Editing Spitalfields

{{Short description|Area in East London}}
{{For|the musical group|Spitalfield}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2016}}
{{infobox UK place
| country                  = England
| region                   = London
| official_name            = Spitalfields
| coordinates              = {{coord|51.5166|-0.0750|display=inline,title}}
| os_grid_reference        = TQ335815
| population               = 10,286
| population_ref           = (2011 Census. Spitalfields and Banglatown Ward)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=13689094&c=Spitalfields+and+Banglatown&d=14&e=62&g=6338344&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1476696424288&enc=1|title=Tower Hamlets Ward population 2011|access-date=17 October 2016|publisher=Office for National Statistics| work=Neighbourhood Statistics}}</ref>
| post_town                = LONDON
| postcode_area            = E
| postcode_district        = E1
| london_borough           = Tower Hamlets
| dial_code                = 020
| constituency_westminster = [[Bethnal Green and Stepney (UK Parliament constituency)|Bethnal Green and Stepney]]
| static_image_name        = Brushfield Street, Spitalfields - geograph.org.uk - 221029.jpg
| static_image_caption     = Brushfield Street, looking towards [[Christ Church, Spitalfields|Christ Church]] and [[Brick Lane]]
}}
'''Spitalfields''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|p|ɪ|t|əl|f|iː|l|d|z}}) is an area in [[London]], England and is located in the [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets]]. It is in [[East London]] and situated in the [[East End of London|East End]]. Spitalfields is formed around [[Commercial Street, London|Commercial Street]] and [[Brick Lane]]. It has several markets, including [[New Spitalfields Market|Spitalfields Market]], the historic [[Old Spitalfields Market]], [[Brick Lane Market]] and [[Petticoat Lane Market]]. The area has a long attracted migrants from overseas, including many Jews, whose presence gained the area the 19th century nickname of ''Little Jerusalem''.<ref>Brewer's Dictionary of London Phrase and Fable, Russ Willey, 2010, ISBN 978 0550 100313, p292</ref>

It was a Hamlet (autonomous area) of the large ancient parish of [[Stepney (parish)|Stepney]] in [[Middlesex]], and became an independent parish in 1729. Just outside the [[City of London]], it formed part of the [[County of London]] from 1889 and was part of the [[Metropolitan Borough of Stepney]] from 1900. It was abolished as a civil parish in 1921.

==Origin and administration==
===Toponymy===
The name Spitalfields appears in the form ''Spittellond'' in 1399; as ''The spitel Fyeld'' on the [[Woodcut map of London|"Woodcut" map of London]] of c.1561; and as ''Spyttlefeildes'', also in 1561.<ref name=epns>{{cite book |first1=J. E. B. |last1=Gover |first2=Allen |last2=Mawer |author-link2=Allen Mawer |author-link=Allen Mawer|first3=F. M. |last3=Stenton |author-link3=Frank Stenton |title=The Place-Names of Middlesex |series=[[English Place-Name Society]] |volume=18 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1942 |pages=151–2 }}</ref> The land belonged to St Mary Spital, a priory or hospital (a lodging for travellers run by a religious order) erected on the east side of the [[Bishopsgate]] thoroughfare in 1197, from which its name is thought to derive ("spital" being a corruption of the word "hospital".)<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n6YHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA79 |title=The history and survey of London and its environs|page=79|author= B. Lambert|publisher= T. Hughes |year=1806 |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50149 |title=The Priory of St Mary Spital &#124; Survey of London: volume 27 (pp. 21–23) |author=F. H. W. Sheppard|year=1957 |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> An alternative, and possibly earlier, name for the area was ''Lolsworth''.<ref name=epns/>

===Administrative history===
The area was a part of the [[Stepney#Manor and ancient parish|manor and ancient parish of Stepney]] before the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086. 

Parish areas originally had only ecclesiastical (church) functions; but the monasteries which had provided extensive charitable work on a voluntary basis, were dissolved by Henry VIII, creating increased hardship. The government responded by making parish areas take on civil functions, primarily a new Poor Law intended to fill the gap left by monasteries. 

[[File:15 Fournier Street, Spitalfields (01).jpg|thumb|left|The 18th-century house at 15 [[Fournier Street]], a Grade II listed structure in Spitalfields]]

Stepney was a very large and populous parish, and by the late 17th century it had devolved its civil parish functions to autonomous areas called Hamlets (in this context meaning territorial sub-divisions, rather than small villages), of which Spitalfields was one.

In 1729, the Hamlet of Spitalfields became an independent daughter parish. The area's parish church was [[Christ Church, Spitalfields]], with St Stephen Spitalfields (demolished in 1930) added later. 

In 1855, the parish became part of the [[Whitechapel District (Metropolis)|Whitechapel District]] within the [[Metropolitan Board of Works]] area. Spitalfields Vestry nominated twelve members to the Whitechapel District Board of Works. The Board of Works was an unelected body, responsible for certain infrastructure functions.

