with reasons for success or failure. A similar assessment focused solely on plants found high rates of success for rare species reintroductions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Matthew A. |last2=Guerrant Jr. |first2=Edward O. |last3=Maschinski |first3=Joyce |last4=Kennedy |first4=Kathryn L. |date=2011-11-01 |title=A long-term view of rare plant reintroduction |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=11 |pages=2557–2558 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.021 |bibcode=2011BCons.144.2557A }}</ref> An analysis of data from the Center for Plant Conservation International Reintroduction Registry found that, for the 49 cases where data were available, 92% of the reintroduced plant populations survived two years.
The [[Siberian tiger]] population has rebounded from 40 individuals in the 1940s to around 500 in 2007. The Siberian tiger population is now the largest un-fragmented tiger population in the world.<ref>Rietbergen, Jennifer Building a Sustainable Future WWF International 2008</ref> Yet, a high proportion of translocations and reintroductions have not been successful in establishing viable populations.<ref name="Kleiman 1989">{{cite journal |year=1989 |title=Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation. Guidelines for reintroducing endangered species into the wild |journal=BioScience |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=152–161 |doi=10.2307/1311025 |last1=Kleiman |first1=D. G. |jstor=1311025}}</ref>
For instance, in China reintroduction of captive Giant Pandas have had mixed effects. The initial pandas released from captivity all died quickly after reintroduction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pandasinternational.org/program-areas-2/reintroduction-program/reintroduction-program-2006/ |title=Reintroduction Program – 2006 |website=Pandas International|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref> Even now that they have improved their ability to reintroduce pandas, concern remains over how well the captive-bred pandas will fare with their wild relatives.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Video Shows Returning Pandas to the Wild Actually Works |date=19 April 2017 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/giant-pandas-china-video-reintroduction/|access-date=2017-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422102737/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/giant-pandas-china-video-reintroduction/ |archive-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref>

Many factors can attribute to the success or failure of a reintroduction.  Predators, food, pathogens, competitors, and weather can all affect a reintroduced population's ability to grow, survive, and reproduce. The number of animals reintroduced in an attempt should also vary with factors such as social behavior, expected rates of predation, and density in the wild.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wimberger |first1=Kirsten |last2=Downs |first2=Colleen T. |last3=Perrin |first3=Mike R. |date=2009-10-01 |title=Two Unsuccessful Reintroduction Attempts of Rock Hyraxes (Procavia capensis) into a Reserve in the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa |journal=South African Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=192–201 |doi=10.3957/056.039.0213 |s2cid=85997109 |issn=0379-4369}}</ref> Animals raised in captivity may experience stress during captivity or translocation, which can weaken their immune systems.<ref name="Stamps 2007" />
The IUCN reintroduction guidelines emphasize the need for an assessment of the availability of suitable habitat as a key component of reintroduction planning.<ref name="SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group 1995">Prepared by the SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group (May 1995) IUCN/SSC Guidelines for Re-Introductions http://www.iucnsscrsg.org</ref>  Poor assessment of the release site can increase the chances that the species will reject the site and perhaps move to a less suitable environment. This can decrease the species fitness and thus decrease chances for survival.<ref name="Stamps 2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Stamps | first1 = J.A. | last2 = Swaisgood | first2 = R.R  | year = 2007 | title = Someplace like home: Experience, Habitat selection and Conservation Biology | journal = Applied Animal Behaviour Science | volume = 102 | issue = 3–4| pages = 392–409 | doi = 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.038 }}</ref> They state that restoration of the original habitat and amelioration of causes of extinction must be explored and considered as essential conditions for these projects. Unfortunately, the monitoring period that should follow reintroductions often remains neglected.<ref>Sarrazin, F. Barbault, R. (November 1996).  Reintroduction: Challenges and Lessons for Basic Ecology Elsevier Science Volume 11 No. 11</ref>

== Genetic considerations ==
When a species has been extirpated from a site where it previously existed, individuals that will comprise the reintroduced population must be sourced from wild or captive populations. When sourcing individuals for reintroduction, it is important to consider [[local adaptation]], adaptation to captivity (for [[ex situ conservation|''ex situ'' conservation]]), the possibility of [[inbreeding depression]] and [[outbreeding depression]], and [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], [[ecology]], and [[genetic diversity]] of the source population.<ref name=":0" /> Reintroduced populations experience increased vulnerability to influences of [[Genetic drift|drift]], [[Natural selection|selection]], and [[gene flow]] evolutionary processes due to their small sizes, climatic and ecological differences between source and native habitats, and presence of other mating-compatible populations.<ref name="Frankham 2008" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Latch |first1=Emily K.|last2=Rhodes|first2=Olin E.|date=2006-01-21 |title=The effects of gene flow and population isolation on the genetic structure of␣reintroduced wild turkey populations: Are genetic signatures of source populations retained? |journal=Conservation Genetics |language=en |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=981–997 |doi=10.1007/s10592-005-9089-2 |s2cid=19523834 |issn=1566-0621}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sork |first=Victoria L. |author-link1=Victoria Sork |date=2015-11-03 |title=Gene flow and natural selection shape spatial patterns of genes in tree populations: implications for evolutionary processes and applications |journal=Evolutionary Applications |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=291–310 |doi=10.1111/eva.12316 |pmc=4780383 |pmid=27087853 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brekke |first1=Patricia |title=High genetic diversity in the remnant island population of hihi and the genetic consequences of re-introduction |journal=Molecular Ecology |date=2011 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=29–45 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04923.x |pmid=21073589 |bibcode=2011MolEc..20...29B |s2cid=25508833 |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/27513/1/Brekke%20et%20al%202011%20Molecular%20Ecology.pdf}}</ref>

If the species slated for reintroduction is rare in the wild, it is likely to have unusually low population numbers, and care should be taken to avoid [[inbreeding]] and [[inbreeding depression]].<ref name=":0" /> Inbreeding can change the frequency of allele distribution in a population, and potentially result in a change to crucial genetic diversity.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, [[outbreeding depression]] can occur if a reintroduced population can hybridize with existing populations in the wild, which can result in offspring with reduced fitness, and less adaptation to local conditions. To minimize both, practitioners should source for individuals in a way that captures as much genetic diversity as possible, and attempt to match source site conditions to local site conditions as much as possible.<ref name=":0" />

Capturing as much [[genetic diversity]] as possible, measured as [[heterozygosity]], is suggested in species reintroductions.<ref name=":0" /> Some protocols suggest sourcing approximately 30 individuals from a population will capture 95% of the genetic diversity.<ref name=":0" /> Maintaining genetic diversity in the recipient population is crucial to avoiding the loss of essential local adaptations, minimizing inbreeding depression, and maximizing fitness of the reintroduced population.

=== Ecological similarity ===
Plants or animals that undergo reintroduction may exhibit reduced fitness if they are not sufficiently adapted to local environmental conditions. Therefore, researchers should consider ecological and environmental similarity of source and recipient sites when selecting populations for reintroduction. Environmental factors to consider include climate and soil traits (pH, percent clay, silt and sand, percent combustion carbon, percent combustion nitrogen, concentration of Ca, Na, Mg, P, K).<ref name=":1" /> Historically, sourcing plant material for reintroductions has followed the rule "local is best," as the best way to preserve local adaptations, with individuals for reintroductions selected from the most geographically proximate population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Havens |first1=Kayri |author-link=Kayri Havens |last2=Vitt |first2=Pati |last3=Still |first3=Shannon |last4=Kramer |first4=Andrea T. |last5=Fant |first5=Jeremie B. |last6=Schatz |first6=Katherine |date=2015-01-01 |title=Seed Sourcing for Restoration in an Era of Climate Change |journal=Natural Areas Journal |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=122–133 |doi=10.3375/043.035.0116 |issn=0885-8608 |s2cid=86349716 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, geographic distance was shown in a [[common garden experiment]] to be an insufficient predictor of fitness.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, projected climatic shifts induced by [[climate change]] have led to the development of new seed sourcing protocols that aim to source seeds that are best adapted to project climate conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Breed|first1=Martin F.|last2=Stead|first2=Michael G.|last3=Ottewell|first3=Kym M.|last4=Gardner|first4=Michael G.|last5=Lowe|first5=Andrew J.|date=2013-02-01|title=Which provenance and where? Seed sourcing strategies for revegetation in a changing environment|journal=Conservation Genetics|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1007/s10592-012-0425-z|bibcode=2013ConG...14....1B |s2cid=12813499|issn=1566-0621}}</ref> Conservation agencies have developed seed transfer zones that serve as guidelines for how far plant material can be transported before it will perform poorly.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Genetically appropriate choices for plant materials to maintain biological diversity|last1=Rogers|first1=D. L.|last2=Montalvo|first2=A. M.|publisher=Report to the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Lakewood, CO.|year=2004|location=University of California|pages=103–129}}</ref> Seed transfer zones take into account proximity, ecological conditions, and climatic conditions in order to predict how plant performance will vary from one zone to the next. A study of the reintroduction of ''[[Castilleja levisecta]]'' found that the source populations most physically near the reintroduction site performed the poorest in a field experiment, while those from the source population whose ecological conditions most closely matched the reintroduction site performed best, demonstrating the importance of matching the evolved adaptations of a population to the conditions at the reintroduction site.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lawrence|first1=Beth|last2=Kaye|first2=Thomas|date=2011|title=Reintroduction of Castilleja levisecta: Effects of Ecological Similarity, Source Population Genetics, and Habitat Quality|journal=Restoration Ecology|volume=19|issue=2|pages=166–176|doi=10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00549.x|bibcode=2011ResEc..19..166L |s2cid=85653946 }}</ref>

=== Adaptation to captivity ===
Some reintroduction programs use plants or animals from captive populations to form a reintroduced population.<ref name=":0" /> When reintroducing individuals from a captive population to the wild, there is a risk that they have adapted to captivity due to differential selection of genotypes in captivity versus the wild.
The genetic basis of this adaptation is selection of rare, [[Dominance (genetics)|recessive]] [[allele]]s that are deleterious in the wild but preferred in captivity.<ref name="Frankham 2008" /> Consequently, animals adapted to captivity show reduced stress tolerance, increased tameness, and loss of local adaptations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frankham|first=Richard|date=2008|title=Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=17|issue=1|pages=325–333|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03399.x|pmid=18173504|bibcode=2008MolEc..17..325F |s2cid=8550230}}</ref> Plants also can show adaptations to captivity through changes in drought tolerance, nutrient requirements, and seed dormancy requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ensslin|first1=Andreas|last2=Tschöpe|first2=Okka|last3=Burkart|first3=Michael|last4=Joshi|first4=Jasmin|date=2015-12-01|title=Fitness decline and adaptation to novel environments in ex situ plant collections: Current knowledge and future perspectives|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=192|pages=394–401|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.10.012|bibcode=2015BCons.192..394E }}</ref> Extent of adaptation is directly related to intensity of selection, genetic diversity, [[effective population size]] and number of generations in captivity.
Characteristics selected for in captivity are overwhelmingly disadvantageous in the wild, so such adaptations can lead to reduced fitness following reintroduction.
Reintroduction projects that introduce wild animals generally experience higher success rates than those that use captive-bred animals.<ref name="Frankham 2008" /> Genetic adaptation to captivity can be minimized through management methods: by maximizing generation length and number of new individuals added to the captive population; minimizing effective population size, number of generations spent in captivity, and [[Natural selection|selection]] pressure; and reducing genetic diversity by [[Fragmentation (reproduction)|fragmenting]] the population.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Frankham 2008" /> For plants, minimizing adaptation to captivity is usually achieved by sourcing plant material from a [[seed bank]], where individuals are preserved as wild-collected seeds, and have not had the chance to adapt to conditions in captivity. However, this method is only plausible for plants with [[seed dormancy]].<ref name="Frankham 2008" />

