Editing Stacking window manager

{{Short description|Window manager that draws all windows in a specific order, allowing them to overlap}}
[[File:UWM-Ultrix Window Manager-Jan-2016.png|thumb|A screenshot of [[Ultrix Window Manager]], which uses a stacking window manager. Note how the stacked windows overlap each other.]]

A '''stacking window manager''' (also called '''floating window manager''') is a [[window manager]] that draws and allows windows to overlap, without using a compositing algorithm. All window managers that allow the overlapping of windows but are not [[compositing window manager]]s are considered stacking window managers, although it is possible that not all use exactly the same methods. Other window managers that are not considered stacking window managers are those that do not allow the overlapping of windows, which are called [[tiling window manager]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/30/how-to-picking-a-window-manager-linux/|title=How-to: Picking a Window Manager in Linux|website=Engadget|date=30 October 2012 }}</ref>

Stacking window managers allow windows to overlap using clipping to allow applications to write only to the visible parts of the windows they present.

The order in which windows are to be stacked is called their [[z-order]].

== History ==
{{main|History of the graphical user interface}}
* 1970s: The [[Xerox Alto]] which contained the first working commercial [[GUI]] used a stacking window manager.<ref>{{Cite web |author-last=Lineback |author-first=Nathan |title=The Xerox Alto |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/alto3.html |website=toastytech.com}}</ref>
* Early 1980s: The [[Xerox Star]], successor to the Alto, used [[Tiling window manager|tiling]] for most main application windows, and used overlapping only for dialogue windows removing the need for full stacking.<ref>{{Cite web |author-last=Lineback |author-first=Nathan |title=The Xerox Star |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/star.html |website=toastytech.com}}</ref>
* The [[Classic Mac OS]] was one of the earliest commercially successful examples of a [[GUI]] which used stacking windows.
* [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]] predated Microsoft Windows and used stacking, allowing all windows to overlap.
* [[Amiga OS]] contains an early example of a highly advanced stacking window manager.

== Microsoft Windows ==
Microsoft [[Windows 1.0]] displayed windows using a [[tiling window manager]]. In [[Windows 2.0]], it was replaced with a stacking window manager, which allowed windows to overlap. Microsoft kept the stacking window manager up through [[Windows XP]], which presented severe limitations to its ability to display 3D-accelerated content inside normal windows. Although it was technically possible to produce some visual effects using third-party software.<ref name="tweakguides">{{Cite web |title=TweakGuides.com - Nvidia GeForce Tweak Guide |url=https://www.tweakguides.com/NVFORCE_8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822172445/https://www.tweakguides.com/NVFORCE_8.html |archive-date=2019-08-22 |access-date=2019-06-25 |website=www.tweakguides.com}}</ref> From [[Windows Vista]] onward, a new [[compositing window manager]] is the default on compatible systems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2019 |title=Desktop Window Manager - Windows applications |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/dwm/dwm-overview |website=docs.microsoft.com}}</ref>

==X Window System ==
{{Main|X window manager}}

Many windows managers under the [[X Window System]] provide stacking window functionality:

{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* 2bwm
* [[4Dwm]]
* [[AfterStep]]
* [[amiwm]]
* [[Awesome (window manager)|awesome]]
* berry
* [[Blackbox]]
* [[ctwm]]
* [[cwm (window manager)|cwm]]
* [[dwm]]
* [[qpwm]]
* eggwm
* [[Enlightenment (window manager)|Enlightenment]]
* [[Fluxbox]]
* [[FLWM]]
* FrankenWM
* [[FVWM]]
* FVWM95
* Goomwwm
* [[Hackedbox]]
* [[IceWM]]
* Iwm
* jbwm
* JWM
* Karmen
* [[KWin]] (with compositing turned off)
* [[MLVWM]]
* [[Motif Window Manager|MWM]]
* [[Mutter (software)|Mutter]]
* [[Muffin (software)|Muffin]]
* [[olwm]]
* [[Openbox]]
* pawm
* [[PLWM]]
* [[sawfish (window manager)|Sawfish]]
* [[Scwm]]
* [[swm]]
* TinyWM
* [[tvtwm]]
* [[twm]]
* vwm
* [[vtwm]]
* [[Window Maker]]
* [[WindowLab]]
* [[wm2]]
* [[wmx]]{{div col end}}
== Hybrid window managers ==
Some window managers may be able to treat the foreground window in an entirely different way, by rendering it indirectly, and sending its output to the video card to be added to the outgoing [[raster graphics|raster]]. While this technique may be possible to accomplish within some stacking window managers, it is technically [[compositing]], with the foreground window and the screen raster being treated the same way two windows would be in a [[compositing window manager]].

Interacting with objects outside the original area of the foreground window might also be impossible, since the window manager would not be able to determine what the user is seeing, and would pass such mouse clicks to whatever programs occupied those areas of the screen during the last stacking event.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

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<ref name="Lineback_GEM11">{{cite web |author-first=Nathan |author-last=Lineback |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/gem11.html |title=GEM 1.1 screenshots |work=Toastytech.com |access-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225055144/http://toastytech.com/guis/gem11.html |archive-date=2019-12-25}}</ref>
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<!-- Not in use
<ref name="Lineback_GEM20">{{cite web |author-first=Nathan |author-last=Lineback |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/gem20.html |title=GEM 2.0 Screen Shots |work=Toastytech.com |access-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822172443/http://toastytech.com/guis/gem20.html |archive-date=2019-08-22}}</ref>
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}}

== External links ==
* [http://toastytech.com/guis/ Graphical User Interface Gallery]

{{X desktop environments and window managers}}
{{XWinSys}}

[[Category:Window managers]]
[[Category:X window managers]]