Spitalfields became part of the [[Metropolitan Borough of Stepney]] in 1900 and was abolished as a civil parish in 1921. It became part of the [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite book |last=Youngs |first= Frederic A Jr. |title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.I: Southern England |year=1979 |publisher=[[Royal Historical Society]] |location=London |isbn=0-901050-67-9 }}</ref>

The area was part of the [[Historic counties of England|historic (or ancient) county]] of [[Middlesex]], but military and most (or all) civil county functions were managed more locally, by the [[Tower division|Tower Division (also known as the Tower Hamlets)]], a historic ‘county within a county’, under the leadership of the [[Constable of the Tower of London|Lord-Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets (the post was always filled by the Constable of the Tower of London)]]. The military loyalty to the Tower meant local men served in the Tower garrison and Tower Hamlets Militia, rather than the Middlesex Militia.<ref>The London Encyclopaedia, 4th Edition, 1983, Weinreb and Hibbert</ref><ref>East London Papers, Volume 8, Number 2, The Name 'Tower Hamlets'. M.J. Power, December 1965</ref>

The role of the ''Tower Division'' ended when Spitalfields  became part of the new [[County of London]] in 1889. The County of London was replaced by Greater London in 1965.

===Representation===
{{see also|2018 Tower Hamlets London Borough Council election}}
Nearly all (except a tiny area north of the railway, in Weaver's Ward) of the district is part of the Spitalfields & Banglatown ward, which elects two councillors to [[Tower Hamlets Borough Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democracy.towerhamlets.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.aspx?FN=WARD&VW=LIST&PIC=0|title=Your Councillors|date=12 July 2020|website=democracy.towerhamlets.gov.uk}}</ref> Spitalfields is in the [[Bethnal Green and Bow (UK Parliament constituency)|Bethnal Green and Bow]] constituency, represented in the [[House of Commons]] of the [[UK Parliament]] since 2010 by [[Rushanara Ali]] of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/rushanara-ali/4138|title=Rushanara Ali MP|website=UK Parliament}}</ref>

The [[Spitalfields Neighbourhood Planning Forum]], which is constitituted of Spitalfields residents, business operators, community organisations and other local interests, is intended to help local people influence neighbourhood planning policies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spitalfieldsforum.org.uk/|title=Spitalfields & banglatown neighbourhood Plan|website=Spitalfieldsforum.org.uk|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Brooke|first1=Mike|title=Spitalfields planning forum gets legal recognition in bid to halt City encroachment|url=http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/politics/spitalfields_planning_forum_gets_legal_recognition_in_bid_to_halt_city_encroachment_1_4484984|work=Docklands and East London Advertiser|date=6 April 2016|access-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>

== History ==
===Roman era===
The [[Roman Britain|Roman]]s had a cemetery to the east of the Bishopsgate thoroughfare, which roughly follows the line of [[Ermine Street]]: the main highway to the north from Londinium.<ref name=Roman/> The cemetery was noticed by the [[antiquarian]] [[John Stow]] in 1576 and was the focus of a major archaeological excavation in the 1990s, following the redevelopment of Spitalfields Market.<ref name=Roman>{{cite book|author= Thomas Christopher|title= Life and Death in London's East End: 2000 years at Spitalfields|year= 2004|publisher= [[Museum of London Archaeology Service]]|isbn= 1-901992-49-7|pages= 7–29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/learning/features_facts/digging/people/s1.html|title=Discovering peopleat Spitalfields market|date=12 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312061700/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/learning/features_facts/digging/people/s1.html|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=12 March 2007}}</ref> 

In 2013, Janet Montgomery of [[Durham University]] undertook [[Isotopes of lead|lead isotope]] analysis of [[tooth enamel]], identifying the first person from [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] known to have been buried in Britain. She was a 25-year-old woman, buried in a lead-lined stone [[sarcophagus]] around the middle of the 4th century A.D., and accompanied by [[grave goods]] of [[Jet (lignite)|jet]] and [[Roman glass|glass]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01s74g9 |title=Pagans of Roman Britain |website=Bbc.co.uk |date=7 January 2014 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/archaeology-london-spitalfields-woman-mola-b1774473.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/archaeology-london-spitalfields-woman-mola-b1774473.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The story of the silk and gold clad woman buried in London's Spitalfields |website=Independent.co.uk |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>

===St Mary Spital===
[[File:Armoiries de Breidscheid 2.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Coat of arms]] attributed to Walter Brunus (or Brown), the founder of the priory in 1197]] 
In 1197, a [[priory]], ''The New Hospital of St Mary without Bishopsgate'', latterly known as ''St Mary Spital'', was founded by Walter Brunus and his wife Roisia, and built on the site of the cemetery.<ref name="Thomas 1997">Thomas, Sloane and Phillpotts (1997) ''Excavations at the Priory and Hospital of St Mary Spital, London''. Museum of London: London: 19–20</ref> It was one of the biggest hospitals in [[Great Britain in the Middle Ages|medieval England]] and had a large cemetery with a  mortuary chapel and stone [[charnel house]]. The chapel has been uncovered by archaeologists and preserved for public viewing. The priory and hospital were [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolved]] in 1539 under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. At the time of the dissolution, the hospital had beds for 180 sick poor.<ref>The Blackest Streets, [[Sarah Wise]], The Life and Death of a Victorian Slum, Vintage Publishing 2009</ref> 

