Editing Spirit level

{{short description|Tool to indicate whether a surface is level or plumb}}
{{for|the [[surveying]] technique|Spirit levelling}}
{{other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
[[File:DetalleNivelDeBurbuja.jpg|right|thumb|A tubular spirit level]]
[[File:Spirit Level 5E5W0843.jpg|thumb|A [[Bull's eye level|bull's eye spirit level]] mounted in a camera tripod]]

A '''spirit level''', '''bubble level''', or simply a '''level''', is an [[Measuring instrument|instrument]] designed to indicate whether a surface is [[Horizontal plane|horizontal]] (level) or [[vertical direction|vertical]] ([[plumb-bob|plumb]]). 
Two basic designs exist: ''tubular'' (or ''linear'') and ''[[Bull's eye level|bull's eye]]'' (or ''circular'').
Different types of spirit levels may be used by [[carpenter]]s, [[stonemason]]s, [[bricklayer]]s, other building trades workers, [[Surveyor (surveying)|surveyor]]s, [[millwright]]s and other metalworkers, and in some [[Photography|photographic]] or [[Videography|videographic]] work.

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2024}}
The history of the spirit level was discussed in brief in an 1887 article appearing in ''[[Scientific American]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moM9AQAAIAAJ|title=Scientific American|date=1887-08-27|publisher=Munn & Company|pages=136|language=en}}</ref> [[Melchisédech Thévenot]], a French scientist, invented the instrument some time before February 2, 1661. This date can be established from Thevenot's correspondence with scientist [[Christiaan Huygens]]. Within a year of this date the inventor circulated details of his invention to others, including [[Robert Hooke]] in [[London]] and [[Vincenzo Viviani]] in [[Florence]]. It is occasionally argued that these "bubble levels" did not come into widespread use until the beginning of the {{nowrap|18th century{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}the earliest surviving examples being from that {{nowrap|time{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}but [[Adrien Auzout]] had recommended that the [[Académie Royale des Sciences]] take "levels of the Thevenot type" on its expedition to [[Madagascar]] in 1666. It is very likely that these levels were in use in France and elsewhere long before the turn of the century.

The Fell All-Way precision level, one of the first successful American made bull's eye levels for machine tool use, was invented by [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2211201A/en William B. Fell of Rockford, Illinois in 1939].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2316777A/en|title=Machinist's precision level (US2316777A)|author=William B Fell|date=1940-08-01|publisher=[[Google Patents]]|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref> The device was unique in that it could be placed on a machine bed and show tilt on the x-y axes simultaneously, eliminating the need to rotate the level 90 degrees. The level was so accurate it was restricted from export during [[World War II]]. The device set a new standard of .0005 inches per foot resolution (five ten thousands per foot or five arc seconds tilt). Production of the level stopped around 1970, and was restarted in the 1980s by Thomas Butler Technology, also of Rockford, Illinois, but finally ended in the mid-1990s. However, there are still hundreds of the devices in existence.

==Design and construction==
[[File:5Sec3Tenths.JPG|right|thumb|Machinist's precision level]]

Early tubular spirit levels had very slightly curved glass [[vial]]s with constant inner diameter at each viewing point. These vials are filled, incompletely, with a {{nowrap|liquid{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}usually a [[Tincture|colored]] [[Aqua vitae|spirit]] or {{nowrap|[[ethanol|alcohol]]{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}leaving a [[liquid bubble|bubble]] in the tube. They have a slight upward curve, so that the bubble naturally rests in the center, the highest point. At slight inclinations the bubble travels away from the marked center position. Where a spirit level must also be usable upside-down or on its side, the curved constant-diameter tube is replaced by an uncurved barrel-shaped tube with a slightly larger diameter in its middle.

Alcohols such as [[ethanol]] are often used rather than water. Alcohols have low [[viscosity]] and [[surface tension]], which allows the bubble to travel the tube quickly and settle accurately with minimal interference from the glass surface. Alcohols also have a much wider liquid temperature range, and will not break the vial as water could due to ice expansion. A [[Colorants|colorant]] such as [[fluorescein]], typically yellow or green, may be added to increase the visibility of the bubble.

A variant of the linear spirit level is the [[bull's eye level]]: a circular, flat-bottomed device with the liquid under a slightly [[wikt:convex|convex]] glass face with a circle at the center. It serves to level a surface across a plane, while the tubular level only does so in the direction of the tube.

== Calibration ==
[[File:Wasserwaage-Karl Dahm.jpg|thumb|Level adjustment]]

To check the accuracy of a carpenter's type level, a perfectly horizontal surface is not needed. The level is placed on a flat and roughly level surface and the reading on the bubble tube is noted. This reading indicates to what extent the surface is parallel to the horizontal plane, according to the level, which at this stage is of unknown accuracy. The spirit level is then rotated through 180 degrees in the horizontal plane, and another reading is noted. If the level is accurate, it will indicate the same orientation with respect to the horizontal plane. A difference implies that the level is inaccurate.

Adjustment of the spirit level is performed by successively rotating the level and moving the bubble tube within its housing to take up roughly half of the discrepancy, until the magnitude of the reading remains constant when the level is flipped.

A similar procedure is applied to more sophisticated instruments such as a surveyor's [[optical level]] or a [[theodolite]] and is a matter of course each time the instrument is set up. In this latter case, the plane of rotation of the instrument is levelled, along with the spirit level. This is done in two horizontal [[perpendicular]] directions.