=== Genetic trade-offs ===
In reintroductions from captivity, translocation of animals from captivity to the wild has implications for both captive and wild populations. Reintroduction of genetically valuable animals from captivity improves genetic diversity of reintroduced populations while depleting captive populations; conversely, genetically valuable captive-bred animals may be closely related to individuals in the wild and thus increase risk of inbreeding depression if reintroduced.
Increasing genetic diversity is favored with removal of genetically overrepresented individuals from captive populations and addition of animals with low genetic relatedness to the wild.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Earnhardt |first=Joanne M. |date=November 1999 |title=Reintroduction programmes: genetic trade-offs for populations |journal=Animal Conservation |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=279–286 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00074.x |bibcode=1999AnCon...2..279E |s2cid=84850782 |issn=1367-9430}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Introduction to conservation genetics |author=Frankham, Richard |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author2=Ballou, Jonathan D. |author3=Briscoe, David A. |isbn=978-1-139-19024-4 |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge, UK |oclc=774393970}}</ref> However, in practice, initial reintroduction of individuals with low genetic value to the captive population is recommended to allow for genetic assessment before translocation of valuable individuals.<ref name=":3" />

== Improving research techniques ==
A cooperative approach to reintroduction by ecologists and biologists could improve research techniques. For both preparation and monitoring of reintroductions,  increasing contacts between academic population biologists and wildlife managers is encouraged within the Survival Species Commission and the IUCN.  The IUCN states that a re-introduction requires a multidisciplinary approach involving a team of persons drawn from a variety of backgrounds.<ref name="SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group 1995"/> A survey by Wolf et al. in 1998 indicated that 64% of reintroduction projects have used subjective opinion to assess habitat quality.<ref name="Stamps 2007"/>  This means that most reintroduction evaluation has been based on human anecdotal evidence and not enough has been based on statistical findings. Seddon et al. (2007) suggest that researchers contemplating future reintroductions should specify goals, overall ecological purpose, and inherent technical and biological limitations of a given reintroduction, and planning and evaluation processes should incorporate both experimental and modeling approaches.<ref name="Seddon 2007" />

Monitoring the health of individuals, as well as the survival, is important; both before and after the reintroduction. Intervention may be necessary if the situation proves unfavorable.<ref name="SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group 1995"/>  Population dynamics models that integrate demographic parameters and behavioral data recorded in the field can lead to simulations and tests of a priori hypotheses. Using previous results to design further decisions and experiments is a central concept of [[adaptive management]]. In other words, learning by doing can help in future projects. Population ecologists should therefore collaborate with biologists, ecologists, and wildlife management to improve reintroduction programs.<ref name="bgci.org">{{cite web |title=''In situ'' Conservation |website=Our Work |publisher=BGCI |access-date=April 30, 2012 |url=http://www.bgci.org/ourwork/Ecosystems/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201233921/http://www.bgci.org/ourwork/Ecosystems |archive-date=2012-02-01}}</ref>

=== Genetic monitoring ===
For reintroduced populations to successfully establish and maximize reproductive fitness, practitioners should perform genetic tests to select which individuals will be the founders of reintroduced populations and to continue monitoring populations post-reintroduction.<ref name="IUCN 2017 Guidelines" /> A number of methods are available to measure the genetic relatedness between and variation among individuals within populations. Common genetic diversity assessment tools include [[microsatellite]] markers, [[mitochondrial DNA]] analyses, [[alloenzyme]]s, and [[amplified fragment length polymorphism]] markers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=M|last2=Luikart|first2=G|last3=Waples|first3=R|date=2007|title=Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=22|issue=1|pages=25–33|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2006.08.009|pmid=16962204|bibcode=2007TEcoE..22...25S|s2cid=3744830|issn=0169-5347|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1481&context=usdeptcommercepub|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Post-reintroduction, genetic monitoring tools can be used to obtain data such as population abundance, [[effective population size]], and [[Population stratification|population structure]], and can also be used to identify instances of [[inbreeding]] within reintroduced populations or [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] with existing populations that are genetically compatible. Long-term genetic monitoring is recommended post-reintroduction to track changes in genetic diversity of the reintroduced population and determine success of a reintroduction program.
Adverse genetic changes such as loss of [[heterozygosity]] may indicate management intervention, such as population supplementation, is necessary for survival of the reintroduced population.<ref name="Haye 877–892">{{Cite journal|last1=Haye|first1=M. J. J. La|last2=Reiners|first2=T. E.|last3=Raedts|first3=R.|last4=Verbist|first4=V.|last5=Koelewijn|first5=H. P.|date=2017-08-01|title=Genetic monitoring to evaluate reintroduction attempts of a highly endangered rodent|journal=Conservation Genetics|language=en|volume=18|issue=4|pages=877–892|doi=10.1007/s10592-017-0940-z|bibcode=2017ConG...18..877L |issn=1566-0621|doi-access=free|hdl=2066/177140|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roques|first1=S.|last2=Berrebi|first2=P.|last3=Rochard|first3=E.|last4=Acolas|first4=M.L.|date=2018|title=Genetic monitoring for the successful re-stocking of a critically endangered diadromous fish with low diversity|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=221|pages=91–102|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.032|bibcode=2018BCons.221...91R |issn=0006-3207}}</ref><ref name="Mowry 196–206">{{Cite journal|last1=Mowry|first1=R. A.|last2=Schneider|first2=T. M.|last3=Latch|first3=E. K.|last4=Gompper|first4=M. E.|last5=Beringer|first5=J.|last6=Eggert|first6=L. S.|date=2014-08-06|title=Genetics and the successful reintroduction of the Missouri river otter|journal=Animal Conservation|language=en|volume=18|issue=2|pages=196–206|doi=10.1111/acv.12159|s2cid=83575190 |issn=1367-9430}}</ref>

==Re-introduction Specialist Group (RSG)==
The RSG is a network of specialists whose aim is to combat the ongoing and massive [[Biodiversity loss|loss of biodiversity]] by using re-introductions as a responsible tool for the management and restoration of biodiversity. It does this by actively developing and promoting sound inter-disciplinary scientific information, policy, and practice to establish viable wild populations in their natural habitats.
The role of the RSG is to promote the re-establishment of viable populations in the wild of animals and plants. The need for this role was felt due to the increased demand from re-introduction practitioners, the global conservation community and increase in re-introduction projects worldwide.

Increasing numbers of animal and plant species are becoming rare, or even extinct in the wild. In an attempt to re-establish populations, species can – in some instances – be re-introduced into an area, either through translocation from existing wild populations, or by re-introducing captive-bred animals or artificially propagated plants.