The inner precinct of priory hospital was adjacent to the area that later became the Hamlet and parish of Spitalfields, in the tiny extra-parochial area called the [[Liberty of Norton Folgate]]. Although the chapel and monastic buildings were mostly demolished in the time of Henry VIII, the Liberty remained an autonomous area outside of any parish. The adjacent outer precincts, to the south, were re-used for artillery practice by the gunners of the [[Tower of London]]. The area, known as the [[Old Artillery Ground]] was placed under the special jurisdiction of the Tower of London as one of its [[Liberties of the Tower of London|Tower Liberties]].<ref>Thomas: pp. 30–75</ref> 

Other parts of the priory area were used for residential purposes by London dwellers seeking a rural retreat and by the mid-17th century further development extended eastward into the erstwhile open farmland of the Spital Field.<ref>Fiona Rule (2008) ''The Worst Street in London'', pp. 18-26, Hersham, Ian Allan.</ref>

===Huguenots===
[[File:Spitalfields Parish map 1885.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A map showing the bounds of the Parish of Spitalfields, {{circa|1885}}]]

Spitalfields consisted mainly of fields and nursery gardens until its development in the late 17th century.<ref name=Survey>{{cite book |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50147 |title=General introduction &#124; Survey of London: volume 27 (pp. 1–13) |author=F. H. W. Sheppard |year=1957 |access-date=25 November 2012}} [https://british-history.ac.uk BHO {{!}} British History Online (british-history.ac.uk)]</ref> The main local industry at that time was weaving, and many of the weavers were [[Huguenot]] refugees from France. Spitalfields' historic association with the [[silk industry]] was established by French Protestant (Huguenot) refugees who settled in the area after the [[Edict of Fontainebleau|Revocation of the Edict of Nantes]] in 1685. By settling outside the bounds of the [[City of London]], they hoped to avoid the restrictive legislation of the [[livery company|City guilds]]. The Huguenots brought with them little, apart from their skills, and an [[Order in Council]] of 16 April 1687 raised £200,000 to relieve their poverty. In December 1687, the first report of the committee set up to administer the funds reported that 13,050 French refugees were settled in London, primarily around Spitalfields, but also in the nearby settlements of [[Bethnal Green]], [[Shoreditch]], [[Whitechapel]] and [[Mile End New Town]].<ref name=Silk>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22161 ''Industries: Silk-weaving''], ''A History of the County of Middlesex'': Volume 2: General; Ashford, East Bedfont with Hatton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton (1911), pp. 132–137. Date accessed: 4 March 2009</ref>

The late 17th and 18th centuries saw an estate of well-appointed terraced houses, built to accommodate the master weavers controlling the silk industry, and grand urban mansions built around the newly created Bishops Square which adjoins the short section of the main east–west street known as Spital Square. [[Christ Church, Spitalfields]] on [[Fournier Street]], designed by the architect [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]], was built during the reign of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] to demonstrate the power of the established church to the [[English Dissenters|dissenting]] Huguenots, who had built ten chapels in the area.<ref>Fiona Rule (2008) ''The Worst Street in London''. Hersham, Ian Allan: 28</ref> More humble weavers dwellings were congregated in the [[Tenterground]].<ref>Thomas: pp. 76–95</ref> The [[Spitalfields Mathematical Society]] was established in 1717. In 1846, it merged with the Royal Astronomical Society.<ref name=Dreyer1920>{{cite book|last1=Dreyer|first1=Joseph|title=History of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=1920|page=99}}</ref>

Spitalfields Market was established in 1638 when [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] gave a licence for flesh, fowl and roots to be sold in what was then known as Spittle Fields.<ref name="tor">[http://www.visitspitalfields.com/osm.html Old Spitalfields Market] Published 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2009.</ref> The market currently receives around 25,000 visitors every week.<ref name="tor"/>

Huguenots of Spitalfields is a registered charity promoting public understanding of the Huguenot heritage and culture in Spitalfields, the City of London and beyond. They arrange tours, talks, events and schools programmes to raise the Huguenot profile in Spitalfields and to raise funds for a permanent memorial to the Huguenots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huguenotsofspitalfields.org/|title=Huguenots of Spitalfields heritage tours & events in Spitalfields - Huguenot Public Art Trust|website=Huguenotsofspitalfields.org}}</ref>