==Sensitivity==
Sensitivity is an important specification for a spirit level, as the device's accuracy depends on its sensitivity. The sensitivity of a level is given as the change of angle or gradient required to move the bubble by unit distance. If the bubble housing has graduated divisions, then the sensitivity is the angle or gradient change that moves the bubble by one of these divisions. {{cvt|2|mm|in|3}} is the usual spacing for graduations; on a surveyor's level, the bubble will move {{convert|2|mm|abbr=on}} when the vial is tilted about 0.005 degree. For a precision machinist level with {{convert|2|mm|abbr=on}} divisions, when the vial is tilted one division, the level will change {{cvt|0.04|mm|in}} one meter from the pivot point, referred to by machinists as 5 tenths per foot. This terminology is unique to machinists and indicates a length of 5 tenths ''of'' 1 thousandth of an inch.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.machinistguides.com/how-to-read-machine-shop-numbers-values/ | title=Beginner's Guide to Reading Machine Shop Numbers & Values | date=24 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thediyenthusiast.com/tape-measures-and-levels/the-best-spirit-level/ | title=Sensitivity & Accuracy of Spirit Level Vials | date=13 December 2022 }}</ref>

==Types==
[[File:US Navy 080606-N-9623R-414 Builder 2nd Class Kathryn Henderson, assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 3, uses a horizontal level and tape measure.jpg|thumb|Level tool being used to establish horizontality.]]

There are different types of spirit levels for different uses:
*Carpenter's level (either wood, aluminium or composite materials)
*Mason's level
*Torpedo level [[File:Tool-level.jpg|thumb|right|Torpedo level]]
*Post level
*Line level
*Engineer's precision level
*Electronic level
*[[Inclinometer]]
*Slip or Skid Indicator
* [[Bull's eye level]]

A spirit level is usually found on the head of [[combination square]]s.

===Carpenter's level===
[[File:ButlerTypeC SpecialLowSensitivity 1995.JPG|thumb|Carpenter's bulls-eye level]]

A traditional carpenter's spirit level looks like a short plank of wood and often has a wide body to ensure stability, and that the surface is being measured correctly. In the middle of the spirit level is a small window where the bubble and the tube is mounted. Two notches (or rings) designate where the bubble should be if the surface is level. Often an indicator for a 45 degree inclination is included.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

===Line level===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Measuring elevation with a line level. Historical archaeology at the old Champoeg townsite, Champoeg, Oregon (USA) 1973 (2149089991) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Measuring elevation with a line level and measuring tape.]]
A line level is a level designed to hang on a builder's string line. The body of the level incorporates small hooks to allow it to attach and hang from the string line. The body is lightweight, so as not to weigh down the string line, it is also small in size as the string line in effect becomes the body; when the level is hung in the center of the string, each 'leg' of the string line extends the level's plane.

===Engineer's precision levels===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
An engineer's precision level permits leveling items to greater accuracy than a plain spirit level. They are used to level the foundations, or beds of machines to ensure the machine can output workpieces to the accuracy pre-built in the machine.

==Surveyor's leveling instrument==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
{{main|Level (instrument)}}
[[File:Us land survey officer.jpg|thumb|Modern automatic level in use on a construction site]]
Combining a spirit level with an [[optical telescope]] results in a ''tilting level'' or ''[[dumpy level]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/planesurvey/prot/equip/equip.html|title=Equipment Database Menu |publisher=Sli.unimelb.edu.au |date=1998-10-19 |access-date=2009-07-29|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710064317/http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/planesurvey/prot/equip/equip.html |archive-date=July 10, 2009 }}</ref> These leveling instruments as used in [[surveying]] to measure height differences over larger distances. A surveyor's leveling instrument has a spirit level mounted on a telescope (perhaps 30 power) with cross-hairs, itself mounted on a [[tripod]]. The observer reads height values off two graduated vertical rods, one 'behind' and one 'in front', to obtain the height difference between the ground points on which the rods are resting. Starting from a point with a known [[elevation]] and going cross country (successive points being perhaps {{convert|100|m|ft|0|sp=us}} apart) height differences can be measured cumulatively over long distances and elevations can be calculated. Precise levelling is supposed to give the difference in elevation between two points {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us|spell=in}} apart correct to within a few millimeters.

== Alternatives ==
Alternatives include:

* [[Reed level]]
* [[Laser line level]]
* [[Water level (device)|Water level]]

Today level tools are available in most smartphones by using the device's [[accelerometer]]. These mobile apps come with various features and easy designs.<ref>{{cite web|title=How do I access the spirit level?|url=https://www.iphonefaq.org/archives/973299|publisher=iPhoneFAQ|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref> Also new web standards allow websites to get orientation of devices.

Digital spirit levels are increasingly common in replacing conventional spirit levels, particularly in civil engineering applications such as traditional building construction and steel structure erection, for on-site angle alignment and leveling tasks. The industry practitioners often refer to those levelling tools as a "construction level", "heavy duty level", "inclinometer", or "protractor". These modern electronic levels are capable of displaying precise numeric angles within 360° with 0.1° to 0.05° accuracy, can be read from a distance with clarity, and are affordably priced due to mass adoption. They provide features that traditional levels are unable to match. Typically, these features enable steel beam frames under construction to be precisely aligned and levelled to the required orientation, which is vital to ensure the stability, strength and rigidity of steel structures on sites. Digital levels, embedded with angular MEMS technology effectively improve productivity and quality of many modern civil structures. Some recent models feature waterproof IP65 and impact resistance features for harsh working environments.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==See also==
*[[Glossary of levelling terms]]
* [[Horizontal and vertical]]
* [[Inclinometer]]
* [[Plumb bob]]
* [[Theodolite]]
* [[Turn and bank indicator]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Spirit levels}}

{{Measuring and alignment tools}}
{{Woodworking}}

[[Category:Surveying]]
[[Category:Geodesy]]
[[Category:Inclinometers]]
[[Category:Woodworking measuring instruments]]