== Reintroduction programs ==

===Africa===
* [[Addax]] in [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]],<ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |date=2016 |title=''Addax nasomaculatus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T512A50180603 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T512A50180603.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> [[Chad]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Critically endangered addax antelope to be reintroduced in Chad|url=https://africageographic.com/stories/critically-endangered-addax-antelope-reintroduced-chad/|publisher=Africa Geographic|access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref>
* [[African bush elephant]] into [[Samara Private Game Reserve]] in [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Elephants return to Samara |publisher=Samara Private Game Reserve |url=https://www.samara.co.za/blog/elephants-return-samara/ |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[African leopard]] into [[Majete Wildlife Reserve]], [[Malawi]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Leopards reintroduced to Majete |url=https://www.africanparks.org/newsroom/press-releases/leopards-reintroduced-to-majete|publisher=African Parks|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Final Leopard Reintroduction to Majete Wildlife Reserve|url=https://www.africanparks.org/newsroom/press-releases/final-leopard-reintroduction-majete-wildlife-reserve|publisher=African Parks|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Malawi: Final Leopard Reintroduction to Majete Wildlife Reserve|url=https://africanconservation.org/malawi-final-leopard-reintroduction-to-majete-wildlife-reserve-2/|publisher=African Conservation Foundation|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[African spurred tortoise]] in [[Senegal]]<ref>{{Cite news|title= 46 tortoises reintroduced in Senegal thanks to a unique transfer with Air France KLM Martinair Cargo|url=https://www.en-vols.com/en/on-board/air-france-news/endangered-species-tortoise-reintroduced-senegal/ |publisher=EN-VOLS|access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref>
* [[African wild dog]] into [[Gorongosa National Park]] in [[Mozambique]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=First Ever African Wild Dog Introduction to Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique|url=https://wildlifeact.com/blog/african-wild-dogs-reintroduced-gorongosa-national-park/ |publisher=Wildlife ACT|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The African Wild Dogs are back |url=https://www.gorongosa.org/blog/press-coverage/african-wild-dogs-are-back|publisher=Gorongosa National Park|access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530160723/https://www.gorongosa.org/blog/press-coverage/african-wild-dogs-are-back}}</ref> and Lekedi Park, [[Gabon]] (successful)<ref>{{Cite news|title = New Residents Settle In at Lekedi Park |url=https://www.eramet.com/en/new-residents-settle-lekedi-park|publisher=Eramet|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> and Majete Wildlife Reserve in Malawi<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Wild Dogs return to Malawi |url=https://www.africanparks.org/african-wild-dogs-return-malawi |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.africanparks.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Angolan giraffe]] into [[Iona National Park]] in [[Angola]](successful)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Giraffe Reintroduced to Angola's Iona National Park|url=https://www.africanparks.org/giraffe-reintroduced-angolas-iona-national-park|publisher=African Parks|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rewilding Angola: Giraffe Reintroduced To Iona National Park|url=https://africanconservation.org/wildlife-news/rewilding-angola-giraffe-reintroduced-to-iona-national-park/|publisher=African Conservation Foundation|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Assessment of the feasibility to reintroduce Angolan giraffe (Giraffa giraffa angolensis) into Iona National Park, Angola focusing on habitat and social suitability|url=https://library.giraffeconservation.org/download/assessment-of-the-feasibility-to-reintroduce-angolan-giraffe-giraffa-giraffa-angolensis-into-iona-national-park-angola-focusing-on-habitat-and-social-suitability/|publisher=Giraffe Conservation Foundation|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
* [[Black rhinoceros]] in [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], [[Botswana]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Botswana Rhino Reintroduction Project |url=https://wilderness-safaris.com/botswana-rhino-reintroduction-project|publisher=Wildness Safaris|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rhino Conservation Botswana|url=https://www.rhinoconservationbotswana.com/|publisher=Rhino Conservation Botswana|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/03/black-rhinos-return-to-rwanda-10-years-after-disappearance|title=Black rhinos return to Rwanda 10 years after disappearance|work=The Guardian |date=3 May 2017 |access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> (successful) and Chad<ref>{{Cite news|title=Black rhino to be reintroduced in Chad |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/21/black-rhino-chad-zakouma-south-africa|work=The Guardian}}</ref> (ongoing), [[Gonarezhou National Park]] in [[Zimbabwe]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Black Rhino Reintroduction|url=https://gonarezhou.org/cool_timeline/black-rhino-reintroduction/|publisher=Gonarezhou National Park|access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gonarezhou Black Rhino Reintroduction|url=https://rhinorecoveryfund.org/project/gonarezhou-black-rhino-reintroduction/|publisher=Rhino Recovery Fund|access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> [[Zinave National Park]] in Mozambique<ref>{{Cite news|title=Black rhinos return to Zinave National Park in Mozambique |url=https://www.peaceparks.org/black-rhinos-return-to-zinave-national-park-in-mozambique/|publisher=Peace Parks Foundation |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[Chimpanzee]] in the [[Douala Edéa National Park|Douala-Edea Wildlife Reserve]] in [[Cameroon]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of wild born orphan chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) within the pongo and okokong islands of the douala-edea wildlife reserve, Littoral Region Cameroon |url=https://www.neliti.com/publications/239038/rehabilitation-and-reintroduction-of-wild-born-orphan-chimpanzee-pan-troglodytes|publisher=Neliti|access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Cuvier's gazelle]] in [[Jebel Serj National Park]], Tunisia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reintroduction of Cuvier's Gazelle Jebel Serj NP Tunisia - Latest News|url=http://rgct.eeza.csic.es/latest-news.html|access-date=2022-12-12|website=rgct.eeza.csic.es}}</ref>
* [[Dorcas gazelle]] in [[Ferlo Nord Wildlife Reserve]], [[Senegal]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=REINTRODUCTION OF THE DORCAS GAZELLE|url=https://zoobarcelona.cat/en/reintroduction-of-the-dorcas-gazelle|publisher=Zoo Barcelona|access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Habitat preference of reintroduced dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas neglecta) in North Ferlo, Senegal
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268149522|access-date=2024-09-22 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref>
* [[Grévy's zebra|Grevy's zebra]] in [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zebras returned to the wild|url=https://www.aspinallfoundation.org/the-aspinall-foundation/working-around-the-world/djibouti/|publisher=The Aspinall Foundation|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Ground pangolin]] into the [[Phinda Private Game Reserve]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], South Africa<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/its-a-success-pangolins-return-to-a-region-where-they-were-once-extinct/|title='It's a success': Pangolins return to a region where they were once extinct|date=23 June 2020|publisher=MONGABAY|access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref>
* [[Lion]] to [[Akagera National Park]] of Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andbeyond.com/stories/leave-a-legacy/the-predators-are-back-were-not-lion/|title=andBeyond Donated Five Lionesses from Phinda to Rwanda|website=www.andbeyond.com |language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140741/https://www.andbeyond.com/stories/leave-a-legacy/the-predators-are-back-were-not-lion/|archive-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Lions-to-bring-East-Africa-experience-to-Rwanda---/434746-2781526-7x8fgf/index.html |title=Lions to bring 'East Africa experience' to Rwanda |publisher=The East African |access-date=2017-05-22}}</ref> and Majete Wildlife Reserve and [[Liwonde National Park]] of Malawi<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lions Reintroduced to Liwonde National Park in Malawi|url=https://www.africanparks.org/press-release/lions-reintroduced-liwonde |publisher=African Parks |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Reintroducing lions into Malawi |publisher=Lion Recovery Fund |url=https://www.lionrecoveryfund.org/project/reintroducing-lions-into-malawi/|access-date= 26 August 2020}}</ref>
* [[Mandrill]] into Lékédi Park, Gabon<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Peignot P, Charpentier MJ, Bout N, Bourry O, Massima U, Dosimont O, Terramorsi R, Wickings EJ |title=Learning from the first release project of captive-bred mandrills Mandrillus sphinx in Gabon |doi=10.1017/S0030605308000136 |year=2008 |journal=Oryx|volume=42|doi-broken-date=2024-11-02 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Mhorr gazelle (subspecies of [[Dama gazelle]]) into [[Safia Reserve]] in Southern Morocco (failure and ongoing)<ref>{{cite journal|title=The first reintroduction project for mhorr gazelle (Nanger dama mhorr) into the wild: Knowledge and experience gained to support future conservation actions|date=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00680 |last1=Abáigar |first1=Teresa |last2=Rodríguez-Caballero |first2=Emilio |last3=Martínez |first3=Cristina |last4=Amaouch |first4=Zouhair |last5=Samlali |first5=Mohamed L. |last6=Aparicio |first6=Fernando |last7=El Balla |first7=Taufik |last8=Essalhi |first8=Abderrahim |last9=Fernández |first9=Jesús |last10=García |first10=Francisco |last11=Haya |first11=Moulaye |last12=m'Bareck |first12=Abba |last13=m'Bareck |first13=Hamady |last14=González |first14=Luis M. |last15=Fernández De Larrínoa |first15=Pablo |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=19 |pages=e00680 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019GEcoC..1900680A |hdl=10261/201572 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* [[North African ostrich]] in Morocco, [[Nigeria]], [[Niger]] and Tunisia (ongoing)
* [[Plains zebra]] into [[Kitulo National Park]] in southern [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Absent for decades, zebras reintroduced to park in southern Tanzania|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2018/10/absent-for-decades-zebras-reintroduced-to-park-in-southern-tanzania/|publisher=Mongabay|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> and [[Nsumbu National Park]] in northern Zambia<ref>{{cite news|title=The reintroduction of zebra to one of Zambia's parks|url=https://www.conservationsolutions.co.za/project-pages/zambia-zebra|publisher=Conservation Solutions|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
* [[Reticulated giraffe]] in [[Mount Kenya]], Kenya<ref>{{cite news|title=Reticulated Giraffes Reintroduced to Mount Kenya After 40 Years of Local Extinction.|url=https://mountkenyawildlifeconservancy.org/news/reticulated-giraffes-reintroduced-to-mount-kenya-after-40-years-of-local-extinction|publisher=Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
* [[Scimitar oryx]] in [[Chad]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Scimitar-horned Oryx Reintroduction Programme|url=https://www.saharaconservation.org/node/187|publisher=Sahara Conservation Fund|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530164521/https://www.saharaconservation.org/node/187|archive-date=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Reintroducing scimitar-horned oryx to Chad|url=https://www.zsl.org/conservation/regions/africa/reintroducing-scimitar-horned-oryx-to-chad|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=25 Scimitar-Horned Oryx to be Reintroduced to the Wild in Chad|url=https://insider.si.edu/2016/04/25-scimitar-horned-oryx-reintroduced-wild-chad/|publisher=Smithsonian Insider|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[Southern white rhinoceros]] in [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Zambia]] (successful){{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} and [[Garamba National Park]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=White rhinos reintroduced to DR Congo national park |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/11/white-rhinos-reintroduced-to-dr-congo-national-park |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Akagera National Park, Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Rhinos to Rwanda |url=https://www.africanparks.org/campaign/white-rhinos-rwanda |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.africanparks.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[South African cheetah]] in [[Eswatini]] and Malawi (successful)<ref>{{cite news|title=Cheetahs return to Malawi after decades|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/cheetahs-return-to-malawi-after-decades/|author=Shreya Dasgupta|publisher=Mongabay|date=29 May 2017|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
* [[Spotted hyena]] to [[Zinave National Park]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mozambique – hyenas reintroduced to Zinave|date=4 August 2020|url=https://africasustainableconservation.com/2020/08/04/mozambique-hyenas-reintroduced-to-zinave/|publisher=Africa Sustainable Conservation News|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> and Gorongosa National Park (planned)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=Go wild in these countries: five exciting rewilding projects to visit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/26/go-wild-in-these-countries-five-exciting-rewilding-projects-to-visit-aoe |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> in Mozambique
* [[West African crocodile]] into Morocco<ref>{{cite web|title=MOROCCO: the reintroduction of the Moroccan crocodile, which disappeared 70 years ago|date=23 November 2022 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/morocco-the-reintroduction-of-the-moroccan-crocodile-which-disappeared-70-years-ago/|publisher=Afrik21|access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref>
* [[West African giraffe]] to [[Gadabedji Reserve]], Niger<ref>{{cite web|title=Reintroduction of the West African Giraffe|url=https://savegiraffesnow.org/projects-overview/reintroduction/|publisher=Save Giraffes Now|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=West African giraffe return to Gadabedji after 50 years of absence|date=5 December 2018|url=https://africageographic.com/stories/west-african-giraffe-return-gadabedji-50-years-absence/|publisher=Africa Geographic|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref>