{{Main|Old Spitalfields Market}}

From the 1730s Irish weavers came, after a decline in the Irish linen industry, to take up work in the silk trade. The 18th century saw periodic crises in the silk industry, brought on by imports of French silk – in a lull between the wars between the two rivals; and imports of [[Calico (textile)|printed calicos]]. The depression in the trade and the prices paid to weavers led to protests. In 1769, the [[Spitalfield riots]] occurred when attempts were made to disperse protest meetings by weavers during the downturn in the market for silk. The riots ended in an Irish and a Huguenot weaver being hanged in front of the Salmon and Ball public house at [[Bethnal Green]].<ref name=Silk/>

Price controls on amounts master weavers could pay journeymen for each piece were established, removing incentives to pay higher wages during good times. During bad times workers had no work. As the price was per piece, there was no incentive for using machinery, as the master would have to pay for the machine and still pay the same price per piece to journeymen. By 1822 labour rates were so above market labour rates, that much of the employment in silk manufacture had moved away. Remaining manufacture focussed on expensive fashion items, which required proximity to court and had higher margins.<ref>Observations on the ruinous tendency of the Spitalfields Act to the silk manufacture, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1pAuAAAAYAAJ&dq=spitalfields%20act&pg=PP3 books.google.com]</ref>

In 1729, Spitalfields was detached from the parish of [[Stepney#Manor and Ancient Parish|Stepney]], and became an independent parish; by this time parish areas had both civil and ecclesiastical (church) functions. The area's parish church was [[Christ Church, Spitalfields]], with St Stephen Spitalfields added later. The church of St Stephen Spitalfields was built in 1860 by public subscription but was demolished in 1930. The adjacent vicarage is all that remains.

===Victorian era===
[[File:Spitalfields rookery.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Ordnance Survey]] map of Spitalfields [[rookery (slum)|rookery]], 1894]] 
By the [[Victorian era]], the silk industry had entered a long decline and the old merchant dwellings had degenerated into multi-occupied slums. Spitalfields became a by-word for urban deprivation, and, by 1832, concern about a London [[cholera]] epidemic led ''[[The Poor Man's Guardian]]'' (18 February 1832) to write of Spitalfields:
<blockquote>The low houses are all huddled together in close and dark lanes and alleys, presenting at first sight an appearance of non-habitation, so dilapidated are the doors and windows:- in every room of the houses, whole families, parents, children and aged grandfathers swarm together.</blockquote>

In 1860, a treaty with France allowed the import of cheaper French silks. This left the many weavers in Spitalfields, as well as neighbouring Bethnal Green and [[Shoreditch]], unemployed and indigent. New trades such as furniture and boot making came to the area, and the [[Weavers' windows|large windowed]] Huguenot houses were found suitable for tailoring, attracting a new population of Jewish refugees drawn to live and work in the textile industry.<ref name=Silk/><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Slocombe |first=Matthew |date=Summer 2024 |title=Hidden Histories |work=The SPAB Magazine |pages=32–37}}</ref>

[[File:MiddlesexStretcEddowes.Ripper..c.1890.jpg|thumb|right|[[Petticoat Lane Market]], Spitalfields, {{circa|1890}}]]
By the later 19th century, inner Spitalfields became known as the worst criminal [[Rookery (slum)|rookery]] in London and [[common lodging-house]]s in the [[Flower and Dean Street]] area were a focus for the activities of robbers and pimps. In 1881, Flower and Dean Street was described as being "perhaps the foulest and most dangerous street in the metropolis".<ref>{{cite book
|last= White
|first= Jerry
|title= London in the Nineteenth Century: A Human Awful Wonder of God
|date= 4 January 2007
|publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]]
|isbn= 978-0-224-06272-5
|page= 323
}}</ref> Another claimant to the distinction of being the worst street in London was [[Dorset Street (Spitalfields)|Dorset Street]], which was highlighted by the brutal killing and [[mutilation]] of a young woman, [[Mary Jane Kelly]], in her lodgings here by the serial killer, [[Jack the Ripper]] in the autumn of 1888.<ref>''The Worst Street in London'' Fiona Rule (Ian Allan Ltd, 2008) {{ISBN|978-0-7110-3345-0}}</ref> The murder was the climax of a series of murders that became known as [[The Whitechapel Murders (1888-91)|the Whitechapel Murders]].

[[File:Stepney Met. B Ward Map 1916.svg|thumb|The parish of Spitalfields formed two of the wards, in the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney, which was formed in 1900.]]
The renewed focus on the area's poverty helped prompt the decision to demolish some local slums in 1891–94.<ref>White: p. 331</ref> Deprivation continued and was brought to notice by social commentators such as [[Jack London]] in his ''[[The People of the Abyss]]'' (1903). He highlighted 'Itchy Park', next to Christ Church, Spitalfields, as a notorious rendezvous for homeless people.