===Asia===
* [[Amur leopard]] in [[Russia]] (planned)<ref>{{cite web|title=Plan for Amur leopard reintroduction approved|url=https://www.zsl.org/conservation/news/plan-for-amur-leopard-reintroduction-approved|publisher=ZSL|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amur Leopard Reintroduction|url=https://conservewildcats.org/resources/amur-leopard-facts/amur-leopard-reintroduction/|publisher=conservewildcats|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Amur Leopard Reintroduction Program launched in Primorye|url=https://wwf.ru/en/resources/news/amur/startovala-programma-reintroduktsii-dalnevostochnogo-leoparda-/|publisher=WWF|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530152349/https://wwf.ru/en/resources/news/amur/startovala-programma-reintroduktsii-dalnevostochnogo-leoparda-/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Asian elephant]] into [[Doi Phu Nang National Park|Doi Pha Muang Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Thailand]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Elephants Return to the Forest|url=https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/research-and-collections/wild-at-heart-the-plight-of-elephants-in-thailand/elephants-return-to-the-forest|publisher=AMNH|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Asian giant tortoise]] in [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=First Ever Reintroduction of the Asian Giant Tortoise in Bangladesh: a Model for Future Rewilding Efforts|url=https://futurefornature.org/first-ever-reintroduction-of-the-asian-giant-tortoise-in-bangladesh-a-model-for-future-rewilding-efforts/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI4ezo-NODgQMVMQx7Bx2dDwxpEAAYASAAEgI-_fD_BwE|publisher=future for nature|access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rewilding The Asian Giant Tortoise In Bangladesh|url=https://www.natureinfocus.in/animals/rewilding-the-asian-giant-tortoise-in-bangladesh|publisher=Nature in Focus|access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref>
* [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project]] of [[Asiatic lion]] to [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] from their only home presently in the world at [[Gir Forest National Park]]. Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary is the chosen site for re-introducing and establishing the world's second completely separate population of the wild free ranging Asiatic lions in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It was decided to re-introduce the Asiatic lion in [[Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Rajasthan]]. Some will be reintroduced in two locations in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Seddon 2007" />
* [[Bengal tiger]] in [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] of Rajasthan, India<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tigers successfully reintroduced in Indian park|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2010/09/tigers-successfully-reintroduced-in-indian-park/|publisher=Mongabay|access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sariska Tiger Reserve - Reintroduction of Tigers|url=https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/aboutus/departmental-wings/wild-life1/sariska-tiger-reserve/reintroduction-of-tigers.html|publisher=Government of Rajasthan Forest Department|access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Blackbuck]] to [[Pakistan]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aleem |first=Abdul |date=May 1978 |title=Re-introduction of blackbuck in Pakistan |journal=Pakistan Journal of Forestry |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=111–115}}</ref>
* [[Bornean orangutan]] in [[East Kalimantan]], [[Indonesia]]<ref>See [[Borneo Orangutan Survival#Samboja Lestari|Borneo Orangutan Survival]]</ref>
* [[Bactrian deer]] (subspecies of [[Central Asian red deer]]) into [[Altyn Emel National Park]] in [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bukhara deer reintroduced in Kazakhstan|url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?94380/Bukhara-deer-reintroduced-in-Kazakhstan|publisher=WWF|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> and [[Badai Tugai Nature Reserve]] in [[Uzbekistan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bukhara deer to be reintroduced in Central Asia|date=28 November 2011 |url=https://econews.com.au/9544/bukhara-deer-to-be-reintroduced-in-central-asia/|publisher=Eco News|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Burmese star tortoise]] in [[Myanmar]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Star Tortoise Reintroduction Progressing Well in Myanmar|url=https://turtlesurvival.org/blogs/news/star-tortoise-reintroduction-progressing-well-in-myanmar|publisher=turtle survival alliance|access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref>
* [[Cheetah reintroduction in India]] is a project to reintroduce the [[cheetah]] in India. The [[Asiatic cheetah]] became extinct in India in 1947 when [[Maharaja]] of [[Surguja district|Surguja]] hunted the last three in the [[Rewa (princely state)|state of Rewa]] in [[central India]]. It was officially declared extinct in 1952 by the [[Government of India|Indian government]]. Plans are going on to reintroduce the cheetah to two site in Madhya Pradesh ([[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]]) and in [[Rajasthan]]'s [[Shahgarh Landscape]]. Cheetahs are being acclimated to Kuno National Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Gets Cheetahs Again After 70 Years: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cheetahs-for-india-riding-a-plane-to-gwalior-will-then-take-a-chopper-3351258 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* [[Chinese alligator]] into [[Yancheng Coastal Wetlands|Yancheng Biosphere Reserve]], [[Jiangsu Province]], [[China]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Feasibility study: reintroducing Chinese alligator to Yancheng|url=https://www.conservationleadershipprogramme.org/project/feasibility-study-chinese-alligator/|publisher=Conservation Leadership Program|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Crested ibis]] at [[Upo Wetland]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web|title=Endangered bird returns to South Korea 40 years after extinction|date=22 May 2019|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/crested-ibis-south-korea-endangered-return-extinct-a8925846.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/crested-ibis-south-korea-endangered-return-extinct-a8925846.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|publisher=Independent|access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> and [[Sado, Niigata|Sado]], [[Japan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bringing back the crested ibis|date=14 June 2016|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/06/14/editorials/bringing-back-crested-ibis/|publisher=The Japan Times|access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reintroducing the Japanese Crested Ibis in Sado, Japan (PDF)|url=http://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Reintroducing-the-Japanese-Crested-Ibis-Japan.pdf|access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Gaur]] into [[Bandhavgarh National Park]] in Madhya Pradesh, India<ref>{{cite web|title=Reintroduction of Gaur (''Bos gaurus gaurus'') in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (PDF)|url=https://www.wii.gov.in/images/publications/researchreports/2011/reintroduction_gaur_report.pdf|publisher=The Wildlife Institute of India|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>
* [[Formosan sika deer]] into [[Kenting National Park]], [[Taiwan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Residents' attitudes toward reintroduced sika deer in Kenting National Park, Taiwan (PDF)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280931420|access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref><ref>[http://e-info.org.tw/node/57024 墾丁社頂生態遊 梅花鹿見客 | 台灣環境資訊協會-環境資訊中心]. E-info.org.tw (2010-06-30). Retrieved on 2024-09-22.</ref>
* [[Gharial]] at the [[Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref>{{cite web|title=Gharials get back into the Ganges|url=https://wwf.panda.org/?157601/Gharials-get-back-into-the-Ganges|publisher=WWF|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GHARIALS ON THE GANGA (PDF)|url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/sites/default/files/2017-06/170607_Ganga_Gharial_CS-external_0.pdf|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Indian rhinoceros]] to [[Lal Suhanra National Park]], [[Pakistan]] (failure)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Male rhino dies at Laal Suhanra National Park |date=22 February 2019 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1916051/male-rhino-dies-laal-suhanra-national-park}}</ref> and [[Dudhwa National Park]] in India<ref>{{cite book|title=Kaziranga, The Rhino Land|last1=Oberai|first1=C.P.|date=2002|isbn=978-81-7646-259-4|publisher=B. R. Pub. Corp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reintroduction of Greater Indian Rhinoceros into Dudhwa National Park (PDF)|url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/124/1245682601.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> and [[Jim Corbett National Park]] (planning)<ref>{{cite news|title=One-horned rhino to be reintroduced in Corbett|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/one-horned-rhino-to-be-reintroduced-in-corbett/articleshow/72247272.cms|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Korean fox]] (subspecies of [[red fox]]) in [[Sobaeksan National Park]], [[South Korea]] (ongoing)<ref>{{cite web|title=Foxes released into wild on Sobaeksan|url=http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20121101000970#cb|publisher=The korean Herald|access-date=26 April 2017|date=November 2012}}</ref>
* [[Lar gibbon]] to [[Phuket]], Thailand<ref>{{cite journal|title=Gibbon (Hylobates lar) reintroduction success in Phuket, Thailand, and its conservation benefits|year=2015|publisher=pubmed.ncbi.gov|pmid=25597291|last1=Osterberg|first1=P.|last2=Samphanthamit|first2=P.|last3=Maprang|first3=O.|last4=Punnadee|first4=S.|last5=Brockelman|first5=W. Y.|journal=American Journal of Primatology|volume=77|issue=5|pages=492–501|doi=10.1002/ajp.22367|s2cid=4001038}}</ref>
* ''[[Magnolia sinica]]'' to China<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maschinski |first1=Joyce |title=Plant reintroduction in a changing climate: promises and perils |last2=Haskins |first2=Kristin |date=2012 |publisher=Island Press}}</ref>
* [[Oriental stork]] in South Korea<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Population Viability Analysis (PVA) for Re-introduction of the Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) in Korea|year = 2012|url=http://www.ebr.or.kr/journal/article.php?code=14466|publisher=Korean Journal of Environmental Biology|doi = 10.11626/KJEB.2012.30.4.307|access-date=4 December 2020|last1 = Cheong|first1 = Seokwan|last2 = Sung|first2 = Ha-Cheol|last3 = Park|first3 = Shi-Ryong|journal = Environmental Biology Research|volume = 30|issue = 4|pages = 307–313|url-access = subscription}}</ref>
* [[Père David's deer]] in China (successful)
* [[Persian leopard]] in [[European Russia]] (ongoing)
* [[Pileated gibbon]] into the protected forests of the [[Angkor]], [[Cambodia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reintroduction of Pileated Gibbons at the Angkor World Heritage Site|url=http://www.fondationsegre.org/reintroduction-of-pileated-gibbons-at-the-angkor-world-heritage-site/|publisher=Foundation Segre|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Przewalski's horse]] in [[Mongolia]], [[China]], and [[Kazakhstan]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7961/97205530|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-25 |title=Przewalski's horse |url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/przewalskis-horse |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Smithsonian's National Zoo |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pygmy hog]]s into [[Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Assam]], India (successful)<ref>{{cite web|title=Successful reintroduction of world's smallest hog|date=13 May 2009|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2009/05/successful-reintroduction-of-worlds-smallest-hog/|publisher=Mongabay|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Sarus crane]]s in Thailand (ongoing)
* [[Short-tailed albatross]] in Japan (successful)<ref>[https://www.acap.aq/en/news/latest-news/1679-acap-breeding-site-no-65-torishima-where-short-tailed-albatrosses-have-survived-both-feather-collectors-and-an-active-volcano ACAP Breeding Site No. 65. Torishima, where Short-tailed Albatrosses have survived both feather collectors and an active volcano]</ref>
* [[Siamese crocodile]] into [[Cát Tiên National Park]] of [[Vietnam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Siamese crocodile|url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/species/siamese-crocodile|publisher=Fauna & Flora International|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Siamese crocodiles re-introduced in Cat Tien National Park|url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?2453/Siamese-crocodiles-re-introduced-in-Cat-Tien-National-Park|publisher=WWF|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Siberian Tiger Re-population Project]] was proposed in 2009 to reintroduce [[Siberian tiger]]s back to their former lands and including the former ranges in [[Central Asia]] once inhabited by their closest relatives, the [[Caspian tiger]]. In 2010, two pairs of Siberian tigers, exchanged for [[Persian leopard]]s to southwestern Russia, were set to be reintroduced in [[Iran]]'s [[Miankaleh peninsula|Miankaleh Peninsula]]. Currently, the big cats (one of them had died) are being held in captivity in [[Tehran Zoological Garden|Eram zoo]]. Siberian tigers were also proposed to be reintroduced to a suitable habitat near the international river of [[Amu Darya]] in Central Asia and near the [[Ili River#Ili delta|Ili River delta]] in [[Kazakhstan]]. A rewilding project at the [[Pleistocene Park]], part of the re-population project was proposed back in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2010 |title=Big Cat Swap Raises Questions |url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/big-cat-swap-raises-questions  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920114850/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/big-cat-swap-raises-questions |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=30 October 2015 |publisher=Institute for War and Peace Reporting}}</ref>
* [[South China tiger]] – captive tigers being [[Rewilding (conservation biology)|re-wilded]] in [[Laohu Valley Reserve]] in the [[Free State (province)|Free State province]] of [[South Africa]] under [[Save China's Tigers]] programme, will be eventually released back into the wilderness of [[China]].
* [[Sumatran orangutan]] at [[Bukit Tigapuluh National Park]] in [[Jambi]] and [[Jantho Pine Forest Nature Reserve]] in [[Aceh]], [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reintroduction|url=https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/our-work/creating-new-wild-populations/reintroduction/|publisher=Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[Turkmenian kulan]] in [[Kazakhstan]] (ongoing) and [[Uzbekistan]] (successful)
* [[Ussuri black bear]] (subspecies of [[Asian black bear]]) in [[Jirisan National Park]], South Korea (ongoing)<ref>{{cite web|title=Reintroduction of the Asiatic Black Bear to Jirisan National Park (JNP) South Korea|url=https://sites.google.com/site/rlrreintroductionmanagement/research-articles/reintroduction-of-the-asiatic-black-bear-to-jirisan-national-park-jnp-south-korea|publisher=RLR Reintroduction Management|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153514/https://sites.google.com/site/rlrreintroductionmanagement/research-articles/reintroduction-of-the-asiatic-black-bear-to-jirisan-national-park-jnp-south-korea|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Water deer]] in [[Shanghai]], China (successful)<ref>{{Cite news|title=The efforts to re-establish the Chinese water deer population in Shanghai, China|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297661933|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[Wild water buffalo]] in [[Chitwan National Park]] of Nepal<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dhungel G. |author2=Thanet D.R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Investigating Habitat Suitability and Conservation Issues of Re-introduced Wild Water Buffalo in Chitwan National Park, Nepal |journal=Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal |volume=16 |issue=16 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.3126/forestry.v16i0.28350 |s2cid=216528987 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/forestry/article/download/28350/23279|doi-access=free }}</ref> and in [[Kanha National Park]] of Madhya Pradesh, India<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wild buffalo to be reintroduced in Kanha Natl Park|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/12/26/Wild-buffalo-to-be-reintroduced-in-Kanha-Natl-Park.html|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>

==== Middle East ====
* [[Arabian gazelle]] in [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Farag |first=Mona |date=2023-01-18 |title=Saudi Arabia to release more than 1,500 endangered animals at AlUla |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf-news/2023/01/18/saudi-arabia-to-release-more-than-1500-endangered-animals-at-al-ula/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arabian sand gazelle]] in [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haque |first1=Mohammad Nayerul |last2=Smith |first2=Tommy R. |date=1996 |title=Reintroduction of Arabian sand gazelle Gazella subgutturosa marica in Saudi Arabia |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)00100-X |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=203–207 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(95)00100-x |bibcode=1996BCons..76..203H |issn=0006-3207|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Arabian oryx]] in the Sultanate of [[Oman]] (successful), [[United Arab Emirates]] (successful), [[Israel]] (successful), [[Saudi Arabia]] (ongoing), [[Jordan]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eid |first1=Ehab |last2=Mallon |first2=David |date=2021-08-26 |title=Wild ungulates in Jordan: past, present, and forthcoming opportunities |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/6811 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=19338–19351 |doi=10.11609/jott.6811.13.9.19338-19351 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2017. ''Oryx leucoryx''. ''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'' 2017: e.T15569A50191626. <nowiki>https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T15569A50191626.en</nowiki>.</ref>
* [[Egyptian vulture]] in [[Israel]] (ongoing)<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ron Efrat |author2=Ohad Hatzofe |author3=Ygal Miller |author4=Thomas Mueller |author5=Nir Sapir |author6=Oded Berger-Tal |title=Postrelease survival of captive-bred Egyptian Vultures is similar to that of wild-hatched Egyptian Vultures and is not affected by release age or season |journal=Ornithological Applications |volume=124 |issue=2 |date=5 May 2022 |at=duab065 |doi=10.1093/ornithapp/duab065}}</ref>
* [[Eurasian griffon vulture]] in [[Israel]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Efrat |first1=Ron |last2=Hatzofe |first2=Ohad |last3=Miller |first3=Ygal |last4=Berger-Tal |first4=Oded |date=December 2020 |title=Determinants of survival in captive-bred Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus after their release to the wild |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |language=en |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1111/csp2.308 |bibcode=2020ConSP...2E.308E |issn=2578-4854 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Houbara bustard]] in [[Jordan]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-15 |title=Second batch of rare houbara bird to be reintroduced in Jordan in February |url=https://jordantimes.com/news/local/second-batch-rare-houbara-bird-be-reintroduced-jordan-february |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Jordan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kurdistan spotted newt]] in Western [[Iran]] (successful)<ref>Sharifi M.. Vaissi S.. 2014. [https://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2014/23/n023p159.pdf Captive breeding and trial reintroduction of the Endangered yellow-spotted mountain newt Neurergus microspilotus in western Iran] (pdf). Endanger Species Res 23. Vol. 23: pp.159–166. doi: 10.3354/esr00552. Retrieved on March 31, 2017</ref>
* [[Lanner falcon]] in [[Israel]] (successful)<ref>Hatzofe, O. (2001). Reintroduction of raptors to Ramat HaNadiv. ''Wings over Africa. The International Center for the Study of Bird Migration, Latrun, Israel'', 190-202.</ref>
* [[North African ostrich]] in [[Israel]] (failure) and Saudi Arabia (successful)<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Bitter Fate of Ostriches in the Wild |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2007-12-25/ty-article/the-bitter-fate-of-ostriches-in-the-wild/0000017f-db5a-db5a-a57f-db7af66d0000 |access-date=2024-01-17 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Islam |first1=Zafar-ul M. |last2=Ismail |first2=Khairi |last3=Boug |first3=Ahmed |date=2008 |title=Re-introduction of the Red-necked Ostrich, Struthio camelus camelus , in Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area in central Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09397140.2008.10638286 |journal=Zoology in the Middle East |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.1080/09397140.2008.10638286 |issn=0939-7140|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Nubian ibex]] in [[Israel]] (successful), [[Jordan]] (successful), [[Saudi Arabia]] (ongoing), and [[Lebanon]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mendelssohn |first1=Heinrich |title=Mammalia of Israel |last2=Yom-Tov |first2=Yoram |date=1999 |publisher=Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities |isbn=978-965-208-145-2 |series=Fauna Palaestina |location=Jerusalem}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nubian Ibex Conservation Case Study {{!}} The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund |url=https://www.speciesconservation.org/case-studies-projects/nubian-ibex/22393 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.speciesconservation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Attum |first1=Omar |last2=Awaji |first2=Malik Al |last3=Bender |first3=L. |date=2022 |title=The use of demographic data to monitor population trends of the Nubian Ibex, Capra nubiana in Jordan (Mammalia: Bovidae) |journal=Zoology in the Middle East |language=en |volume=68 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/09397140.2021.2021654 |s2cid=245816312|hdl=2022/27445 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Cyperus papyrus|Paper reed]] in [[Israel]]'s [[Hula Valley]] (successful)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=D. |last2=Oron |first2=T. |last3=Gutman |first3=M. |date=1998-06-01 |title=Development of macrophytic vegetation in the Agmon Wetland of Israel by spontaneous colonization and reintroduction |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008420120533 |journal=Wetlands Ecology and Management |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1023/A:1008420120533 |bibcode=1998WetEM...6..143K |issn=1572-9834|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Persian fallow deer]] in [[Israel]] (successful)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constantinoiu |first=Marina |date=2020-10-15 |title=The astonishing revival of Israel's Persian fallow deer |url=https://www.israel21c.org/the-astonishing-revival-of-israels-persian-fallow-deer/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saltz |first=David |date=1996-01-01 |title=Minimizing extinction probability due to demographic stochasticity in a reintroduced herd of Persian fallow deer Dama dama Mesopotamia |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207%2895%2900041-0 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=27–33 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(95)00041-0 |bibcode=1996BCons..75...27S |issn=0006-3207|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Persian onager]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] (successful) and [[Israel]] (successful)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lutz |first=Diana |date=2013-03-27 |title=The secret lives of the wild asses of the Negev - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2013/03/the-secret-lives-of-the-wild-asses-of-the-negev/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The Source |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zecherle |first1=L. J. |last2=Bar-David |first2=S. |last3=Nichols |first3=H. J. |last4=Templeton |first4=A. R. |last5=Hipperson |first5=H. |last6=Horsburgh |first6=G. J. |last7=Brown |first7=R. P. |date=2020-12-01 |title=Landscape resistance affects individual habitat selection but not genetic relatedness in a reintroduced desert ungulate |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320720309034 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=252 |pages=108845 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108845 |bibcode=2020BCons.25208845Z |issn=0006-3207}}</ref>
* [[Red deer]] to [[Armenia]] - A programme was announced in 2013 to reintroduce the red deer to [[Armenia]]. 4 males and 11 females of the species will be purchased and transported to a breeding centre at [[Dilijan National Park]]. The [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund Germany]] and [[Orange (telecommunications)|Orange Armenia]] have provided the funds for the project.
* [[Roe deer]] in [[Israel]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hai-Bar Carmel Nature Reserve |url=https://en.parks.org.il/reserve-park/hai-bar-carmel-nature-reserve/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Israel Nature and Parks Authority |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wallach |first1=Arian D. |last2=Inbar |first2=Moshe |last3=Shanas |first3=Uri |date=2009-05-18 |title=Roe deer and decapitated Anemone flowers |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ijps/57/1-2/article-p103_10.xml |journal=Israel Journal of Plant Sciences |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1–2 |pages=103–106 |doi=10.1560/IJPS.57.1-2.103 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=215510846 |issn=0792-9978|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Acanthobrama telavivensis|Yarkon bleak fish]] in [[Israel]] (successful)<ref>Goren, M. 2014. ''Acanthobrama telavivensis''. ''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'' 2014: e.T61249A19009597. <nowiki>https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T61249A19009597.en</nowiki>.</ref>
* [[Arabian Leopard]] in [[Israel]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Atzeni |first1=Luciano |last2=Ilany |first2=Amiyaal |last3=Geffen |first3=Eli |last4=Cushman |first4=Samuel A. |last5=Kaszta |first5=Żaneta |last6=Macdonald |first6=David W. |date=2024-03-01 |title=Reviving the Arabian leopard: Harnessing historical data to map habitat and pave the way for reintroduction |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320724000016 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=291 |pages=110440 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110440 |bibcode=2024BCons.29110440A |issn=0006-3207}}</ref> [[Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve]] is working on reintroduction.
* [[Persian Leopard]] in [[Israel]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Female Persian Leopard settles in Israel to bolster nearly extinct species |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/environment/article/syl300kpds}}</ref> The [[Ramat Gan Safari]] and the [[Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve]] are working on reintroduction.