===Modern Spitalfields===
[[File:cmglee_London_Spitalfields_aerial.jpg|thumb|View of Christ Church and the fruit and wool exchange]]
In the late 20th century the Jewish presence diminished and was replaced by an influx of [[Bengali people|Bangladeshi]] immigrants, who also worked in the local [[textile industry]] and made [[Brick Lane]] the [[curry]] capital of London. By 1981, at least 60% of households were of minority ethnic origin.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daGK2h9XJgwC&pg=PP29|title = Race and Politics|isbn = 978-1-135-02617-2|last1 = Anwar|first1 = Muhammad|date = 15 April 2013| publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

Another development, from the 1960s onwards, has been a campaign to save the housing stock of old merchant terraces west of Brick Lane from demolition. Many have been conserved by the [[Spitalfields Historic Buildings Trust]] which has led to [[gentrification]] and a large increase in property prices.<ref name=taylor>{{cite book
|last= Taylor
|first= Wi
|title= This Bright Field: A Travel Book in One Place
|date= 24 May 2001
|publisher= [[Methuen Publishing]]
|isbn= 978-0-413-74690-0
}}</ref>
In the 21st century, large office blocks were built between Bishopsgate and Spitalfields Market, affecting the character of the area. Conservationists secured the preservation of Old Spitalfields Market and the provision of shopping, leisure amenities and a plaza (urban square) beside the blocks,<ref name=taylor/> but permission was granted to developers, to demolish the Fruit and Wool exchange on the edge of old Spitalfields market, in order to erect office buildings.

Since 1998 the area has formed part of the ''Spitalfields and Banglatown'' electoral ward. The name reflecting the areas strong links with Bangladesh. In September 2015, a demonstration against gentrification in London took the form of a protest at [[Cereal Killer Cafe]], a hipster café on Brick Lane which serves cereal.<ref name=CityLab93015>{{cite news|author1=Feargus O'Sullivan|title=Breakfast of Gentrifiers How a London café that specializes in cereal became the latest flashpoint in the city's ongoing gentrification debate.|url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/09/breakfast-of-gentrifiers-cereal-killer-london/408175/|access-date=30 September 2015|work=CityLab|date=30 September 2015|quote=When Londoners talk about regeneration, gentrification and the supposed cascade of bars, beards and real estate bubbles they bring in their wake, they typically talk about the café's home neighborhood of Shoreditch.}}</ref>

== Community ==
Spitalfields has a strong sense of local community,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spitalfieldssociety.org/activity/community/|title=Community - Spitalfields Society|website=spitalfieldssociety.org}}</ref> with the Spitalfields Community Group aiming to represent the people in the area to build a better sense of community as well as improve the quality of life of its members and their neighbours in Spitalfields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spitalfieldscommunitygroup.org.uk/history.htm|title=Spitalfields Community Group|website=Spitalfieldscommunitygroup.org.uk}}</ref> The Spitalfields Housing Association also works closely with residents by providing community services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spitalfieldsha.co.uk/about-sha/mission-vision-values/|title=SHA|website=Spitalfieldsha.co.uk}}</ref> 

A community garden, Nomadic Community Gardens, is a social project based in an area once an area fenced off and overgrown and is popular among a diverse range of people such as locals without gardens,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.underground-england.co.uk/news/where-the-nomadic-community-gardens-of-brick-lane/|title=WHERE: The Nomadic Community Gardens of Brick Lane|website=Underground Retail Limited|date=15 September 2016|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> and is made up of found materials, street art, sculpture and allotments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inspiringcity.com/2017/04/15/nomadic-community-garden-brick-lane-london/|title=The Nomadic Community Garden in London and where to find it – Inspiring City|date=15 April 2017}}</ref> Nomadic Community Gardens is a temporary project or "meanwhile use" run by a private limited company<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/09761239|title=NOMADIC COMMUNITY GARDENS LTD - Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref> on behalf of the property developer Londonewcastle, which leases the site to the garden operator for a peppercorn rent and provided start-up funding.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.homesandproperty.co.uk/property-news/buying/new-homes/meet-the-londoners-who-are-setting-up-new-popup-villages-in-londons-empty-building-sites-50016.html|title=Meet the Londoners who are setting up new pop-up villages in London's empty building sites|date=2015-10-20|website=Homes and Property|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref> Planning consent was gained for a development of "affordable housing, townhouses and apartments"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://londonewcastle.com/developments/fleet-street-hill|title=Fleet Street Hill |website=londonewcastle.com|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref> on the site in November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/appeal-victory-for-partington-and-barber-in-shoreditch/8692631.article|title=Appeal victory for Partington and Barber in Shoreditch|last=Waite|first=Richard|website=Architects Journal|date=25 November 2015|language=en|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref> Construction on the Fleet Street Hill Project was intended to commence in 2016<ref name=":0" /> but, as of June 2019, no work has begun on the site.{{needs update|date=December 2024}}

== Culture ==
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2012}}
[[File:Dennis Severs House (15290690150).jpg|thumb|Dennis Severs' House]]
[[Dennis Severs' House]] in Folgate Street is a "still-life drama" created by the Severs as an "historical imagination" of what life would have been like inside for a family of [[Huguenot]] silk weavers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dennissevershouse.co.uk/ |title=The Tour|page=3 |author=Dennis Severs |access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/jan/10/guardianobituaries |title=Dennis Severs &#124; News &#124; The Guardian |author=Gavin Stamp  |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2000 |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|GMG]] |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> [[Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings|The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings]] has its headquarters nearby, at 37 Spital Square, a Georgian terraced house once inhabited by Huguenots and Russian Jewish leatherworkers.<ref name=":1" /> [[Whitechapel Art Gallery]] is on the north side of [[Whitechapel High Street]].