===Europe===
[[File:Cricetus-cricetus-Vienna-2015.JPG|thumb|Black-bellied hamster (''Cricetus cricetus''), also known as European hamster, common hamster]]
* [[Alpine ibex]] in the [[France|French]], [[Italy|Italian]] and [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Alps]] (successful)
* [[Alpine marmot]] in the [[Pyrenees]], where it had been extirpated at end of the [[Pleistocene]] (successful)<ref>{{cite journal |author1=J. Herrero |author2=J. Canut |author3=D. Garcia-Ferre |author4=R. Garcia Gonzalez |author5=R. Hidalgo |year=1992 |title=The alpine marmot (''Marmota marmota'' L.) in the Spanish Pyrenees |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde]] |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=211–215 |url=http://www.ipe.csic.es/conservacion/documentos/ricardo/pdfs%20Ricardo%20Internet%20para%20Adela/28_distr_mam.pdf |access-date=2010-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001040209/http://www.ipe.csic.es/conservacion/documentos/ricardo/pdfs%20Ricardo%20Internet%20para%20Adela/28_distr_mam.pdf |archive-date=2010-10-01  }}</ref>
* [[European hamster|Black-bellied hamster]] in [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]] (successful)<ref name="Haye 877–892"/>
* [[Black grouse]] to [[Derbyshire]], England – (ongoing)
* [[Carterocephalus palaemon|Chequered skipper]] butterfly to [[Northamptonshire]], England – (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smallholder.co.uk/news/16235051.Butterfly_extinct_for_42_years_to_be_reintroduced_to_England/|title = VIDEO: Butterfly extinct for 42 years reintroduced to England| date=18 May 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Common crane]] to [[Somerset]], England – (ongoing)
* [[Corncrake]] to [[Cambridgeshire]], England – (ongoing)
* [[Eurasian brown bear]] in the [[Alps]] (ongoing)<ref>Groff C., Bragalanti N., Rizzoli R., Zanghellini P. (editors), [http://www1.nina.no/lcie_new/pdf/635011008584394697_rapportoORSO_2012_EN_sito.1365493931.pdf "2012 Bear Report, Forestry and Wildlife Department of the Autonomous Province of Trento"], 2013.</ref> and in the [[Pyrenees]] (ongoing)
* [[Eurasian lynx]] in [[Switzerland]] (successful), the United Kingdom ([[Lynx reintroduction in the United Kingdom|proposed]]) and other parts of Europe (ongoing)
* [[European beaver]] in several countries in [[Europe]] (successful)
* [[European bison]] in [[Poland]], [[Belarus]] (successful), other parts of [[Europe]] including [[Denmark]], [[Spain]], [[Ukraine]], [[Romania]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], and others (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2013/oct/18/uk-carnivores-rewild-wolves-bison-conservation|title=Why are Britain's conservation groups so lacking in ambition?|last=Monbiot|first=George|date=2013-10-18|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2016-04-17|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Carrington |first1=Damian |last2=Davis |first2=Nicola |date=2022-07-18 |title=Wild bison return to UK for first time in thousands of years |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/18/wild-bison-return-to-uk-for-first-time-in-thousands-of-years |access-date=2023-03-12 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* [[European black vulture]] in the [[Massif Central]] in [[France]] – (successful)
* [[European mink]] in [[Estonia]] and [[Spain]] – (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Macdonald |first1=David Whyte |title=Biology and conservation of musteloids |last2=Newman |first2=Chris |last3=Harrington |first3=Lauren A. |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-875981-2 |edition=1st |location=Oxford, United Kingdom}}</ref>
* [[European wildcat]] in the [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] in [[England]] – (ongoing)
* [[Heath fritillary]] butterfly to [[Essex]], England– (successful)
* [[Glanville fritillary]] butterfly to [[Somerset]], England – (successful)
* [[Goitered gazelle]] in protected areas of Vashlovani in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] – (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gazelle Reintroduction Programmme|url=https://www.wwfcaucasus.org/our_work/all_initiatives/gazelle_reintroduction_programmme/|publisher=WWf-Caucasus|access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[Golden eagle]] in [[Ireland]] (ongoing)
* [[Great bustard]] to [[Salisbury Plain]], England – (ongoing)
* [[Griffon vulture]] in the [[Massif Central]], [[France]] (successful), Central [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]], [[Italy]], and Northern and Southern [[Israel]] (ongoing)
* [[Iberian lynx]] in [[Portugal]] (ongoing)
* [[Lammergeier]] in the [[Alps]] (successful) [[Switzerland]] (successful)
* [[Eresus cinnaberinus|Ladybird spider]] to [[Arne RSPB reserve]] in Dorset, England – (ongoing).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?a=2835|title=Ladybird Spider- Eresus cinnaberinus|date=2011-08-11}}</ref>
* [[Large blue]] butterfly in the [[South West of England]] – (successful and ongoing)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Andersen|first1=Anne|last2=Simcox|first2=David J.|last3=Thomas|first3=Jeremy A.|last4=Nash|first4=David R.|date=2014|title=Assessing reintroduction schemes by comparing genetic diversity of reintroduced and source populations: A case study of the globally threatened large blue butterfly (Maculinea arion)|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=175|pages=34–41|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.04.009|bibcode=2014BCons.175...34A |s2cid=218626986 |issn=0006-3207|url=https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/131248267/Andersen_2014_Biological_Conservation.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Lesser kestrel]] in [[Spain]]
* [[Lesser white-fronted goose]] in [[Sweden]] and [[Germany]] (ongoing)
* [[Filago (plant)#Species|Narrow-leaved cudweed]] in Britain<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rich|first1=T.C.|last2=Gibson|first2=C.|last3=Marsden|first3=M.|title=Re-establishment of the extinct native plant Filago gallica L.(Asteraceae), narrow-leaved cudweed, in Britain|journal=Biological Conservation|date=1999|volume=91|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00046-4|bibcode=1999BCons..91....1R }}</ref>
* [[Northern bald ibis]] in [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.waldrapp.eu/projektstandorte/ | title=Waldrappteam}}</ref> and [[Spain]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.zoobotanicojerez.com/proyecto-eremita | title=Proyecto Eremita}}</ref> (ongoing)
* [[Northern goshawk]] – the existing [[UK]] population is believed to be derived from a mixture of escaped [[Falconry|falconers]]' birds and deliberate introductions – (successful)
* [[Osprey]] to England and Wales – (successful)
* [[Peregrine falcon]] in [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]]
* [[Persian leopard]] to [[Caucasus Biosphere Reserve]], [[European Russia]]<ref>{{cite web |author=WWF |year=2009 |url=http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/news/?uNewsID=174841 |title=Flying Turkmen leopards to bring species back to Caucasus |publisher=WWF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TWO LEOPARDS FROM SWEDEN ARRIVED TO RUSSIA|url=https://wwf.ru/en/resources/news/kavkaz/v-rossyu-pribyli-dva-leoparda-iz-shvetsii/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=WWF Russia|archive-date=2022-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003100303/https://wwf.ru/en/resources/news/kavkaz/v-rossyu-pribyli-dva-leoparda-iz-shvetsii/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Pine marten]] in [[Wales]] – (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-40188235 | title='First' Welsh born and bred pine marten| work=BBC News| date=2017-06-09}}</ref>
* [[Przewalski's horse]] in [[Ukraine]] (successful)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsoukanova |first=Ania |title=Wild horses flourish in Chernobyl 35 years after explosion |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-04-wild-horses-flourish-chernobyl-years.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Red kite]] in [[Ireland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environ.ie/en/Heritage/NationalParksandWildlife/News/MainBody,5384,en.htm |title=Red Kite Reintroduction Project in Wicklow |date=2007-05-21 |publisher=Environment, Heritage and Local Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121214308/http://www.environ.ie/en/Heritage/NationalParksandWildlife/News/MainBody,5384,en.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21}}</ref> [[Chiltern Hills]], [[Black Isle]], [[Northamptonshire]], [[Dumfries and Galloway]], [[Yorkshire]], [[Perth and Kinross]] and [[Gateshead]] – (successful), and [[Spain]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barkham |first=Patrick |date=2022-06-24 |title=Red kite chicks sent from England to Spain to boost ailing numbers |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/24/red-kite-chicks-sent-from-england-to-spain-to-boost-ailing-numbers |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* [[Red squirrel]] to [[Anglesey]], Wales – (successful and ongoing)<ref>[http://www.redsquirrels.info Red squirrel conservation, squirrel ecology and grey squirrel management<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Scots pine]] to southern England – (unplanned, successful)
* [[Silver-washed fritillary]] to [[Essex]], England – (ongoing, locally successful)
* [[Western swamphen]] in the [[Mondego River]] basin, [[Portugal]] (successful)
* [[White stork]] to [[France]], [[Sweden]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Switzerland]] (all successful) and [[England]] (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://knepp.co.uk/white-storks/ | title=White Storks}}</ref>
* [[White-tailed eagle]] in [[Ireland]] (ongoing) [[Hebrides|and Hebrides]], Scotland – (successful), [[England]] (ongoing)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barkham |first1=Patrick |title=Young sea eagle takes up residence among Oxfordshire's red kites |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/17/young-sea-eagle-takes-up-residence-among-oxfordshires-red-kites |work=The Guardian |date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117195839/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/17/young-sea-eagle-takes-up-residence-among-oxfordshires-red-kites |archive-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> and [[Wales]] (planned – on hold while a suitable site is found)
* [[Wild boar]] to several places in [[Great Britain|Britain]] – (accidental, successful)

===North America===
* [[American bison]] to [[Maderas del Carmen|El Carmen Nature Reserve]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reintroduction of American Bison |url=http://www.cemexnature.com/el-carmen-p/reintroduction-of-american-bison/|publisher=cemexnature|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203152009/http://www.cemexnature.com/el-carmen-p/reintroduction-of-american-bison/}}</ref> and [[Janos Biosphere Reserve]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Janos Biosphere Reserve, Northern Mexico |author=Rurik List |author2=Jesus Pacheco |author3=Eduardo Ponce |author4=Rodrigo Sierra-Corona |author5=Gerardo Ceballos |journal=The Journal of International Wilderness |date=August 2010 |volume=16 |number=2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220048616 |access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> in [[Mexico]], [[American Prairie (nature reserve)|American Prairie]] and many National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and other [[Conservation of American bison|public lands]] in the [[United States]], [[Banff National Park]] in [[Canada]] ([[Alberta]]) (successful)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Banff National Park Bison Reintroduction Project |publisher=www.canada.ca |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2018/08/banff-national-park-bison-reintroduction-project.html |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Bison Management in Yellowstone (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/bison-history-yellowstone.htm |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Interior Department Announces Significant Action to Restore Bison Populations as Part of New Restoration and Resilience Framework {{!}} U.S. Department of the Interior |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-announces-significant-action-restore-bison-populations-part-new |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.doi.gov |language=en}}</ref>
* [[American flamingo]] to [[Anegada]], [[British Virgin Islands]] (successful)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theconservationagency.org/projects/flamingo-reintroduction-to-anegada-british-virgin-islands/|title=British Virgin Islands: Flamingo Reintroduction to Anegada - The Conservation Agency|website=The Conservation Agency|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref>[[File:Fisher Reintroduction 2015 at Cispus Learning Center, 065.jpg|thumb|A fisher leaps from its holding container and darts off into the [[Gifford Pinchot National Forest]].]]
* [[Atlantic puffin]] to [[Eastern Egg Rock Island]], [[Maine]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=How the Puffin Returned to Eastern Egg Rock|url=https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/seabirds/how-puffin-returned-eastern-egg-rock|publisher=Smithsonian Ocean|access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bringing Puffins Back to Maine - With Stephen Kress|url=https://www.birdnote.org/listen/shows/bringing-puffins-back-maine-stephen-kress|publisher=BirdNote|access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Bald eagle]] to [[Channel Islands National Park]], [[California]]<ref name="NPCA"/>
* [[Black-footed ferret]] in United States (successful), Canada and Mexico (failure)<ref name="NPCA"/><ref>{{cite web |title=''Black-Footed Ferret'' Reintroduction |url=http://blackfootedferret.org/reintroduction/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003100305/http://blackfootedferret.org/reintroduction/ |archive-date=2022-10-03}}</ref>
* [[Blanding's turtle]] in Canada<ref>{{cite web |title=Blanding's Turtle Headstart Reintroduction |website=Urban Turtle Initiative |publisher=Toronto Zoo |url= http://www.torontozoo.com/adoptapond/urbanturtleinitiative.asp |archive-date=2018-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525182812/http://www.torontozoo.com/adoptapond/urbanturtleinitiative.asp}}</ref>
* [[Blue-and-yellow macaw]] to [[Trinidad]] (successful)<ref>Plair, B.L., Lal, M., Ramadhar, A., and Ramsubage, S. 2013. Status of Blue-and-yellow Macaws
(''Ara ararauna'') Reintroduced to the Nariva Swamp, Trinidad and Tobago. Living World, Journal
of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2013, 19-28.</ref>
* [[California condor]] in United States ([[California]], [[Arizona]], [[Utah]], [[Oregon]]) and Mexico ([[Baja California]]) (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite web |title=California Condor Recovery Program {{!}} U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/program/california-condor-recovery |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=FWS.gov |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Canada lynx]] to [[Colorado]] (successful),<ref>Vashon, J. 2016. ''Lynx canadensis''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T12518A101138963. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12518A101138963.en. Accessed on 20 August 2023.</ref> [[New York (state)|New York]] (failure)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada Lynx - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation|url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/6980.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=www.dec.ny.gov}}</ref>
* ''[[Chloropyron maritimum]]'' in [[Western United States]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Helenurm |first1=Kaius |last2=Parsons |first2=Lorraine S. |date=1997-09-01 |title=Genetic Variation and the Reproduction of ''Cordylanthus maritimus'' ssp. ''maritimus'' to Sweetwater Marsh, California |journal=Restoration Ecology |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=236–244 |doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1997.09728.x |bibcode=1997ResEc...5..236H |issn=1526-100X |s2cid=86211874}}</ref>
* [[Cougar]] to [[Eastern United States]] (proposed)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert SL, Slivy KJ, Pozzanghera CB, DuBour A, Overduijn K, Smith MM, Prugh LR |date=10 June 2016 |publication-date=14 August 2017 |title=Socioeconomic Benefits of Large Carnivore Recolonization Through Reduced Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions |journal=Conservation Letters |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=431–439 |doi=10.1111/conl.12280 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Bighorn sheep]] in Oregon (successful)<ref name="NPCA"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Zachary H. |last2=Whittaker |first2=Donald G. |last3=Rhodes |first3=Olin E. |date=2012 |title=Evaluation of experimental genetic management in reintroduced bighorn sheep |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=429–443 |doi=10.1002/ece3.97 |doi-access=free |pmc=3298953 |pmid=22423334|bibcode=2012EcoEv...2..429O }}</ref>
* [[Black-tailed prairie dog]] in Arizona and [[New Mexico]] (successful)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black-tailed Prairie Dog Reintroduction |publisher=Arizona Game and Fish Department |url=https://www.azgfd.com/wildlife/speciesofgreatestconservneed/blacktailedprairiedog/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Wildlife |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307213038/https://www.azgfd.com/wildlife/speciesofgreatestconservneed/blacktailedprairiedog/ }}</ref>
* [[Desert pupfish]] to [[Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument]], Arizona<ref name="NPCA"/>
* [[Elk]] to eastern [[Kentucky]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roberts |first1=Brandon |title=Elk could be saving grace in coal country |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2021/11/03/kentuky-has-largest-elk-herd-east-of-mississippi-river |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Spectrumnews1.com}}</ref> [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]], [[Pennsylvania]] ([[Allegheny National Forest]]), [[Texas]] ([[Big Bend National Park]]), [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[North Carolina]] and [[Tennessee]] (all successful)<ref name="NPCA"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Reintroducing Elk to the Great Smoky Mountains |publisher=American Forests |url=https://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/reintroducing-elk-to-the-great-smokey-mountains/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929225638/http://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/reintroducing-elk-to-the-great-smokey-mountains/ |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |access-date=26 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elk |url=https://www.pgc.pa.gov:443/Wildlife/WildlifeSpecies/Elk/pages/default.aspx |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Pennsylvania Game Commission |language=en-US}}</ref> and to New York (failure)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Omohundro |first1=John |title=An environmental history of New York's north country : the Adirondack Mountains and the St. Lawrence River Valley: case studies and neglected topics |last2=Harris |first2=Glenn R. |date=2012 |publisher=Edwin Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-2628-3 |edition=1 |location=Lewiston, N.Y. |pages=99–111}}</ref>
* [[Fisher (animal)|Fisher]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]] (successful)<ref name="NPCA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/endangered/species/fisher.pdf |title=Threatened and Endangered Species in Washington: 2012 Annual Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329053609/http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/endangered/species/fisher.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-29}}</ref> (ongoing)
* [[Geoffroy's spider monkey]] in [[Guatemala]]<ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2020 |title=Into the wild: reintroduction of spider monkeys in Guatemala |publisher=Lifetime Projects |url=https://lifetime-projects.com/en/into-the-wild-reintroduction-of-spider-monkeys-in-guatemala/ |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Grey wolf]] to [[Yellowstone National Park]] in Wyoming,<ref name="NPCA"/><ref>Yellowstone National Park, [http://www.yellowstonepark.com/2011/06/wolf-reintroduction-changes-ecosystem/ "Wolf Reintroduction Changes Ecosystem"], 21 June 2011.</ref> [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], California, Oregon, Washington (successful),<ref name="NPCA"/> Colorado (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colorado Parks and Wildlife |url=https://mailchi.mp/state/colorados-wolfenews4-24-342484 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Colorado Parks and Wildlife |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Duncan |first=Travis |date=December 18, 2023 |title=Colorado Parks and Wildlife successfully releases gray wolves on Colorado's Western Slope |url=https://cpw.state.co.us/aboutus/Pages/News-Release-Details.aspx?NewsID=4003 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Colorado Parks and Wildlife |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Yucatán black howler]] in [[Belize]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=A reintroduction program for the conservation of the black howler monkey in Belize|publisher=Conservation Evidence|url=https://www.conservationevidence.com/individual-study/6370|access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[Mexican wolf]] in United States (Arizona, New Mexico), and Mexico ([[Sonora]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]) (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=Mexican Wolf Numbers Soar Past 200 {{!}} U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2023-02/mexican-wolf-numbers-soar-past-200 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=FWS.gov |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Musk ox]] in [[Alaska]] (successful)
* [[North American jaguar]] to Arizona and New Mexico (proposed)<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sanderson, Eric |author2=Beckmann, Jon |author3=Beier, Paul |author4=Bird, Bryan |author5=Bravo, Juan |author6=Fisher, Kim |author7=Grigione, Melissa |author8=Lopez Gonzalez, Carlos |author9=Miller, Jennifer |author10=Mormorunni, Cristina |author11=Paulson, Laura |author12=Peters, Rob |author13=Polisar, John |author14=Povilitis, Tony |author15=Robinson, Michael |author16=Wilcox, Sharon |date=June 2021 |title=The case for reintroduction: The jaguar (Panthera onca) in the United States as a model |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |volume=3 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/csp2.392 |bibcode=2021ConSP...3E.392S |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351274005 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[North American river otter]] in [[Missouri]] (successful)<ref name="Mowry 196–206" />
* ''[[Pediocactus knowltonii]]'' in New Mexico<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maunder |first=Michael |date=1992-03-01 |title=Plant reintroduction: an overview |journal=Biodiversity & Conservation |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=51–61 |doi=10.1007/bf00700250 |bibcode=1992BiCon...1...51M |issn=0960-3115 |s2cid=23334255}}</ref>
* [[Red wolf]] in Eastern North Carolina (ongoing), the Gulf Coast (failure), and Great Smoky Mountains National Park (failure)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Wolf Recovery Program {{!}} U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/project/red-wolf-recovery-program |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=FWS.gov |date=4 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ridgway's hawk]] to areas in the [[Dominican Republic]] where it is extirpated<ref name="rhawk">{{cite iucn|title=''Buteo ridgwayi''|page=e.T22695886A181707428|author=BirdLife International|date=2020|volume=2020|access-date=13 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695886A181707428.en}}</ref>
* [[Pseudophoenix sargentii|Sargent's cherry palm]] in [[Florida]] (successful)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maschinski |first1=Joyce |last2=Duquesnel |first2=Janice |date=2007 |title=Successful reintroductions of the endangered long-lived Sargent's cherry palm, Pseudophoenix sargentii, in the Florida Keys |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=122–129 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.012|bibcode=2007BCons.134..122M }}</ref>
* [[Scarlet macaw]] to [[Palenque]], Mexico<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Estrada |first1=Alejandro |year=2014 |title=Reintroduction of the Scarlet Macaw (''Ara macao cyanoptera'') in the Tropical Rainforests of Palenque, Mexico: Project Design and First Year Progress |journal=Tropical Conservation Science |publisher=journals.sagepub.com |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=342–364 |doi=10.1177/194008291400700301 |s2cid=89567234 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Whooping crane]]s, including migratory population in the Eastern United States and non-migratory population in [[Louisiana]] (ongoing)
* [[Wild turkey]] in [[South Carolina]]<ref name=postcourier>{{cite news|title=Herman 'Duff' Holbrook: Benefactor of S.C. wildlife |url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150723/PC1002/150729732/1022/herman-x2018-duff-x2019-holbrook-benefactor-of-sc-wildlife |work=[[The Post and Courier]] |date=2015-07-23 |access-date=2015-08-12}}</ref><ref name=outdoor>{{cite news|first=Andrew |last=McKean|title=A Farewell to Herman "Duff" Holbrook, the Father of Wild Turkey Rocket-Netting |url=http://www.outdoorlife.com/articles/hunting/2015/07/farewell-herman-duff-holbrook-father-wild-turkey-rocket-netting |work=[[Outdoor Life]] |date=2015-07-27 |access-date=2015-08-12}}</ref>
* [[West Indian manatee]] in the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Bay, [[Guadeloupe]] (failure)<ref>{{cite web|title=First demonstration of reintroduction of West Indian Manatee in the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Bay, Guadeloupe|url=https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/life/publicWebsite/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=5319|publisher=European Commission|access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Wood bison]] in Alaska<ref>{{cite web|title=Wood bison reintroduced in Southwest Alaska see another year of loss, but with a silver lining|date=21 October 2020|url=https://www.alaskapublic.org/2020/10/21/wood-bison-reintroduced-in-southwest-alaska-see-another-year-of-loss-but-with-a-silver-lining/|publisher=Alaska Republic Media|access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Oceans and Oceania ===
* ''[[Allocasuarina portuensis]]'' in [[Australia]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cochrane |first1=J. A. |last2=Crawford |first2=A. D. |last3=Monks |first3=L. T. |date=2007 |title=The significance of ex situ seed conservation to reintroduction of threatened plants |journal=Australian Journal of Botany |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=356–361 |doi=10.1071/bt06173}}</ref>
* [[Eastern quoll]] in Australia (ongoing)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewilding the eastern quoll {{!}} Rewilding Australia |url=https://rewildingaustralia.org.au/rewilding-eastern-quoll |access-date=2019-03-30 |website=rewildingaustralia.org.au |archive-date=2020-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310010219/https://rewildingaustralia.org.au/rewilding-eastern-quoll/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2018 |title=Eastern quoll reintroduced to mainland Australia |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-43411212 |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Greater bilby]] in Arid Recovery Reserve, [[South Australia]] and other parts of Australia (successful)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moseby|first1=K. E. |last2=O'Donnell|first2=E.O. |title=Reintroduction of the greater bilby, ''Macrotis lagotis'' (Reid) (Marsupialia: Thylacomyidae), to northern South Australia: survival, ecology and notes on reintroduction protocols |journal=Wildlife Research |volume=30 |pages=15–27 |year=2003 | doi = 10.1071/WR02012 }}</ref>
* [[Kākāpō]] to [[Maungatautari]], mainland [[New Zealand]] (ongoing)<ref name="MNZ">{{Cite web |title=Kākāpō return to mainland in historic translocation |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2023-media-releases/kakapo-return-to-mainland-in-historic-translocation/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] |language=en-nz}}</ref>
* [[Komodo dragon]] to Australia (proposed)<ref>{{Cite book |author=Flannery T |title=The Future Eaters |year=1994 |isbn=0-8021-3943-4 |pages=384–5|publisher=Grove Press }}</ref>
* [[Nēnē]] at [[Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park]], [[Hawaii]] (ongoing)<ref name="NPCA"/>
* [[North Island robin]] to [[Tiritiri Matangi]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reintroduction of North Island robins Petroica austalis longipes to Tiritiri Matangi, Auckland, New Zealand|url=https://www.conservationevidence.com/individual-study/232|publisher=Conservation Evidence}}</ref>
* [[Numbat]] in other areas of Western Australia, [[Scotia Sanctuary]] ([[New South Wales]]), [[Yookamurra Sanctuary|Yookamura Sanctuary]] (South Australia)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Where to see Numbats? |publisher=numbat.org.au |url=http://www.numbat.org.au/where}}</ref>
* [[Ranunculus|''Ranunculus prasinus'']] in [[Tasmania]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gilfedder |first1=Louise |last2=Kirkpatrick |first2=J. B. |last3=Wells |first3=Susan |date=1997-09-01 |title=The endangered Tunbridge buttercup (Ranunculus prasinus): Ecology, conservation status and introduction to the Township Lagoon Nature Reserve, Tasmania |journal=Australian Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=347–351 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00681.x |bibcode=1997AusEc..22..347G |issn=1442-9993}}</ref>
* ''[[Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides]]'' in Australia<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=John W. |date=2000-06-01 |title=Reproductive Success in Reestablished versus Natural Populations of a Threatened Grassland Daisy (Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides) |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=780–785 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98516.x |bibcode=2000ConBi..14..780M |issn=1523-1739 |s2cid=84131099}}</ref>
* [[Takahē]] into [[Kahurangi National Park]] of South Island, New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/102423974/first-population-of-takah-outside-of-fiordland-released-into-wild|title=First population of takahē outside of Fiordland released into wild|website=Stuff|date=20 March 2018|access-date=22 October 2024|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506212125/https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/102423974/first-population-of-takah-outside-of-fiordland-released-into-wild|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Tasmanian devil]] in mainland of Australia (ongoing)<ref>{{cite web|title=After 3,000 years, Tasmanian devils are returning to Australian mainland|date=5 October 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/05/australia/tasmanian-devils-mainland-australia-scli-intl-scn/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tasmanian devils return to mainland Australia for first time in 3,000 years|date=5 October 2020|publisher=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/10/tasmanian-devils-return-to-mainland-australia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006051259/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/10/tasmanian-devils-return-to-mainland-australia/|archive-date=October 6, 2020|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tasmanian Devils Are Reintroduced to Australia's Mainland|date=9 October 2020 |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/tasmanian-devil-reintroduce-australia-2648151108.html |newspaper=EcoWatch|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Birth of Tassie devils could be first step to having them back on mainland after 3,000 years |website=www.abc.net.au |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-05-27/tasmanian-devils-give-birth-in-semi-wild-sanctuary-on-mainland/100169686 |access-date=2021-06-28 |language=en-AU}}</ref>
* [[Toromiro]] to [[Easter Island]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maunder |first1=Mike |last2=Culham |first2=Alastair |last3=Alden |first3=Bjorn |last4=Zizka |first4=Georg |last5=Orliac |first5=Cathérine |last6=Lobin |first6=Wolfram |last7=Bordeu |first7=Alberto |last8=Ramirez |first8=Jose M. |last9=Glissmann-Gough |first9=Sabine |date=2000-10-18 |title=Conservation of the Toromiro Tree: Case Study in the Management of a Plant Extinct in the Wild |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1341–1350 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98520.x |bibcode=2000ConBi..14.1341M |s2cid=86398422 |issn=1523-1739}}</ref>
* [[Woylie]] in [[Australia]] (ongoing)