Amongst the many well known artists living in Spitalfields are [[Gilbert and George]], [[Tracey Emin]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Acharya|first=Dipal|date=2018-04-20|title=My London: Tracey Emin|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/my-london-tracey-emin-a3814876.html|access-date=2020-12-15|website=Standard.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> and [[Stuart Brisley]]. TV presenter and architecture expert [[Dan Cruickshank]] was an active campaigner for Spitalfields, and continues to live in the area. Writer [[Jeanette Winterson]] turned a derelict Georgian house into an organic food shop, Verde's, as part of the [[Slow Food]] movement.

Spitalfields figures in a number of works of literature, including ''[[A New Wonder, a Woman Never Vexed]]'' (performed 1610–14; printed 1632) by [[William Rowley]], a dramatisation of the foundation of St Mary Spital; ''[[The People of the Abyss]]'' (1903), the journalistic memoir by [[Jack London]]; ''[[Hawksmoor (novel)|Hawksmoor]]'' (1985) by [[Peter Ackroyd]]; ''[[Rodinsky's Room]]'' (1999) by [[Iain Sinclair]] and [[Rachel Lichtenstein]]; ''[[Brick Lane (novel)|Brick Lane]]'' (2003) by [[Monica Ali]]; and ''[[The Quincunx]]'' (1991) by [[Charles Palliser]].

In December 2009 an anonymous Spitalfields resident started a [[blog]] called ''Spitalfields Life'', writing under the pseudonym "The Gentle Author",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spitalfieldslife.com|title=Spitalfields Life|language=en|access-date=2020-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Charles |last=Saumarez Smith |author-link=Charles Saumarez Smith |title=Last of the swagmen |work=[[The Spectator]] |date=17 March 2012 |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/last-of-the-swagmen |access-date=23 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Patrick |last=Barkham |title=Tales of the city: the rise of the local blog |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 March 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/mar/20/tales-from-city-local-blogs |access-date=23 June 2020 }}</ref> and promising to post 10,000 daily essays. {{As of|June 2020}}, the writer had posted over 4,000 articles about life in Spitalfields, and the surrounding areas within walking distance.