===South America===

[[File:Liberación de tortugas en Santiago del Estero - 2.jpg|thumb|A [[Chaco tortoise]] being released into the wild in [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]], Argentina.]]
* [[Andean condor]] in [[Colombia]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The reintroduction of the Andean condor |url=https://www.conservationevidence.com/individual-study/1773 |publisher=Conservation Evidence|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[Collared peccary]] in [[Iberá Provincial Reserve]], [[Argentina]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.proyectoibera.org/en/english/especiesamenazadas_pecari.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101253/http://www.proyectoibera.org/en/english/especiesamenazadas_pecari.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 September 2023|title=Iberá Project-Collared Peccary|publisher=Proyecto Iberá |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref>
* [[Giant anteater]] in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]], Argentina<ref>{{cite news|title=Iberá Project-The Giant Anteater |url=http://www.proyectoibera.org/en/english/especiesamenazadas_osohormiguero.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806080321/http://www.proyectoibera.org/en/english/especiesamenazadas_osohormiguero.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 August 2017|publisher=Proyecto Iberá|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[Giant otter]] to Iberá Provincial Reserve, Argentina<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.proyectoibera.org/en/english/especiesamenazadas_nutria.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531014628/http://www.proyectoibera.org/en/english/especiesamenazadas_nutria.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 May 2019|title=Iberá Project-Giant Otter|publisher=Proyecto Iberá|access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/rewilding-argentina-giant-river-otter-returns-ibera-park|title=Rewilding in Argentina: the giant river otter returns to Iberá park|date=24 July 2019 |publisher=UN environment program |access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/giant-river-otter-argentina|title=The giant river otter has returned to Argentina|publisher=Lonely Planet|access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref>
* [[Golden lion tamarin]] in the [[Atlantic Forest]] of [[Brazil]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.savetheliontamarin.org/reintroduction |title=Reintroduction |publisher=Save The Golden Lion Tamarin|access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://savingnature.com/brazil-golden-lion-tamarin/ |title=The Golden Lion Tamarin Returns From Extinction |date=2 November 2019 |publisher=Saving Nature |access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref>
* [[Guanaco]] in central Argentina
* [[Jaguar]] into Iberá Wetlands, Argentina<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaguar Reintroduction Project in Argentina's Iberá Wetlands |url=https://www.andbeyond.com/impact/coalitions/jaguar-reintroduction-project/ |publisher=&Beyond|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>
* [[Orinoco crocodile]] into [[Tomo River]] in [[El Tuparro National Natural Park|El Tuparro National Park]], Columbia<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Reintroduction of adult Orinoco crocodiles: a crucial step towards the species recovery|date=2023 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/reintroduction-of-adult-orinoco-crocodiles-a-crucial-step-towards-the-species-recovery/A1727BF422369F31FBC543575FEE3094|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0030605323000613 |access-date=2024-10-22 |last1=Vargas-Ramírez |first1=Mario |last2=Forero-Medina |first2=Germán |last3=Moreno Torres |first3=Carlos |last4=Balaguera-Reina |first4=Sergio A. |journal=Oryx |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=557–558 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Patagonian huemul]] into [[Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve]] in [[Chile]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reintroducing endangered South American deer to Patagonian wilds|publisher=MultiBrief |url=http://exclusive.multibriefs.com/content/reintroducing-endangered-south-american-deer-to-patagonian-wilds/science-technology |access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref>
* [[Red-and-green macaw]] to Iberá Provincial Reserve, Argentina<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iberá Project-Green-Winged Macaw|publisher=Proyecto Iberá |url=http://www.proyectoibera.org/en/english/especiesamenazadas_guacamayo.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806080316/http://www.proyectoibera.org/en/english/especiesamenazadas_guacamayo.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref>
* [[South American tapir]] into Atlantic Forest of Brazil<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.animalogic.ca/blog/lowland-tapir-to-be-reintroduced-into-atlantic-forest|title=Lowland Tapir to be reintroduced into Atlantic Forest|date=30 June 2016 |publisher=Animalogic|access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://labvis.eba.ufrj.br/en/projetos/reintroduction-of-tapirs-in-the-atlantic-forest-of-rio-de-janeiro/ |title=Reintroduction of tapirs in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro|publisher=Labvis|access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref>
* [[Vinaceous-breasted amazon]] to [[Parque Nacional das Araucárias]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Brazil]] (ongoing)

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[De-extinction]]
* [[:Category:Ecological experiments|Ecological experiments]]
* [[Oostvaardersplassen]]
* [[Pleistocene Park]]
* [[Pleistocene rewilding]]
* [[Reintroduction of wolves]]
* [[Rewilding Britain]]
* [[Rewilding (conservation biology)]]
* [[Rewilding Institute]]
* [[Translocation (wildlife conservation)]]
* [[Wildlife conservation]]
* [[Wildlife management]]
* [[World Conservation Union]] (IUCN)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="NPCA">{{Cite news|title=9 Wildlife Success Stories |url=https://www.npca.org/articles/880-9-wildlife-success-stories |publisher=NPCA |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* Armstrong, D, Hayward, M, Moro, D, Seddon, P 2015. Advances in Reintroduction Biology of Australian and New Zealand Fauna, CSIRO Publishing, {{ISBN|9781486303014}}
* Gorbunov, Y.N., Dzybov, D.S., Kuzmin, Z.E. and Smirnov, I.A. 2008. [http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/Publications/reintroduction_manual_engl.pdf Methodological recommendations for botanic gardens on the reintroduction of rare and threatened plants] Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)
* Shmaraeva, A. and Ruzaeva, I. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150321094420/http://www.bgci.org/resources/article/0621/ Reintroduction of threatened plant species in Russia] BG Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1

==External links==
* [http://www.iucnsscrsg.org/ IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704061808/http://www.iucnsscrsg.org/downloads.html IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group's NEWSLETTER: "Re-introduction NEWS" (IUCN/SSC)]
* [http://www.goldeneagle.ie/index.html Reintroduction of Golden Eagle to Ireland]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/gloucestershire/4380276.stm BBC News release on Beaver reintroduction in England]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060216174146/http://www.scotsbeavers.org/ Scottish Beavers Network - campaigning for Beaver reintroduction in Scotland]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.treemail.nl/takh/ Reintroduction of Przewalski's Horse to Mongolia]
* [http://www.greatbustard.com Reintroduction of Great Bustard to England]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111020122050/http://www.aprovaca.org/en/projects/reintroduction.html Reintroduction of Endangered Native Orchids into the Wild in El Valle de Anton, Panama]
* Reintroduction of endangered plant species in China: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101228012445/http://www.bgci.org/china_en/2134/ Dipteronia dyeriana, Magnolia odoratissima and M. aromatica], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807094856/http://www.bgci.org/china_en/2356/ Euryodendron excelsum Chang], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807094804/http://www.bgci.org/china_en/2133/ Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl]

{{Zoos}}
{{Conservation of species}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Animal reintroduction| ]]
[[Category:Conservation biology]]