==Economy==
The economic makeup of Spitalfields is primarily centred around its four marketplaces. [[Old Spitalfields Market]] is the main one where traders sell antiques, food and fashion items, while [[Petticoat Lane Market]] mainly sells general clothing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spitalfieldsforum.org.uk/shops-markets|title=Shops & Markets|website=Spitalfields Forum}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[William Allen (English Quaker)|William Allen]] (1770–1843), scientist and philanthropist 
*[[Inga Beale]] (1963–) British businesswoman, the CEO of [[Lloyd's of London]] 2013-18.  Beale is Lloyd's first female CEO in the insurance market's 325-year history.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gray|first1=Alistair|title=Inga Beale, the steely trailblazer shaking up a masculine bastion|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7b2265d0-68ac-11e3-bb3e-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7b2265d0-68ac-11e3-bb3e-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=Financial Times|date=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Susannah Butter |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/lloyds-ceo-inga-beale-on-coming-out-as-bisexual-in-a-job-interview-a3202801.html |title=Lloyd's CEO Inga Beale on coming out as bisexual in a job interview |publisher=London Evening Standard |date=2016|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
*[[Dan Cruickshank]] (1949–), art and architectural historian<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/dec/10/east-end-london-threatened-vested-interests-greed|title=Dan Cruikshank: London's East End is threatened by 'creeping and ghastly greed' |first=Mark|last=Gould|date=10 December 2013|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
*[[Nicholas Culpeper]] (1616–1654), botanist, herbalist, physician, and astrologer was born at the Red Lion Inn, when the area was still semi-rural.<ref>Fiona Rule (2008) ''The Worst Street in London''. Hersham, Ian Allan: 20-1</ref>
*[[Joan Dant]] (1631–1715), entrepreneur
*[[Tracey Emin]] (1963–), artist, resides in [[Fournier Street]].
*Sandra Esqulant (1948–), landlady of The Golden Heart, is listed among the 100 most influential people in art.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/dec/17/art.architecture "One day Gilbert & George walked into the bar, and my life changed"] Published 17 December 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2009.</ref>
*[[Anna Maria Garthwaite]] (?1688-1763), designer of silk fabrics; [[blue plaque]] at 2 Princelet Street
*[[Mark Gertler (artist)|Mark Gertler]] (1891–1939), painter, lesser member of the [[Bloomsbury Group]], in love with [[Dora Carrington]] whom he met at the [[Slade School of Art]]. Born in Gun St of Polish Jewish parents.
*[[Gilbert and George|Gilbert & George]] (1943–, 1942–), artists, reside in Fournier Street.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/well-thats-gilbert-and-george-for-you-1597916.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/well-thats-gilbert-and-george-for-you-1597916.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Well, that's Gilbert and George for you|date=26 August 1995|website=independent.co.uk}}</ref>
*[[Samuel Gompers]] (1850–1924), founder of the [[American Federation of Labor]] (AFL), was born in Spitalfields in a Jewish family of cigarmakers originally from [[Amsterdam]] until emigration to New York in 1863.<ref>{{cite book|last=Swierenga|first=Robert P.|title=Faith and Family|year=2000|publisher=Holmes & Meier|location=New York|isbn=0-8419-1319-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/faithfamilydutch00robe/page/197 197]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/faithfamilydutch00robe/page/197}}</ref>
*[[Thomas Helwys]] ({{circa|1575|1616}}), religious reformer who fled to Amsterdam in 1607/8, but returned in 1611 to found first Baptist congregation on British soil in Spitalfields.  Died in prison for public advocacy of religious liberty for all, regardless of creed, even Jews, Muslims, and atheists.
*[[Basil Henriques]] (1890–1961), for whom [[Henriques Street]] (formerly Berner Street) is named.
*[[Jack the Ripper]]: all of his victims or presumed victims lived in Spitalfields and two (Chapman and Kelly) were murdered there (the others being murdered in nearby [[Whitechapel]]):
**[[Annie Chapman]] ({{c.}}1841–1888), resided at a common lodging house at 35 [[Dorset Street (Spitalfields)|Dorset Street]]. Her body was found at 29 [[Hanbury Street]]<ref name=Sheppard>{{cite book|editor-last=  Sheppard |editor-first=F. H. W. |chapter=The Wood-Michell estate: Hanbury Street west of Brick Lane |series=Survey of London |volume=27 |title=Spitalfields and Mile End New Town |publisher=Athlone Press |location=London |year=1957 |chapter-url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50169 |via=British History Online |access-date= 2 June 2008 |pages=189–193}}</ref>
**[[Mary Jane Kelly]] ({{c.}}1863–1888), lived and was murdered at 13 Millers Court, just off Dorset Street.
**[[Martha Tabram]] (1849–1888), resided at a common lodging house at 19 George Street.<ref>Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow (2006) ''Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates'': 51–55</ref>
**[[Mary Ann Nichols]] (1845–1888), resided at a common lodging house at 18 Thrawl Street.<ref>Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow (2006) ''Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates'': 56–62</ref><ref>Paul Begg (2006) ''Jack the Ripper: The Facts'': 42</ref>
**[[Elizabeth Stride]] (1843–1888), resided at a common lodging house at 32 Flower and Dean Street.
**[[Catherine Eddowes]] (1842–1888), resided with her partner John Kelly at Cooney's common lodging house at 55 Flower and Dean Street.<ref>Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow (2006) ''Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates'': 114-40</ref>
*[[Keira Knightley]] (1985– ), actress, lived for a while on Wilkes Street.
*[[Joe Loss]] [[LVO]] [[Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (1909–1990), born locally, founder of the Joe Loss Orchestra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/joe-loss-mn0000140296/biography|title=Joe Loss - Biography & History - AllMusic|website=AllMusic}}</ref>
*[[Wolf Mankowitz]] (1924–1998), writer, playwright and screenwriter, of Russian Jewish descent, was born in Fashion Street.
*[[Keith Mansfield (writer)|Keith Mansfield]], writer and publisher, lives locally.
*[[Samantha Morton]], actor, lived on Wilkes Street.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realtytoday.com/articles/4717/20130917/pirates-caribbean-actress-keira-knightly-lists-london-townhouse-4-7.htm|title=Pirates of the Caribbean Actress Keira Knightly Lists London Townhouse for $4.7 Million|first=Realty|last=Today|date=17 September 2013|website=realtytoday.com}}</ref>
*[[John Nicolson (politician)|John Nicolson]], one time journalist and broadcaster and a former MP for the [[Scottish National Party]] (2015-2017); owns a house on Fournier Street which he has restored and renovated himself.
*[[George Peabody]] (1795–1869), established the Peabody Donation Fund, which continues to this day, as the [[Peabody Trust]], to provide good quality housing "for the deserving poor" in London: the fund's first block of [[Model dwellings company|dwellings]] opened in [[Commercial Street (London)|Commercial Street]] in 1864.
*[[Sian Phillips]], (1933–), actress
*[[Jonathan Pryce]], (1947– ), actor and singer
*[[Lutfur Rahman (British politician)|Lutfur Rahman]], first directly elected mayor of Tower Hamlets and former ward councillor
*[[Raphael Samuel]], historian, lived at 19 Elder Street from the early 1960s until his death in 1996.
*[[Dennis Severs' House|Dennis Severs]] (1944–1999), lived at 18 Folgate Street 1979–1999.
*[[Jack Sheppard]] (1702–1724), highwayman and multiple absconder, born in New Fashion Street, now known as White's Row.<ref>Fiona Rule (2008) ''The Worst Street in London''. Hersham, Ian Allan: 30</ref>
*[[Obadiah Shuttleworth]] (died 1734), musician
*Sir [[Benjamin Truman]] (1699/1700–1780), brewer.
*[[Arnold Wesker]] (1932–2016), playwright, author, poet, born in Mother Levy's Maternity Home, Underwood Rd. With his family took refuge during WW2 in "Mickey's Shelter" below the Fruit & Wool Exchange.
*[[Jeanette Winterson]] (1959–), writer, lives on Brushfield Street where she also runs a delicatessen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jun/13/once-upon-a-life-jeanette-winterson|title=Once upon a life: Jeanette Winterson|first=Jeanette|last=Winterson|date=12 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1759–1797), early feminist, born locally, possibly at 21 Hanbury Street.<ref name=Sheppard/>
*[[Joe Wright]] (1972–), film director, bought a house on Wilkes Street but in 2013 sold it to actor [[Jonathan Pryce]]

==Transport==
===Railway===
Spitalfields has no connection to the [[London Underground]]. Historically it had a station on the [[Great Eastern Main Line]] called [[Bishopsgate (Low Level) railway station|Bishopsgate (Low Level)]] that opened on the 4 November 1872, but closed on 22 May 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/b/bishopsgate_low_level/index.shtml|title=Disused Stations: Bishopsgate Low Level Station|website=Disused-stations.org.uk}}</ref> [[Shoreditch tube station]], the northern terminus of the [[East London Line]], technically lay within the boundaries of Spitalfields, but principally served [[Shoreditch]]: it closed in 2006.<ref name=Baker>{{cite book|editor1-last=Baker|editor1-first=Thomas|title=A History of the County of Middlesex|volume=11|date=1998|publisher=Victoria County History|location=London|pages=7–13|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol11/pp7-13|access-date=11 January 2015|chapter=Stepney: Communications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112030331/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol11/pp7-13|archive-date=12 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Liverpool Street station]] (mainline and underground), [[Aldgate East tube station|Aldgate East]] (underground) and [[Shoreditch High Street railway station|Shoreditch High Street]] ([[London Overground]]) are all in close proximity to Spitalfields.

===Road===
The area is formed around [[Commercial Street, London|Commercial Street]] (on the A1202 [[London Inner Ring Road]]).

{{Geographic Location
|title     = '''Neighbouring areas of London.'''
|Northwest = [[Shoreditch]]
|North     = Shoreditch 
|Northeast = [[Bethnal Green]]
|West      = [[City of London]]
|Centre    = Spitalfields
|East      = [[Whitechapel]]
|Southwest = City of London
|South     = Whitechapel
|Southeast = Whitechapel
}}

==See also==
*[[List of schools in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets]]
*[[Old Truman Brewery]] – The ''Black Eagle Brewery'' on Brick Lane, and into surrounding streets.
*[[Spitalfields riots]]
*[[Spitalfields Festival]]
*[[Stepney Historical Trust]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation |publisher = J.C. Hotten |location = London |title = Curiosities of London |edition=2nd |author = John Timbs |author-link=John Timbs |date = 1867 |oclc = 12878129 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/curiositiesoflon00timbrich#page/743/mode/1up |chapter= Spitalfields }}
*{{Citation|last=((The Gentle Author))|title=Spitalfields Life|year=2012|publication-place=Great Britain|publisher=Saltyard Books|oclc=761381006}}
*{{Cite journal |date=1957 |editor-last=Sheppard |editor-first=F. H. W. |title=The Priory of St. Mary Spital |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol27/pp21-23 |journal=Survey of London: Spitalfields and Mile End New Town |location=London |publisher=London County Council |volume=27 |pages=21–23 |access-date=2 June 2022 |via=British History Online}}

== External links ==
{{EB1911 Poster|Spitalfields}}
{{Commons category|Spitalfields, London}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080121171803/http://vads.ahds.ac.uk/collections/EEP.html London Metropolitan University East End Archive: The Paul Trevor Collection]<!--Listed link is live but none of the photo links within are live--> – photographs of the Spitalfields area from the 1970s to the 1990s.

{{-}}
{{LB Tower Hamlets}}

[[Category:Spitalfields| ]]
[[Category:Districts of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets]]
[[Category:Areas of London]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets]]
[[Category:Bills of mortality parishes]]